i. role of gene expression gene expression is the activation (“turning on”) of a gene ◦...
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Chapter 11Gene Expression
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I. Role of Gene Expression Gene expression is the activation
(“turning on”) of a gene ◦Separation of fingers and toes
Genome: complete genetic material contained in an individual
sciencedaily.com
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Discovered in the early 1960’s by Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
they were studying how genes control the metabolism of sugar lactose (found in milk) in E. coli
Prokaryotes
www.jimonlight.com/.../
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Regulator genes code for repressor proteins which stop a gene from being expressed
Absence of Lactose
course1.winona.edu
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Lactose binds to the repressor protein forcing it to detach and allowing RNA polymerase to begin transcription producing mRNA
Presence of Lactose
course1.winona.edu
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Much more complex than prokaryotes Multicellular Contain genetic information within the
nucleus
Eukaryotes
http://deltabiology.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/cell-anatomy.jpg
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Euchromatin- site of active transcription in DNA and RNA
**Some portions remain permanently coiled in chromosomes-these genes can never be transcribed**
Introns- transcribed but NOT translated Exons- BOTH transcribed and
translated
Structure of Eukaryotic Genes
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Pre-mRNA◦ Contains both introns and exons◦ Exon splicing occurs turning pre-mRNA into mRNA
Control after Transcription
tokresource.org
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Path from DNA to Proteins
library.thinkquest.org/C006188/basics/rna.htm
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Cell Differentiation – cells have specific jobs within the cell◦Muscle cells-specialize in movement◦Red blood cells-carry oxygen◦Liver Cells-break down fat
Morphogenesis- development of structure in an organism
II. Gene Expression in Development
www.fi.edu/learn/heart/blood/red.html
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Determine where anatomical structures develop during morphogenesis
◦Anntennapedia-mutation occurring in this gene that makes a leg grow where an antenna should be
Homeotic Genes
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/capsules/images/outil_rouge05_img02.jpg
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Cells are constantly switching genes on and off
DNA chip- used for tracking gene expression◦Fragments are tagged with a fluorescent
compound which lights up when that gene is turned on
nih.gov
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III.Cancer Cancer- uncontrolled growth of cells that invades other parts of the body
Proto-oncogenes- regulate cell growth and division◦Mutations change a proto-oncogene into an oncogene
Oncogene- uncontrolled cell division and over expression of proteins at the wrong time
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Tumor- abnormal proliferation of cells◦Benign- growth that doesn’t spread◦Malignant-invades and destroys tissues at different places within the body- metastasis
Tumors
pathology.vcu.edu believe-or-not.blogspot.com
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Carcinogen-any substance that promotes cancer (ex. Tobacco smoke, UV rays, viruses)◦Mutagens- agents that cause mutations to occur
with in a cell
Causes of cancer
Kinds of CancerCarcinomas- grow in the tissues lining organs
Sarcomas-grow in bone and muscle tissue
Lymphomas-solid tumors growing in the lymphatic system
Leukemia- uncontrolled growth in blood tissues.Viruses – stimulate uncontrolled growth in host cells causes some
cancers in blood forming tissues and HPV which causes cervical cancerThese 3 cancers can occur anywhere within the body but they get there
name from the place they start
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Whether you are 2 or 92, cancer affects us all. Whether you are black or white, red, brown or, yellow, Cancer does not discriminate! Everyone is susceptible to cancer... you... your spouse... cancer doesn't care if you are rich, poor or somewhere in between.