I. MigrationI. Migration

A. Why People MigrateA. Why People Migrate

PUSH – induces PUSH – induces people to move people to move OUT of their OUT of their current location.current location.

PULL – induces PULL – induces people to move people to move INTO a new INTO a new location.location.

1. Push – Pull Factors

2. Kinds of Push-Pull Factors2. Kinds of Push-Pull Factors

Economic – mainly jobs.Economic – mainly jobs. Cultural – forced migrations. Cultural – forced migrations.

(refugees)(refugees)

-Slavery, political oppression, -Slavery, political oppression, etc.etc.

Environmental – comfortEnvironmental – comfort

-mountains, coasts, climate, -mountains, coasts, climate, waterwater

3. Intervening Obstacles3. Intervening Obstacles

Environmental or cultural feature Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.that hinders migration.– MountainsMountains– ““Great Wall”Great Wall”– list more…list more…

a. Obstacles to a. Obstacles to MigrationMigration

Immigration policies of host Immigration policies of host countriescountries– U.S. quota lawsU.S. quota laws– Temporary migration for workTemporary migration for work– Time-contract workersTime-contract workers– Economic migrants or refugees?Economic migrants or refugees?

Cultural problems living in other Cultural problems living in other countriescountries– U.S. attitudes to immigrantsU.S. attitudes to immigrants– Attitudes to guest workersAttitudes to guest workers

Refugees: Refugees: Sources and Sources and destinationsdestinations

Fig. 3-1: Major source and destination areas of both international and internal refugees.

B. Distance of MigrationB. Distance of Migration

1.1. InternalInternal-most common-most common-shorter distance-shorter distance-less stress-less stress

Midwest to Coast Midwest to Coast or or

City to SuburbCity to Suburb

1.1. InternationalInternational-voluntary or -voluntary or forcedforced-often long -often long distancesdistances

CATEGORIES

Intraregional Migration in the Intraregional Migration in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 3-14: Average annual migration among urban, suburban, and rural areas in the U.S. during the 1990s. The largest flow was from central cities to suburbs.

C. Characteristics of C. Characteristics of MigrantsMigrants

Most long-distance migrants are Most long-distance migrants are male.male.

Most long-distance migrants are Most long-distance migrants are adults rather than families with adults rather than families with children.children.

Migration within a Migration within a CountryCountry

Migration between regions of a Migration between regions of a countrycountry– Migration between regions within the U.S.Migration between regions within the U.S.– Migration between regions in other countriesMigration between regions in other countries

Migration within one regionMigration within one region– Rural-urban migrationRural-urban migration– Urban-suburban migrationUrban-suburban migration– Migration from metropolitan to Migration from metropolitan to

nonmetropolitan regionsnonmetropolitan regions

Interregional Migration in the Interregional Migration in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 3-13: Average annual migrations between regions in the U.S. in 1995 and in 2000.

Center of Population in the Center of Population in the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 3-12: The center of U.S. population has consistently moved westward, with the population migration west. It has also begun to move southward with migration to the southern sunbelt.

Net Migration Net Migration (per (per population)population)

Fig. 3-3: Net migration per 1,000 population. The U.S. has the largest number of immigrants, but other developed countries also have relatively large numbers.

Migration PatternsMigration Patterns Global migration patternsGlobal migration patterns

U.S. migration patternsU.S. migration patterns– Colonial immigrationColonial immigration– 19th century immigration19th century immigration– Recent immigrationRecent immigration

Impact of immigration on the U.S.Impact of immigration on the U.S.– Legacy of European migrationLegacy of European migration– Undocumented immigrationUndocumented immigration– Destination of immigrants within the U.S.Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

Global Migration PatternsGlobal Migration Patterns

Fig. 3-2: The major flows of migration are from less developed to more developed countries.

Migration to U.S.Migration to U.S.,, by region by region of originof origin

Fig. 3-4: Most migrants to the U.S. were from Europe until the 1960s. Since then, Latin America and Asia have become the main sources of immigrants.

Migration from Asia to the Migration from Asia to the U.S.U.S.

Fig. 3-5: Migration in 2001. The largest numbers of migrants from Asia come from India, China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.

Migration from Latin America to Migration from Latin America to the U.S.the U.S.

Fig. 3-6: Mexico has been the largest source of migrants to the U.S., but migrants have also come from numerous other Latin American nations.

GENOCIDEGENOCIDEGENOCIDEGENOCIDE

Again and again.Again and again.Again and again.Again and again.

Push Factor.

The HolocaustThe HolocaustThe HolocaustThe Holocaust

12 million victims.12 million victims. The word The word

“Genocide” is “Genocide” is created to legally created to legally define the crimes define the crimes against humanity. against humanity. ((’45’45))

Genocide Genocide Convention Convention Created (’48)Created (’48)

Post-Holocaust GenocidePost-Holocaust GenocidePost-Holocaust GenocidePost-Holocaust Genocide

Cambodia (Carter)Cambodia (Carter)

*2 million*2 million Iraq (Reagan/Bush)Iraq (Reagan/Bush)

*??*?? Rwanda (Clinton)Rwanda (Clinton)

*1 million*1 million Sudan? (W. Bush)Sudan? (W. Bush)

*100,000*100,000

Why is Genocide Allowed to Why is Genocide Allowed to Happen?Happen?

Why is Genocide Allowed to Why is Genocide Allowed to Happen?Happen?

Genocide does not threaten U.S. security.Genocide does not threaten U.S. security. Suppressing genocide could threaten Suppressing genocide could threaten

American lives.American lives. Lack of condemnation or sanctions.Lack of condemnation or sanctions. Difficult to predict or report.Difficult to predict or report. U.S. will not allow citizens to be tried in a U.S. will not allow citizens to be tried in a

genocide court.genocide court.

RwandaRwandaRwandaRwanda

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND Europeans created a class system in Europeans created a class system in

the region in 1918.the region in 1918. Class based mostly on ethnicity in Class based mostly on ethnicity in

relation to European ideals.relation to European ideals. Ethnic identity cards issued in 1926.Ethnic identity cards issued in 1926. Belgium withdraws from Belgium withdraws from

Rwanda/Burundi. (1962)Rwanda/Burundi. (1962)

RwandaRwandaRwandaRwanda

HUTUHUTU

*86% of Pop*86% of Pop

*agriculturalists*agriculturalists

*poorer/less *poorer/less educatededucated

*Shorter, squater, *Shorter, squater, wider features.wider features.

*oppressed group *oppressed group 1918-1962.1918-1962.

TUTSITUTSI

*13% of Pop*13% of Pop

*cattle herders*cattle herders

*”wealthy”, educated*”wealthy”, educated

*”European” features*”European” features

*oppressed group *oppressed group 1963-1994.1963-1994.

TODAY!!! TODAY!!!

Myanmar?Myanmar? DarfurDarfur VARIOUS OTHER AFRICAN VARIOUS OTHER AFRICAN

COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES