I. Colonization New England Middle Southern Never-NEW HAMPSHIRE New-NEW YORK My- MARYLAND Make- MASSACHUSETTS Pennies-PENNSYLVANIA Vehicle- VIRGINIA Callie -CONNECTICUT New- NEW JERSEY Needs- NORTH CAROLINA Run -RHODE ISLAND Dimes- DELAWARE Some- SOUTH CAROLINA

New England Middle Southern o Shipping/

Shipbuilding o Lumber o Fishing o Commercial

trade out of larger harbors

o Commercial trade o Transporting goods

via river systems/harbors

o Small farms: wheat, corn, cattle, hogs

o Plantation agriculture

o Cash crops: tobacco, cotton, rice & indigo

Jamestown 1st permanent English settlement in North America

founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company Reasons for Settlement:

The Virginia Company: a joint-stock company of investors whose primary goal was to make a profit by finding gold and other valuable natural resources in North America

Settlers:

Mostly single males hoping to get rich quick

Economy:

John Rolfe: Saved Jamestown from failing when he introduced a sweet tobacco that was in high demand in Europe

Tobacco: became a major cash crop & the primary

source of wealth in VA transformed VA into a plantation economy

Government

House of Burgesses:, the first representative assembly in North America

Only land-owning, male settlers could vote

Relations with Natives

The Powhatan: the native tribe that inhabited coastal Virginia

At First: established a critical trading partnership

Later: This partnership deteriorated as colonists took more and more land for tobacco cultivation

Colonial Economies

Bacon’s Rebellion Former indentured servants/poor

farmers living on the edge of VA settlements constantly clashed with natives

The gov’t wouldn’t help them b/c they couldn’t vote

Nathaniel Bacon led them against Governor Berkeley, burning Jamestown to the ground

Significance: it demonstrated the power of Virginia’s poor, convincing wealthy planters to rely completely on slave labor

Development of Slavery Tobacco cultivation was highly labor intensive. 1. Indentured Servants: would

work in the fields 4-7 years in exchange for paid passage to Virginia and their own land at the end of their contract

But this became expensive…

2. African Slave Labor became the alternative solution

New England Colonies Plymouth & Mass. Bay Colonies were founded by Pilgrims & Puritans led by John Winthrop

Reasons for Settlement:

To escape religious persecution in England To establish a model “city on a hill”

Settlers:

Mostly families

Government:

Town Meetings: Direct democracy/self-government headed by Puritan preachers all male church members could participate & vote But younger generations didn’t meet the strict requirements for church membership- there

would soon be no one to run the town meetings & the Puritan church would die off

The Half-Way Covenant: gave the children/ grandchildren of the original Puritans partial membership so they could keep the Puritan Church going / participate in town meetings

Loss of Massachusetts Charter: The king took away the colony’s charter b/c colonists had violated the trade restrictions of the Navigation acts Massachusetts and the rest of New England became a royal colony (the Dominion of New

England) overnight.

Relations with Natives

King Philip’s War: In response to expanding colonial settlements native Chief Metacom (King Philip) created a confederation of tribes to drive the colonists out of New England Significance: It was the last major native resistance in New England

Salem Witch Trials 1692: over 150 Mass. colonists were accused of witchcraft after 3 young Salem girls fell mysteriously ill with fits and convulsions Causes: o Strict Puritan laws o Fear of Native Americans o Social tensions btwn

rich and poor o Limited roles of

women in Puritan society

New France Quebec: 1st permanent French settlement in N. America Why: Fur trade- NOT taking Native American lands- so they developed much better relations with the natives than English settlers

The Middle Colonies Pennsylvania: o Founded by William Penn o Safe haven for Quakers & immigrants o Religiously tolerant

New York: o Originally the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam o Conquered & renamed by the British Duke of York o Center of trade & commerce thanks to its religious tolerance and

location near rivers/harbors

No matter why these colonies were originally settled, they ultimately existed for the benefit of England…

1. Colonies sent raw materials to Britain

2. Britain used them to produce manufactured goods

3. Goods then shipped back and sold in the colonies (Europe) This was part of the transatlantic trade

Mercantilism: a country’s ultimate goal is self-sufficiency (not having to rely on other countries for resources/goods) and a favorable balance of trade

Salutary Neglect: Britain placed trading restrictions on the colonists, but they weren’t really enforced a long as the colonies sent raw materials to England/bought British goods

Long-term Significance: Under England’s less-than-watchful-eye, the colonies developed a taste for self-government that would eventually create the conditions for rebellion Salutary neglect would end after F & I

War

Transatlantic (Triangle) Trade

The Middle Passage: part of transatlantic trade that brought slaves from Africa to Americas

The Great Awakening

The Enlightenment 18th century intellectual movement that stressed the use of reason/logic to improve society

Key Ministers

Religious revival that emphasized

a more personal & emotional

religious experience and

relationship with God rather than

a religious experience through the

Church

Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield

“Sinners in

the hands of

an Angry

God!”

Did you know I am a

symbol of social mobility

& individualism?

o Born into poor Boston family but became wealthy inventor, politician, scientist, author…

o This showed that people could improve their lives through education and reason

Ben Franklin

o Social contract o People have natural

right to life, liberty & property

o People should overthrow governments that don’t protect these rights

John Locke

Significance:

New denominations such as Methodist, Baptist & Presbyterian, became popular

People were encouraged to rethinking traditional Puritan views of religion & salvation

Would lead colonists to question other types of authority (British government) as well

The primary cause of the American Revolution was the growing belief among the colonists that their rights as Englishmen were being violated. This belief originated

in the lingering effects of the French and Indian War.

Ideas that Led to Revolution:

Written by Thomas Jefferson;

Inspired by John Locke

1.French & Indian War French/Indian vs. Brits/colonists over control of Ohio River Valley

Winner: British Treaty of Paris 1763: Brit. got Canada, all land EAST of Miss. River & gov’t control over All of Britain’s American colonies

2. Proclamation of 1763: colonists forbidden from

settling beyond Appalachian Mtns, to limit their conflicts with Native Americans (ex:

Chief Pontiac’s rebellion Tensions increased…

3. Taxation Brit. began taxing colonies to help pay for F & I War

Colonial Response: no taxation without representation

4. Stamp Act had to buy special stamped paper for

newspapers, receipts, licenses, playing cards, etc.

6. Colonial Response Sons of Liberty: organized by Sam Adams to protest tax laws via boycotts and violence Daughters of Liberty: women of Boston wove cloth and made other items so colonists could boycott British cloth/goods Committees of Correspondence: “underground” communications network for the patriots, who could not safely communicate in public Was the 1st organization linking the colonies in their opposition to British rule

5. Intolerable Acts Punishment for Boston Tea Party

Closed Boston Harbor Boston placed under martial law

Forced housing of Brit. troops

1. Reasons for independence (natural rights, duty of gov’t to protect rights)

2. Grievances (complaints) against Brit. gov’t

3. Describes unsuccessful attempts to resolve issues

Declaration of Independence

Angry Colonist: “Thanks to salutary neglect, we’ve enjoyed self-government…we don’t appreciate the Brits taking control!!!”

Common Sense –a widely published/read pamphlet in favor of independence; was key in gaining widespread support for independence

John Locke: Enlightenment; natural rights to

“Life, liberty & property”; right to overthrow

tyrannical gov’t; equality of all men

III. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

Americans AGAINST Independence:

Loyalists/Tories Americans FOR Independence:

Patriots

Crossing the Delaware: Washington’s surprise attack against the Hessians; important victory & morale booster for Washington’s army b/c it convinced the men to reenlist

Battle of Saratoga: TURNING POINT in the war b/c American victory convinced French to help us fight the Brits

Battle of Yorktown: FINAL BATTLE; Washington (by land) & the French (by sea) surrounded Cornwallis & his men on Yorktown Peninsula- the Brits SURRENDERED

Lexington & Concord: 1st shots of war; Red Coats marched to Lexington to find Patriots’ hidden guns

Valley Forge: Winter camp for Continental army; despite many deaths/bad conditions, Washington was able to turn out a well-trained army

“Have no fear, the FRENCH are here!”

Treaty of Paris 1783: independence, all land EAST of Mississippi

George

Washington:

General of

Continental

Army “Have no fear, the FRENCH are here!”

Ben Franklin:

went to France to

form military

alliance Marquis de LaFayette:

Frenchman who

helped train patriot

soldiers & devised plan

for Yorktown

Lord Cornwallis:

Commander of

Brit. Forces; made

General O’Hara

surrender for him

at Yorktown

Weak national government

One Branch of Government: Congress

No President/No judicial

Unicameral Legislature: Each state got one vote

No power to Tax (means no $$ or army for fed)

No power to Regulate Trade

Hard to Change: Required 9/13 to pass laws

Shay’s Rebellion Rev. War vet Daniel Shays led an army of in-debt farmers to raid

U.S. arsenal & close the courts to prevent foreclosure of farms

Fed gov’t couldn’t stop it b/c it had no $$ for army

SIGNIFICANCE: CONVINCED LEADERS THAT THE ARTICLES NEEDED

TO BE FIXED…

IV. A New Nation

Key Issues at the Constitutional Convention Representation in

Congress

Slavery Limited

Government

State vs. Federal

Power

The Great Compromise 1. Large states

wanted rep. based on population

2. Small states wanted equal rep.

Result: Bicameral Congress House- based on population Senate- equal representation

The 3/5 Compromise 1. Slave states

could count 3/5 slave population for representation in Congress

2. Slave trade protected for 20 years

Separation of Powers 1. Federalism: power

divided btwn national and state governments

2. Checks & Balances: 3 branches of government that could each check and balance the power & actions of the others

Is the federal law the law of land or should states have rights to govern themselves?

Why Make the Gov’t Weak?

Afraid of a gov’t like Britain Articles of Confederation

Basic Principles of the Constitution

1. Popular Sovereignty 2. Republicanism 3. Limited

Government/Federalism 4. Sep of Powers/Checks &

Balances

Ideas of

Montesquieu- French philosopher

Strong National Government

based on: Republicanism

Popular Sovereignty Federalism

Limited Government Sep. of Powers

3 Branches:

Executive/President

Legislative/Congress

Judicial/Supreme Court

Bicameral Legislature:

House of Reps & Senate

Controls Interstate trade Power to tax

Constitutional

Convention (Philadelphia)

“Father of Constitution”: Madison

Lots of Compromises

The Constitution

Federalists FOR the Constitution STRONG federal government NO to Bill of Rights (not necessary b/c the

Constitution limited federal power) “The Federalist Papers”- written by James

Madison/Alexander Hamilton/John Jay

Not everyone supported the Constitution, so getting it approved was a bit of a

struggle between:

Anti-Federalists AGAINST the Constitution

WEAK federal government that would

not threaten states’ rights

YES to Bill of Rights (demanded this to

make sure states & individual rights

would be protected)

Ratification Federalists promise addition of a Bill of Rights Constitution ratified 1789 James Madison drafted 10 amendments to the

Const.= Bill of Rights

VS