i. second great awakening. a. this was a religious reform movement 1.preachers of this era rejected...
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I. Second Great Awakening
I. Second Great Awakening
A. This was a religious reform movement 1.Preachers of this era rejected
Calvinistic ideals like predestinationb. Insisted people could improve
themselves and society
B. Revivalism
1. Large gatherings where preachers might draw up to 10,000 or more listeners
2. Designed to awaken religious fervor in listener through impassioned preaching and prayer
C. African American Church1. Second Great Awakening brings religion to
enslaved African Americans on a large scale2.There was a belief that all people belonged
to the same God3. Slaves and whites worshipped in the same
church at the same time4. Slaves saw the sermons as a promise of
freedom
• Salvation was a matter of choice• It focused on the second coming of Christ• There was felt a need to reform society to
hasten the new kingdom of God
African American Church
5.Slaves and whites worshipped in the same church at the same time
6.Slaves saw the sermons as a promise of freedom
African American Church
7.In the East many free African Americans had separate churches
8.Churches became a center for politics
D. Transcendentalism
What?!?
–Many people wanted a change from traditional religion but thought revivalism was too public
Transcendentalism
1.A philosophical and literary movement that was based upon simple living and the truth found in nature used emotion
a.This was started by Ralph Waldo Emerson –A New England writer
Transcendentalism
2. Led to a new literacy movementa.Henry David Thoreau – Walden
i.Based on self reliance
3. Civil Disobedience
3. Civil Disobedience- form of protest where you peacefully refuse to obey lawsa.Based upon the ideas of
transcendentalism i.Thoreau chose not to pay his taxes and went to jail
E. Unitarianism1.Focused on reason and the conscience as
the path to perfectiona. William Henry Channing
i. Purpose of Christianity was “the perfection of human nature, the elevation of men into nobler beings”
F.Similarities
1.Both Unitarianism and Transcendentalism agreed that individual and social reform were possible and important
G. Utopian societies
1. Utopian communities- experimental groups who tried to create “utopia” or a perfect place
a. They shared a common goal: self-sufficiency
b. Withdrawal from society
Non-religious Examples
• New Harmony, Illinois– Set up by Robert Owen in 1825 – Supposed to be self-sufficient and exist without
currency– Failed after several years
b. Non-Religious Examples were:
Brook Farm Brook Farm was established by George RipleyIt was transcendentalist in nature Contributors were Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Emerson
George Ripley
Oneida Commune
• Founded by John Noyes– Practiced eugenics, complex
marriages, and communal living
– Supported through manufacture of silverware
– Corporation still exists today
Religious Examples:
• Shakers and the Mormons were religious examples of Utopian Societies
H. Shakers
1.Set up by Ann Lee a. Believed:
i. Men and Women are equalii. Non-violence
iii. Vow to never have children or marry
• Why did they disappear?
II. Reform
A. Prison Reform1. Prisons included mentally ill
a. Dorothea Dix i. Wanted to reform the conditions
A. Prison Reform1. Prisons included mentally ill
a. Dorothea Dix i. iii. Between 1845 and 1852 she persuaded
nine Southern states to set up hospitals for the mentally insane
Prison Reform
• She also set to help reform criminals– Rehabilitation attempted to not create hardened
criminals– Work seen as a way to reform
Legal Code Reforms
Reduction in crimes punishable by death• Abolishing of public hangings in many states• Abandoning flogging and other cruel
punishments
B. School Reform
1.Before the 1850s there was no education policya. Conditions varied
2. School attendance was uncommon beyond the age of 10 in 1830
School Reform
3. By 1850 every state provided some degree of elementary schooling funded by taxpayers (public education)
School Reform4. Horace Mann of
Massachusetts was a leader in the reform movement– Established
teacher trainingb.Other states
followed his examples
Books• Noah Webster’s
dictionary – Standardized the English
language
• Willaim McGuffey– His books taught reading
in stages
Quiz
Make your own chart and fill in the different parts of the Second Great
Awakening. Under each add one key person from
each movement.
Second Great Awakening
Second Great Awakening
School Reform
Prison Reform
Mentally ill care reform
Unitarian Movement
Transcendentalism
RevivalismThe African
American ChurchUtopian Societies
Music
Literature
Abolition
Women’s Rights
Temperance
Trade Unions
C. Abolition
1. Abolition- the call to outlaw slavery2. Many termed it “a great national sin”3. Some antislavery groups wanted to
resettle African American slaves in Africa
Abolition
4. William Lloyd Garrisona. Started his own newspaper named the Liberator
in 1831b. His message was: • immediate emancipation
c. He founded the New England Anti-slavery Society
Abolition
5. David Walkera. He was a free blackb. Blacks should fight for their freedom
Abolition
AbolitionFrederick Douglas
d. He escaped to New Yorke. Garrison sponsored him as a lecturerf. He wanted abolition to be achieved through political actiong.Made his own newspaper The North Star
Abolition
6. By 1830 most slaves had been born in the United States and spoke English
D. Slavery 1. Rural Slavery
a) Most worked in the fields under an overseer
b) Some slaves worked on small farms beside their owners
Slavery 2. Urban Slavery
a) Slaves with skills were in demand for the factories
b) Slaves were “hired out” by their ownersc) City slaves had more freedom
i. They weren’t watched as closelyii. There were less beatings
E. Rebellion of Slaves
Ways Slaves Rebelled1. Slaves rebelled in a variety of ways
a) Nonviolentb) Violent
E. Rebellion of Slaves
1. Nat Turner’s Rebelliona) Turner was born a slave in South
Hampton Virginia in 1800b) He was a preacherc) He believed he was chosen to lead his
people from bondage
Rebellion of Slaves
Nat Turner’s Rebelliond. In 1831 after seeing an eclipse he began a
rebellione. He had 80 followers f. They attacked 4 plantationsg. They killed 60 whites
Rebellion of Slaves
Nat Turner’s Rebellionh. They were captured by federal and state
troopsi. They were tried and hungj. In retaliation as many as 200 blacks most
innocent were killed
2. Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Turner’s Rebellion strengthened the resolve of Southern whites to
defend slavery and control their slaves
Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion
b. Owners wanted more control on African Americansi. These became known as slave codes
Outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion
c. Slave Codesi. Examples
Most slave owners stopped educating their slaves Slaves were forbidden from learning to read Alabama forbade African Americans from preaching Free blacks were denied the right to vote Could not own property
La Amistad Revolt
• In 1839 a slave revolt happened on the ship• - 53 African natives were kidnapped and sold
into Spanish slavery• They were sent to Cuba and purchased by two
Spaniards• These men put them on the ship La Amistad
and planned to move them to a different part of Cuba
La Amistad• Two days into the journey two of the slaves
broke free and freed the other slaves• The slaves took over the ship killing the
captain and the cook- but not their owners• They planned to return to Africa and set sail
using the sun however the Spainish men changed course at night
• The ship ended up in New York and was seized by the U.S. government
• This ended in a legal battle over what to do with the slaves
F. Defending Slavery
1. Virginia Debate
a) A motion was made in the Virginia legislature to abolish slavery
b) The motion lost and the issue was closed
Defending Slavery
2. Used the Bible3. Myth of a happy slave
G. Abolishing Slavery
a. Abolitionists swamped Congress with petitions to end slavery
b. Congress put a gag rule into effecti. Ended debate on the issue
H. American Colonization Society
• Wanted to gradually emancipate blacks and settle them in Africa
• Started in 1816
H. Limits on Women’s LivesWidely held views
1. Women were inferior to men.
2. Women should attend only to household and family duties—and to their husbands.
3. Matters of business, government, and politics should be handled by men.
I. Women Abolitionists
1. Sarah and Angelina Grimke were the daughters of a South Carolina slave owner
a. Raised money, distributed literature, collected signatures petitioning congress to end slavery
b. The abolitionist movement became a powerful beginning to other reform causes such as the women’s rights movement
Seneca Falls Convention
• Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Focused on women’s rights• In 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention the
Seneca Fall Statement was drawn up it was a statement of the mistreatment of women by men
Declaration of Sentiments
• Called for the social and legal equality of women
Women’s Rights
• Lucy Stone began speaking out for women’s rights in 1847 and organized a series of national conventions
• Susan B. Anthony joined the cause in 1851 and
worked ceaselessly for women’s rights
J. Sojourner Truth
Sojourner Truth1. Was a slave for the first 30 years of her life2. She went throughout the country
preaching 3. She wanted women’s rights and abolition
a. Many women feared taking on the slavery issue
K. Temperance Movement
a. Religiously based in violation of the Sabbath
b. Movement included abstinence and prohibition
Temperance
• Included Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and Carrie Nation
L. Education for Women1. Few opportunities exist for women prior to 1820
1821 – first all girls school opens in Troy, New York1837 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary is founded in Mass.
1837 – Oberlin College accepts 4 women to its degree program and becomes the first co-educational college in the U.S.
M. Women’s Rights Movement
1. Seneca Falls Convention – 1848 – Women’s rights conventiona.“Declaration of Sentiments” – Women
should participate in all public issues on an equal basis with men.
b. Women’s suffrage
N. The Changing Workplace
1. Strikes began to happen 2. Workers wanted better conditions in which to
work3. Trade unions were made
a. Workers banned together for changes4. The court backed the strikers