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. ] jl. !>M le 64711 •.

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(file ~ r4 tlltt lawl s..- Gb !•r)

_. -~ .,~ <A ~ 1~ '> ,,

!ha lapa-Clda -.rtve. Ude ~ A-oll .. sputa et tlr,e -~ Incidat, bmtst 1atc1~ tlula d SWfGSAI in J-.1i171932. "!"' about Wa u. w optr111nm1:11 a met diatrudal u. _,. hav1=g to attend ~ laot'1N8 Jroa dq to dq .... ...,.. cl&nae .~ the aa...i c.aun1ca:u.oaa Sellool in ~ . .._ Thel1, .U t4 a nMea, be ft091wli ordeni1 w ~ to the la-.1 Gtmrel Statt.

I

@'pp roved for Release by NSA on 12-19~2014 pursuantto E .0. 1352a

·1 :

-~ ~ -- - - - • .:~l90··1e '4711' - REF ID:A65640

' ':.. ,. ...

Tlaa AMr1aaa aUpl• eip!Mlr iJS a oode ill wbi.eh tae onatmi ~rd· 1111 h np.1•-1 lt¥ ~ latteN llO that at tint cJenoe it. 1a dit• tidt to t9ll C..tMr tba ...... 1a 1n :r;mal 'a:b or 1a uotber ton1&B lupq8. ,,_ 1JS ••v uaect a rct.ation qllt.n in Gieh • ditterent ~ _. .mpte4 d&ll7 oa an elrND dq o,J'Cle.

Aeeordiq t.e -~• ot ooda c!eeiph.IJ'ilss, this •78t.D ie the eaa!.ed DI~ •iJlplalt to deed.Jim". u a eamnl rui., tba tr.­qunq with whieb t.M i.tten of the !,,glteb alpA.abet. appear 1• ETOAJms ••••• et ..an. To cbart. tb.18, it would appeu .. ,

E

I ' ' A I

- ----- __ .!... _ __:._a~- _1_ -

(1'! 0 ia pwn 1A tu al~ u.t in the tat but ie oraitt<KJ ill the chart. ill tl:ae or1g1al doODINlt.)

TU. one ood• ...... AM~ Up0:D exaw5n1ng the &.quenay ot oarta.in eod• bJB, 1f the ri!'der of appearance 1e 1D tbs form ot U. abcmt ehar\ then 1t oan be pnamed th.st 1siapl• cipher baa been tllled. Then letkra S2'0.lJIRS •••• are applied to th9 nrs 1n order or t're­quanq ~ U' part. or an ED6lilh word appeara, the rent ~cull¥ be deoipbtred ~ ot the chal"actvlaUoa of E:agl.iab worde.

ror exupl.a, .fro~ the pecrallaritiee 1Jl the poa1t1on of let~n in wo.rd21 suoh u infonat .... islb d.1 'Q.er,!cm~ aJ:d !JJP7, the tirn olwt 1• tolmd. Partkul.arl.T U the telesraa 1• a1litar7 or d19lo11at.ic 1n nature, a 61.Ulil 1e eaail3 ffn1nd becauae ct the UH of diplo•t!.e or a1lit.ary t.erw.1D:>J.eo. lbazi •peo1.f1o proper name, such 11• pl.aoe :a.uies, pera:ma.1 ~•• or \mit 14mltUioati.onA appear, lett6r11 tor the •saa19 did• t'rcm theae pr1l>Oipel. worde say be Eound e.-s1l,y. Ev~ t7PUte 1'bo Mft no teonnlcal t:Dowledge can ao.ally decipbel' mueps U tMJ' beone aocatomed ta the work. E'fttl 11' t.he oipherlq table 1• c..ianpd, one dAY ia precticall.¥ all t.hat 1• ... _.,. ror ~-

State Dltpartmnt· oodea are based upon the Cod• Book ~ epe.M­ing troa the viewpoint ot the principle& ot deciphering, 1t ia e typct of wbatitut!on. There are two foru, tu om ~l~ o:etea snd the two wllme ·~-=· The ke.,y end 1.nterpntation ef code~ 1'l the e>JJB '901Ull8 qet.a is llllted 111 alphabtrtical or i•ro-ha lf!quellH. T?nm fro15 thi.a om wlu.e alone both MkSns up of code 11relll!lge11 ai:.d ruderiq ~tions ca be aecoap.Uesbad. Ill ti. tlJO vo­l.we qste11, WllWM• tor receiving and andi.Dg mena~s are bomS mparat.al.7·· Cod• keys em or1gi?ial tena are~ 1n alphabo­t.ioal ord9r or !n I•EO-BA eaq\Wnoe am the aorrupondi.D3 1.nte!'pX"ll• tatiou and oode by• are allanad 1.rregtlarl.7. Dy .sP'Pl11.ng ~!)&CiallJ' preae.ri'kd •thodD to th1a base cod•. • •n c.OEplicMtcd IXIAap can be constnictlld. Thie 1s tl» code s7stea uaed b1' all nmtions tor 1llp01"tut. ooamii.caticma.

Ta 1c:maerable aount (endleao cogbbationD an be created trua the umber code::: in order to 1nmoeue the dif!1cult.y in de­c1pbe.1.ng) of alt•rable ooJlbir.at.ion• in the preaor1'bed mt.hods Mk•• t.Me t.n=e ona oZ the met ciittic:olt cod.ea tc dsci~r.

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DM lo 64718 e REF ID:A65640 • At abwt 1ih1.a ti.a t.b9 ONrrED ~TATES State Deparwment was

utU1sJ.n1 the am YOllme e,_t.ea. Thh was tba eaa1est form to d"1J'ba'. Ia deaipbuioa this ton ot ••BaP 1 tint of all, code k•J'D of' thil ~pu .re ~ and a mllaticm t.bla .... Tbaa blu-1 gpen t.h1.a table, a blank card in which codo ke,ra a1'9 8d 1a alphabe'Ucal. order la Jl&de. The coabin1Jlg of te,-1 to tb9 Olde•• Sa tb9 •CCIDOilaJlt TOwl (?WU il!al.u!ed• as a "f091) QCGMMJxtt, 'ftNel, consonent• ordar or "coaaoDant, vowsl, ~. oewcmaat, TOftl• Ql'dor. !ben OJl 't.b.• 01"Hted blank c:od8 t.b9 beq'llDq ot ~ of cad• 071 Sa the 1ate!"Ol8pted asaag. 1e .n.cs. After doSJic ~ tm WOid •umm>n appe&l"9d V8J7 freq~. !~on it aa diacovend that it NpNaent.d a period. Jfext in er4er of fNQQIDIS7 wzie oodaa npnaent.q comaa, alld coaon worde aueb u la, tbat, et eat.era. It uzs qv.1te d1.tt1eult work Wt de~1flta­ed b79 wre ooatsman1 ~ked on tb9 blut cud•.

low am \bell then wre t!:meswben a r.q•.t to th9 !eMpelta! 1IOuJJ1br'1Jllim1nterpNW mnn·on~ amt tqa to the cot!• ••eac­#- a ~ buka~ ot a 1E 1>1pl.mat1o at.noe. ?here •re tiaa 1lbm tM tB Aw1be•udo:r ant a...,,.._ fl'oa the Staten.­~..m, i.o ta. J.-ae J'e1"5lgn Otti.09. ID nch a cue the tint '~-Sa-~ - gramped b1' oa.par1Dc the-~ •1th . \Si Stata n........ .... _. \W s.n·-__.~ •-H_._,_ ~-

• <( ~,,..-. P'U ·-~- _ _..., " - q\lS.u oftu ta ... t.bat olaa to a pea'\ mmber o~ ke79 aft 4M1pbaft4 1a b1M la t.b1a ..,,.. •

.. ·" Duiq \119 M~t rd \?19 Sbanp1 Iao!dtn\1 Cc mr ill C'h.te~ Gwftl SB'IRAMJIA (13 °/ ) os.- i•ned. a~. Tbll Dlrlca ·~a a1•-1 1a Sl&IOBAI s. d.iatalJ ect a oa4e t.el•era to t.b:e S:Yte ~.· B W PNI' 1'1 tat. tbU -.a t.M EJlg]J.eh treela• .~ et tu .tat .. nt, ud after wol'idq on it ewhilAt, it as diaconr-

. ·ec1 t.Mt 1~ .... n•OUT 90 ad w WR Nal'd.94 'b7 wry truJ.t1\1l. resulta. iii ~ -..J, '7 ti. UM tM SbaDFl5 Incident cam \o a e10R, u ·~ u 5,000 ~ WU'8 deoipbarahle. !Ima \he pneral •ud.nc of ill S.'-'- lleJutMDt. tel.ear- uaSmg Wa fm'1I ot code wa• -~ ·ft"•.: 'lbe Wt.al .-.r ot ..mda QP'hl• or be!q erMted in a code ~~~(i•.'lmder 'bl one w.lme qate• sm-pauee 100,000. !'bere.toN ·~-b tnJ.r a work ot patiaoe to work cut. tm oode 1n the ¢n41.Jll ~t....s .,. ••

1r· .. ~.

' . -_-·. It 1a ..... 8Ql'9 bm 1lbm 4eo1ph9riq d!ttioalt cod• •uepa, ~ t.i. ~pe ~cannot be S•&SN4 cd all oonoerned ~ ....... 1D\aw ~ labor. u after paimtak1ng ettol'\a a G1M to decdpbninc 1• w1\h1D GD1 1• pup, code te711 tluh aer111 099 '• 9.J9• wUtber be S. awka or ul.Mp. ZftD whlle l,yUJa lD ~-~ 1li86B .a U. aode• tluh aaroaa om •s mind 1!11t1l tirw>Js \bl .a •e 01'0'S 1• uard. m.n an 1mp1nt1an doe• pop up om. aq Jm11p °'4 ot bid ewn 1aa U. aldd]• o~ the lligbt to get ts _,~ bllt the hint whJ.ah OM ~ U bad ~ apiD tade nq 1ika a 4naa. It 1- u.id that prut1c•11y all mn who wos earmetq n \hU work aufter t.roa Ml'TOUS brukd.cmm.

•ga had t~ t.bat, llUO!l a Job 111.8 not wortJnlhll.e ud ouit to tlic: "'*1111~,.\.08: ~t \!Jen w noth1J:I& &l.ee tor hill to do but to go eat. 80M iitre ud eomit, U.ft. Tlma be ca.a to .,.. t.?ie Aarloan Conatalar oi.n.o. la ICU. HORftr, thi. t.ne or stealiq 1• thll mat. d1U1~ ot &11 cla-• ~ ~. To steal alaae 1a ~ good ooucb• 1't l• 1llportaDt that U. o~t.aot leara ot aiw loU ot doom 1 at.a. !hie 1a bee..- U tba lw 11 cUIOOftrecl, tbe eode will be ehaDpd am all tJ:w put hardthi.pe wlll ~ 1Zl vain.

J

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REF ID:A65640 • Sta•\Snc of Code ....

ID th• M!'}7 part at 19''' a aertdn tail.ff eeaaOld te ao in and wt or tM blri_. CGNUlaw 1D IOll. 'Sew a._,. ,_.1a, am would putuN ~lou lllaeeU..oaa cbar.1 st ub4 \a t1e "· First or all, b9 .. _..,.17 ad th~• u4 h9 w ft1'7 h-st. Be zaan. p!md the tru\ ot tb9 conaulata 9tan' •JliMrs ~d ~--an acetpted. replar w:illlllate trac!lau. ··

Eft'htmt~, th• beant1fnl fra8ftll• ot ~no.ct~ the ~tairul &ad 'lalf•, and the ..... ot W&1'da - beu'7 tbat entice• c!rcn1nlA UTi194.

On a oertdn Sa~ in April, tJle Censult 1a Meta 91>1rlta, •nt to Ttew the cbtft7 ~lohna !n tuU bloa at SAQ1 an4 ODD, and tbance spent the ni&bt !a WU) alc'blg at a QIOJI a-iaa haaae. On thia .. nigbt enera1 btzrghn C!"9pt into the G011J1111at. 9 ud tho ..r. 1n the conaulll otftOI rooa WU opemd.1 &1:14 tb9 entf.re codl back '!118 stolen. 'IThan the C8llr.1l retarmd lcllldq llOl'!WJg, tll• at• waa locked &lld found 1n proptr ardtr u .,r.re, and no t.aU•t.&le .:•b ~ 1.•rt behind.

'!'hat !rJa1m11s•Ub tal1o1" •e a~ a c1"9r~ ctt.gui91d Japant• 1m11p11. Attsr w1mlJ.ni cner the 60DIUlata •t&fl' mU.r• and cmldUct1J.lg an uhauatiw 8Zl4 th~ Llhl"eh, be l.Ml'Dt4 U.. ~ ot the ocx1e book, and that thl ka,. _. "°9~17 !n thl canwl • s poa•aaien ud was nner mparat.d rrma bh.

H°"'9wr, U a contimlal •tth ttJr an ~ .. nt 1• leapt, that oppartmd~ 1a 'bound t.a cc•. ODii da7 a aanaul.att it.art ..­ber,· 1!b~ had been br1bed by thu taller, .. ann•IJld. b7 tbe CO!l8t1l to ~e ottic:e. I~diatel.7 UpCID enterlns tha ccmuD off1Clll, the bribtd consulate start •llber not1ced tbt ate uy laSd aJ"el9Uly an a desl::. CUrbing hie t.hrcbb!ng beart, b9 ~aib.11! tb9 CGUUl'• cleek·and nonchalant~ placed h1- 1.tt band over t.b.111 _,.., and with bowel! hea.d 11atened to tbl cmw.1' • ordlra. Whan tbt bribed CCDS!l• la tA ', rr"41T mllhlr lett thll ocmsil • s attict an.- oo:mpl.eting the bu1...\as11 at band, 1n tht i:aJ,m ot Ma i.tt balld, whidl bad bl.n daubed with .ax, •a an •:u.ct btJs'int or the at• tq. A duplicate ny wu mdl, and ca. thy wh8n the bJ w~~ tr1a4 attc the CIX1all. had retarn9d ho2, 1t titted ezaotl,y. All wu ~ read.Smu, and th1c f'aet -1.nmdiately 1'1Nd to t.be Tcqe lempeita1. A J;9ra(m !n charge of ta. Bare eracldng Qp1n.t1an ~ cU.ai.-tdled tr-om the ncnt cbaabar of the Nnal C''9Dh"al. Statt, and. wh9n tbe CODIUl 'A8 eno£l4 1D •'"'7 mking, tba mth-8-.S.t.aci a.u.nt dram, the pilt9riJl3 or the ordt boo~, w.s psrf'm'Md.

Tulmd1at9ly tlltreJter the I®- Kampeitai O?"ganS•d a 1p1c1al teu to tmdlrtake aiadl.u- ep9c1al uaigmant..

iltl!bm's of th1s tum becaae apprentice• 11l sat• anufa.~ complU'l.19s and thorongbly f...U~ U-.mal•• w1'21 th9 cou~c­ticm and mei'..hod.s of •pning l!J..f'o•. Other• cilagu!.8ad thalm•lwa ea mrcl>..QDts and «mducted •arebe• witb.Sn t.1J9 caualate • ~ in b-il>ing ~ ~te •tan" aadlera. There wre photogra~ technicimut o:in; tll•• eo 1 • "ataly pbotoerapbed thll .tole ~ boob without~ lea of u.. Som pen.:ma ah&dOwad apd •:drc1Md surve1llanes O'Y't?' QCma'Ul.ate 8tatf 111111btre, or engaged in ea amSu.­tlon and lla1aon work. Y•t ottien .re 3udo-9n 11hoae o~ u-~ ignmnt,... to patrol and guard th9 eonsnlate co.-1nda ed tc at.art

4

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REF ID:A6564c9

a npt al ta.,..,_.~ bOtt lt\t. • 1abowlnc COOPlate .tatt ••:nJ aheald t.M7 ~ eb•• wtms. te the O"M'lla'• 4tzriJla o .,.u-. Ia .acb a ..,....., •••rJ Va ••n- .. s1wa a dltiaita

uatp•rit, em ntautlw traJ•1111 ... .-e-· Tbe oeda ltoak th&' llLI ~la - thh IJ~ bellilql4 to u.

8tate Dlrp&r'blnt an4 ha.cl t.n 90llpiled atter mJ37 ,.&T• of' Naa~ aftlr the Sban&Nf. Iad.Mn'l, - - ~ called ~ "Cira,)' Card."

A1'tcr that, th1a •tbod .. Wied wbndtl!:r ~d lrJ the Gemral swr Hsaclquarters tild u. 11.aY&l 0.-.ral start, ~not ce17 tm oe'5t boek et the Olr1-a Stat.a De~ bat the 41pl .. t1c eod9 berllca or qria.11 ou.r natiCIDll wre obtdmd.. '1'hl.W tbe dUft=.lt tut of d9etpblring •• peatty au.en.tad.

-.rbe Pl'.._u or U.rlcan Cadla

l.retmd thi• U., tM Sp1c5&1 Chubar ct tbe F«Jr\h Seotloa ~ tbli •aft! Ge.mral SW! 1IU rea·~U!ld U. Elanuth S.ction, Fourth Deparwnt. ud it.a taeil1t.i.aa wre ft.b8tanti•U~ ~ to met t.:. maeutd m9d tor reaearch on tb9 osmn rums, CREA? ilUTADt, and CHDA. On"'/ Jal 371 U. U9rl.caD Baul Attacbe in IEIPOO wired an emrgmq ...... to the Char rJt ll&val Operaticma 1n Y.ASBIHGTO!f :00.a Thia ••sqe •• 1nt.wmpted b]' Ulc OWAn& radio nm1T!Dg stat1ou, and .: ane:i decodini1 it started •Ao~ to nlJab1- 1nf.._t1an11 and wn on u tolln: ".lt l?CO h.ar• toa1a1tt, tb9 Chim• ~ dll att&e\: t.be JapnneH f'tZ"••·ii Th.ii !nte]JJ,pn• .. ,..,. waa 3ft3l presented 1n aom-t u dl.t•ua e-ddenot at tbs In.tarnatioaal 'fa era.. Tr1btmal 1n TOl!'Oe

ID tho latter part ot 19Y/, an U.riarl Stat. :apart111mt eoarw cam to ms to ~- a •• code book~ Thia -.s & ao'J.bk cca. .,. .. ..n..4 the "Jboolm coae,• aJ14 an 1t. begu to be uaed the tollowi.ng ,.ar, a code 1dmit1cal to tbn ar1g;lml. ...-. Llnad;v 1n azr •enrt. chawbtr . ....,...

-Ari the Chim IJsoYaD.t ~ =re q£3:'aftt.ed b7 thl fet1 and

Japane~icep re!at1CIUt becam .:>:.-• tilu.1 t.m Amrlcan Stat• D.partnnt, 1n 1938, began t.e nae a dif'ticmlt coda call8d ta. ":';trip Clpber .. " 4 J:»Zt 0t thh codrJ _. llWln ant'i ~ ~hetQgraphio ~ •• ewn •ant to 11!"• · Howettl1"1 beca'Ull the all ~t cfJdl kq wa• 1111e1ng, tm mt.hoc o: uae oould not bl l.e~raed. Atta a pap!r 17&ttam had been !111.tJa arid inttmaiw re•.rdl coru!uet&d. ~ .thi!I ~' a propsr notrn "Major BAP.R&Tn apptared in om or ibe !J!teret;pted •••gee. .l:am had bsc f'OGD41 and tbl cods 'fB.11 thence deeiphsl"ed.

Tbs f'olln1xt.g 1• a d1agru o~ thla code.

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- Doc lo 6471S e REF ID:A65640 ~

I l 1!lxlrlz!1 HQ s ty g ............ Yi (26 lattenJ)

ll s ¥6 YA B z ; 0 ------ -•ll•u«t j•'.7

Ill 7 . /a z p E

___ .... ~-

....,.._. __ ............ ,...

IV 11 1~lJ

'l •.3 s 0 I . .125 ... 2, -yp A B z iJ y' ---

~

'YI ' (IutraatlGm) The -.rtoa. lltripG are alid I I

Sil\o pl.am as that t'JI: ezupla the 1'0l'd ~MP I I '* • JL.,.m.tm::tl&r. ~ce ~ htt.n UZFOU, I I GARIB, be cam ceat 1IOJ'da. I

I I

I I !!Iii ordll' ot al'J'qillg the a.Ude• cUttan each ID

I accarcUnc t. b ooa. ..,..

nu. eecl9 waa quite eiaple to Ult bat baaau. r4 tba ~ .m ~Santa ad qrlat1an9, it °"2ld not be ciaciphDJ'84 t.hr~ ~aaal •thode• llso, tb1a eodll _. •ztn•l.v ccurpllcatad ~that S.t ooal4 be alt.ud ~ b7 cJtencSng tb9 code key di t.be arr~~P-" of U. 8'rlp i..ttere.

llth;qh tbl blrlta St.ta~ code book COl1l4 an4 as !~In Ssa •di a •mwr, a ahdtar code 9hicb the .lar1am i!flV7

·?~: ~- ~ ·~ to me coc14 an 119 Rta!»4 bJ' 1ueb •thoda, ana t.m. ~..,._.117, ao iBtmwaUan caulcl be Sntermpted tr. tha. Bowwer,

. ~

"Ga1289 tbt7 W9.l'9 alao aaillc uou.r eilrple eld9 called the •simple C1Jtm',• 111eb ~ Sntarmtlm na ob't.a!md &ota th!a eca:'ce.

Spied e W !'lMt.

.: !lie ~ ot tblt fSnt 8hmakl Dsd.dmt rapidl:r pit a strain ~ J~..-.blrtcu nla\lf.u. OtetAtng t.o pa'\ Pftau:N m JAPG, ti. lhdt.4 Statn O.wz 8" .-.bl.et ti. Padfic n.t, 11blcb at ta. UM "'9 ba wwwwww Sa Ba.SSaD •ten• '!'be w..U. of both tU Unlte4 Statea d4 Dl"ltbb Far Zdt J'lut8 ~ !&Dtmlad DIC' !Bum&l. ~ alln\ JS'ealRZN bqin to be aJJP]~flC! ID JAJU.

Tbt l&T&l Cemft i SWi'~ Sn a .te.te ot tena'• u dark clendm JwMr.S war Qe 1.1.CIPic, beaan to _,. p1.aDa Sn earmst tor 0peat!m:.s apsut ti. 1111n:D sr~ss. Bo..YC't coaftomt.ad ws.t.b actual 11att, tt n.l'_. that notr-inl ~~at all abont the llidted st.ates Hav.

ot emrn, U. ,,,...,.,. of~ 1t,. ~. the!J' llPMds, anmante, e\ •'-a eou.b! be ~ tr. WJam• • :Ftg!ltiag Sh1Jr8• or a •tat!a­ti-1 ~ ~ UA!ted St.ta• budptal tar ld.Ut.!7 pll"pOAa. l'llat .. mmom _. b n.htiJll akUl of b United stat.. n.et .• 1f1tJ!,eat b:Jw1aa th!a, it .a. impoea1hl• t. ••U.te tm 9D4llV a1ta&• tlca. .ldatral '!'000 4idact1eall.7 gJ'Md 'llhln ha cUsbu.ded hie ~ b!md tlaett atter U. end ct U. Ruaao~a;amu nr that naval tTa!n· J.q t!lloul.4 be bue4 e tba pr!n~pla t.bat a gt:D llhich 19'1'8~ mtua11 1'9 tc'plt la tbe eqta1 o~ a h"ubdfed guna which met fin a !nmd!"lta •iHi berare b1tt1q tMir art. Taqibl.o stnrJ.gth a11d lntang!?>b .U.qtb, 1aah u po.!a+..-1 out b7 Adalral '!'000, Gombinsd t.o mb

'

REF ID:A65640 .e

aotaal ~uac ~- !blln wb&t .. tM tetlqA1- •V.Jlltb o~ the trnltet Stat..1 lldJ!

J .. _.,, """'"' ..

JapaJll8• 11rinl 1a \b9 utrmD &T'A.'lU aul.d 1IO 9m"9 a.pp]1' Sa• fanatlall t.bu trinal:b' IQ°f ftJ.ariaa arahS.pm aarrr .... cl'N... I

•••• ii or "Sin• tb9N .. 1n tm 11 • .,, baw TOllmt .... 1n t1ii9 ~! •ni<» ..Jut to baw a tie• NUDd•the-wlrld trip, thei. wU1 t.aG t9 their bnl.a 'llbea a wu- °W'eab aa\. 9 TIMI D&ftl a"-.lbe Sa W.IBHmlTC.W, DC cou.ld leara ll1)thinl• n. Haftl GeMral Start belU ta pt n.tle••• It could not ..- plana witbmt havi.Jsg ta. Snf'mw.U.ca.

~·Jawd, goale .. ye4 TWJII ( L.!l ;f'f ) • 35 or 36 J9U'• old and cla.d 1D. a ababb7 ..S.t., .. abtmrd the CHICJIIBU ~ whidl aUacl tl"Olt 10IOH.lll 1D s.ptear 1m. B• had a Jeaa attndo\, 11hoae head, nth lmgl"on.d hair, leokad Uh that ot a liO!.UBO (Ti ~oan).

In~ llh1pe pu-.r Uat Lt CfMlllr' TlGJl:I'a poa1tiaa 111a8 &iwn u 1n11ps eta!' or the lla'ftl 'i"eal:mical Dlparimnt aad lli attendutlil u clerk at tba !iull}Octcll"'• otrs.ca. '!'b97 had bteD •aret~ _.dltftd to lear.i the rut patel' ar the Oaitad Stat..1 n.ete tJ7 .-ana ot radio. T!GAMI' s attendant .a &11 apart radio an baDcl-p1ebd tor ~ Jrab. I.18~ to the rad!o •• nt>t U1eaa1 1n t.bill tmnzD STA"m.S and an,t>C'dy ~ tree to do it. TAG.lKI and h!a ua1ataAt wee w17 •am" for the jcb1 •inc. it -.a u wnhtard • •t attempt to steal .. 1r9t1 of the UNI'!ID STA'JZS 1&"7 bJ' 2"8d1o. They bad e:zcban!ed oupe of atar ritb t:-.. !r taaiU.. fffZ' the t!ml. putlng, an.cl left J!.PAI wit.b aohz and baro1c feel.Sl:ga.

The twc CC'lmtr,an spent a halt J'Ul"t wbicb it taolt t.baa to beeom sccustOW1d to Aal"1can l..U9, 1a OSHIIJGTOI, DC, atu~ aethcda to i?ltue1pt tbl Unit.d St.tea la~ a co.-miaatima. T!ml, the7 boaatit a higb•powr reot1VW' z the pretat t.bat it wcml.d t. leaded cm a NY! boat, l:a!t which instead, th97 Wt&l1H in their car.

' . lf'ter tizxl.!.ng oui "'1at th9 Unit.-4 Sta tea !Ia'tJ'' • aJa!lJal nwnta

lle!"t,: tbe;r ~gan im 1t!near7 ~ tM TJII'l'BD Sttn:S. 'l'be7 rautd t:p and down tb9 Sut and 'fa1t CC...U 1.1D ?EO!lad9, Y181t1ng naval traln­int. b3.see •

Pcaing ~ eomaleecent. they ap1nt la1sunly d&19 at an Qdt· Mnt houn Sn ImiCi ES!CE within a •to!»'a throw ot a nMt ano!l!iS'a19. At another tim tb97 get Joh. u caHt&bn at a 119&1~ tudlr• cO'QD~boase. lhll• T!GA.II ~.&r41J took 1t eaar, gotq n.h!q er oa:t.ting gl"ue, hi• claok would ~ck b.laelt up Sn h1a bedl"Oml er a lhed, liS'Ulnine intontl.1' to radir; ....... ot a nMt SJ!! tra'•"'"• 1fhe t.119 night can an.cl the ~ •• h&lt.ed, 'i'l.G.00 vreuld P'appla with a r;o?.mtein·.oTradio •aasea. atay1q up all a!drt abaarbed 1n his work.

The7 ~d that tM United .St.at.a ad Japmt• la"l1' aMd ap­).'ll"oxim.Utl)- the ..- typa of tire oon"\J'Ol •uqaa. FGl" !utuee, r. spo-tt.r- ;>l.4D9 :repQrti!JB a e.n whim t•ll soo .._.. short or th9 tu-get, nnt t.v • ...,._ U (up) S 1n UJ8 t1nlt.9d St.ate• 1&'17. It 'IP&C s (ahcrt) 5 111 JAPAN. 'lit.b th1a piece of Jmowledp,. tb97 ~ d9t.ndm the aecurat::t ot fl.re ~ ~ to tll9 rad1o ~ troa the scam ot naTal ammm'J'• Tmy COU14 oo.11p1t.e t.ba race b7 ~ by a stop -.tch the tlml olapaed bet.• the tiriq •1in&l fros the ahip a12c tm report or tba iapaat.

Thr.19, 1n ellgbt.17 m tbcl a .,ea:r of vqabmid lite, thq l8amd, the fiihtil:i skill or the trnite4 stat.a la~ fairl:r •11. What th97 lea~d ae llJ!'W man U.)' bad apect..d ~ tM United Stat.81 107.

7

REF ID:A65640 e

It. - ~iDc tar tlntft tbla ftriq a-...... lhG$1 t.hn ldttlll '1111 tar,n. !b9 eowiW ..U-pl"l.M ~ ~ .Tapu1• in usak4n1 \Mt 1at91ift -~-wek \n,at"C .. 1b •peo1allt7 WU ~lbattued.

!M7 •'l'lte'' .. quite a !tit ~ 1at.ssa\1oa oe tm tha1tad St.ate• hV, ftlMM~ far U. opeftt1onal p]•mfna ot tbe l•Pf1211• Se~. Al ....... \Mi lB ln7 Mii abftt tba IW t.n>e of traiDiq u tJle J.,... .. wa,, !t Uld tm.. tbl• u 9laeh 1'ae1 ml ts.w ~m. .. ~ e •':tlon trr tnJDS.rc .. t)Mt latter. It oa:f't.•5n17 ._. tbt 'MY7 ~ a "aw• ~. .Both nnte. he! \lieu an eba!'Mtel'i..atlca b 1 •17, UIS \Mre wa 11\U. d1tt•.ran• 1D amq of tire. !be m 1av wu tar sup9rlor 1D • •'catiau di! a'1'1atimi, n11e the Japan·• •N allCh'tl3' better 1D nigtrt. ftcht.ine• Beoau... or the 4lftereno9 ill \ha tra.1a1q .,.,a, tbe aerJ.aim fi&htil3a power t"CNlabed ita •x1- 1D Jm. '*1le ours dJd 1n Deo11lnr.

btura!z& 1a ZJ.7U 111 two )'9U'S1 'l"'•II ao'Qlded an &l.8J9 that 1ibe tiaiw.1 &tat.• 1la'f7,.. ronddable.. !.ie ~:bed the Jap.mest: bT;y f~r ita CC'!F'ecGee~

In 'Uat tb9 fts:htiq uw. of the OZdted St.tu Ba.v WU laloa\1 wlLat t.t.m o! pl&nll wre bei.J.11 ..S.? It waa a top ..Wtary MUW'&. aa1 ceiAd mt. be Jaloml .. u,.. Tm opon.ti<mal pl.am of ta J'9?'•• tl"'7_, wld.eh WN Niii EU~ •WJ'7 ,.ear, Mn !'irr..t drn.fted f.'t tile nnt. (Openticu) Seetlcm of t!MI 1.....i Chief ot Stat~, w.rttt.n wt 1D "SUKI" ~ thA aeat..hm eM.et, and lceked 1Bp in a est• atte-r -~ eppl'Cftd. !.be.r wn De"lel" typed or ~~. It wu Jvrt. ua,y 't.o t6b a loK at t.be d~. ~would f1r.:d it d!.tfiC'Qlt tc •tal it.

At the Jieq], ::it..tt College at EU'lk'i, •P llamUWre U'rl lfl\!" goes wre eonduct.ed dq 1n am rlq Gt4. Students were clin~e4 1ma two ~ aDl wre ubd tc .U. oy.ientioml plus with ~ll eft!JPle data. Th•M plama wre au:..~ b,7 iutnl .. Al"Se are~ .mJdGta 1lbo md• t!le best ;ll.aM wre appo~ ~ of tl.io

~ t1Mt8 wb1cb ftl"e ellp19d 1D D-p mitle~8 • 'l'b,e;3~ ~CW t, . .,,., !'Bpeatod tnJer all ..,.iftbla mr:d1tim:JJ1 3t.~~ ~DmlG;~; ~ cezota~ lotJf.oal eoncl.um!.oz:,z. !bone eonclu!on5J qro 1"90-

poattible for tbe est.1.-ticD that the Uu1W Statu kV ..W f'irlt\ CQIW \'!p tl!l!'aqb tbe MAP-5!1ALLS am the °"-1\0IJl!S ~ M a~tnpt t'3 ret.ake \be H!ILIPPm.8 am, aftm- <?'.rt.ting of: th9 lm~ Ma!.n.~r:d ~!!!' regioJJ.fl er mtm-al re~"GO.e m:id 11aitll2£ fa: our .tigbt~ 8t..~...b to be nha.mted~ ::lose in on tho Ma1nl•zri. T'41a esti~10'll pro1'ed to be ex&ctl.T ~be u. aa the URmD St.a'IZ' ~ntjAn Raia­bo11' Ho 5, which wa.a to bl fJUC'~ co1nc1c11=.g dth thE 0.ecle...~l~ -o!. var, called fer, iiS ~·'aed 111 "fbe Rising SUD o! t.h~ PJ..CT.Y.!.C~V Ca~..ein (Ziavy) la<RISOX '• ?>oak publ.isbed aft9r tho er~

Am!l& the bari.oan literntw.'9 ued u lL"GBeareh. •teriQJ. Ye.e P..ear Adlliral FRCET 8E "'0-1er:1&a eup-tps0 - it_. mt.~ -.hen tMiJ motb.-eawn book bad bem obudned. Idoa.s oon:t61MC in th..~e book ~:. &laost 1..1•x:tiCAl 'W!th the plcnG empl.Qyltd by the 'QJii tee! Stat.es bir;r 1D the laat wnr. That, 0£ aoUJ"ee, ~ ll02S't.hillg nobod,,r ia..., until the ..:-~. Our ~ 1llUlted to t1Dd out wh~thao it• est1mt1ons •re COft'41c:t or oot. 'f'b.sn an two ~ to do !t.

n. &Jm1.J&l li1l:tWU'twre ot the tmitsa statee N&Y7 t":neralJJr utt a pnet.1oe of part ot its optl"a'tiomtl. plc.na. Tile right ~rson ~ .tndid th• phna o~ aucb e.nmal -=-~ co~ pt a~ ! ~ell. r>f tJi:g Jla'Y7'a opc•ation&l plan.a.

8

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-

--&loo '° 64718 e REF ID-:A65640

!be .Rav bu MJV scbaola, and ~ati°' a.m atrdeu aret ~·t ai ibs• 90beol• .i.oat without mpticm. Taa wtrw:to.ni, .u !laval Sta.ff eou.,. pwluatoa, tak!Bg a pr1do k provS.Dg th!! vnat­MU e.t ~ knowledp 1n t,m, amuala ot t:u.at1m ud at:c-ategy thit7 'll"ete, aneouG1mu'1.r add.a llilitaJ.7 eeCl"eta mt neosa~~"7 t~ t.be boata. U ~ Japana11e F.a.-q got tbeEe books, it oc;t~ dr t.da a ...,.i idea ot tblt tacrU.a md strategy o~ th& tE &ivy.

EWQ' ts.. ta. UJd.ted State• n..te •n on ~~~, ~b41 ._TapamM imv1abl..J Aat a wenhip to t.ba lllWll'WWr &NU or had. u oil-taker boaal tor~ Nti121'1i1118 &om tbe W5t coot c£ the · lJJflfiD SUDS, eq'lllpped with • rece!ving aet, go throu~ the &.!'90 tor the pmpeee ot p1cldng up nd1o •••Pl com..iciJJg Sntot'llllt1a! Npl"li111ac the pl.am eDl ~ion of UDIUft~.

Lt Clllir •p reoa1ftd a latter &botrt. 19l4 w!lice Pid, 0 I ~l"I a 1!81.t.\ Stat.• k"7 Li. (Sen1elt Gniae) on t.lw reH~ list a!3d Pall.alt.le~~ meni08." np mt tbe .mer of tbe l~tte.J.• 81'6 j~ ti\&\ be waa a Lt (SWS.or Qrade) placed on tbs NHl"Ve .l!e't beea- of -.m trouble .ma 'that. b1a wile had Iii.! tm.it. tor a diwr.e. An America bul'buii 1a a aoEP].ete loMr in • diwree sv.lt ~"'Ida .u.,. am ... must PV h18h alis»'D1'• The Lt (Se.n!CP O!Wie) ba4 ~ ... 1lban be tomx1 biJ&Ml.t 1n finncU.1. ... ~· .. Wd llJ" thn the eon ot a rear edl!L~ ool.d11.!g ~ illportant. posit.Se Sa ta. Ope.ratlona De~•• atud71ng to ta.tar -U. Sa~ _statt Scboal, ming •cret docmmnta u •t'-"d¥ .­~J '1Jat. \be -4ainl'• ._ .. a &lON &1.eDd o1' t.is, ~ ~"be oeu14 honaw ~.that h• 1IUllld brbg a b>ak to ~t" if

< - • ' ~ -1.d ... it 1a CID8 lliglrt..

~t tor ~ton _. prosptly HC8, ud the firzt : ··- · :'** tea ~ ~t _. u ariaticD tact.lea :an-al mted s.t t!:ta . _ -~'t'!a'U.la CIMt. Mboo1 at IUS.ACOU. Tb.e ~act tbat the bcok mn­·"".;, .. - ~~:w_ul ~ vwa ~a U. msuu,s# the IWUAIUS alld OUAJA, i:. '' ~!~~ -re mot. ... • .. ~~ .tor aplenatio'!l ~ tM uu of a~ u0!39_.

_.. ~ ~ wrt-~U• tor ov Naearab. tryil wu elated.

C-. &lq "19 -. ftitiq 1n b1• oar pubd ozi a sornei- dea!gmted !a Ma proll1m w1Ua U. Lt IOI' a •tr..t o:>ntact, but the Lt., en a.l• ~ pDl'tlla1 .. , ~ed te appear. Bti .. loiterillg oti t~ aide­wlk lnk'na Sllto .-.111m1ow~ c.n he .telt the shadow nr a~ he­"181-~ .. W a teeline ~t b9 aa bainl lbmdowd. St-art.led, bl Jmped h&o bis oar Uld M'f.ll'md to b.11 qaarten. Tbrongh bis .... - laarMd t.bat tM Lt bad bee &l'Tuted.

The ~d::l.~,., 1d:&o liftd 1D a !mt, in a robvb with b12 obild!ru, wu -.t4 \e .._ ~ dremJ.llc t.be llt.1q of Ma oonnienc. in l~quor~ 'l'hia at.~ ·~~ to b1a wuteta1 speft'!iqc o~ mom7 ~ re­Mllt.ed la~ an.n. •J• t1n to BEW Y\l1'! with hia pbotog!"llp..'do mpt1fta anl teDt pe.88&111 • a Japuiue lrelshter to tteat a ~t.Y retna-\ to mu.

Dm'iJl& U. &uttllD ot 19381 the llS Pacilio Pleet held la!-~ II!~ ..,_,.,•r• Sa BamUatt ..-ten. About W.. u.,, tha w1reluit 'r..elli­PDOe 83'.tea ~our 107..., hi&bl;r ~. nte wireleas di..~~):' Uoa-f1:M:J!JJC .Wiou UN DDt. oDl7 omtablillhld sith!u JUMJ btit

9

•

Doe Ko 64719 REF ID:A65640 • tht7 wen ~ ~ tbe 8ou\b SN S•J1 .. r. ! wirel.N• ~ q.t.• •• atmed ~ ti. et.in hc1f1a o.... area • .lftaJ-~ atl:ldiea mi the NA.l\• ot ~ •JmH11l crud -• Ten et oar ln7 ud the J.aras••-1• WW1lln ~ tm • 1n7, it -u poai1ale "° obta1a ~11 MCllN\e ...U.t. td ••mJ ..U.t!QM 'b7 thl .".189 of~ winleu 41recU.m-t1nd•q t.pp&Tat.u ..a 'b1 lant-1.ng f.M TR Ill)''• « !Bi eatia 00Jld.1Uoti nD \bolzP t.be milO' -a. oo\lld ~ t>. read. It wu :i.um4 U..t W.. •• ney llidft.na,_.. wban Mk Sze G utJ.ate or battle plam •

!be OIADJ. llm"a ~1pal Unit wu atat1Gmd 1D a lar• whit.­'IUUd bd 1 d1 ac hiddu in the OUlpbor forest ~ OW.W lt.1n ill a aec\icm ot ~.W (the I&nto P2&1a). '?bU beOUI t.be .,..,._. cet.v ol a larp mnlto~ mt.on. Tlll the end et the 1111.r t6'all ~I. 1.nt.llis-nee wu N~ u a h1Pl.7 1.lnal'Glbl.e aipal i.r. .. lllpnee ..rn .. a.ad .. the~ r•t1oa. Dnr1q tM til"at ¢.aM ot the fi!legba1 IMideJSt, "I" aa aple,..S u a mwa deeode', am at tat t.iml ~ _. • reoop1sed ~.ran deoc.d9r. Si.Doe im, ..-f. 11 had .oeld tha p.lil,.Uon ct Sta'tioo D1.i'ector. l:le •Jltert&iae& tile ~.-&.:.that. t.b1a weuld be tlle beat opporttsdt.7 to test Ule •tt1e1"9J' ~ r.bo mnl .uit.~ qata and ~ bepn :p~tfma i.'c1· th. tcstc. Thtt grazrl MDBllWrts ot tbe m Pa.U1c l'J.•et w.s t=:rf!retore uaed as the il"8Jl3. -.mttMra ot cur .laVal latGlllpmoa Dt~co.

b41e ao:iitors wna plaoed cm oU taubra e.alliag fo!" Ire .., GE;I;~~; an! tll9 sh!.pe ftl'e insi.rtwted to u.il iJl \be TiciJdty er tM rs :?J.Nt dunaa t.ba ml~PU "r the enm1 MDeUWJ"~ Ra.die Gp9raten ~~ also di~tcbed to t.he llllSB.lLL lalaJli• to work ct 'Ulf: li a-1',~P.ina poati. A d•taUed NpOrt et t.ae mmit.or1q aitu.ticn wlll ·. ~ .:ni ttad iiM to lbdtttd !lpae9.

·~iOHWr, b,y tatftroepti.llC the wtm1oat1~u ot t1'e llDR'ft!9 ::mp:iJ'le £.aticl'&> t ... 'i\n S&DRft..I" pll.ns tor ••1-il&tad OftJ'lllN.s~ ,opera­tio...,.;, t.:W Orpniut10!4 ilf tM ::.T!&ftl n..t.a, thti PJ'OC"Hi ~f ~ "9nfi,.'fttra, &Dd ather s1.mr"'...e detail.s Uidl ~ded notll•:n:t •t•r­~ for o;.ierat!o:.s Rft ~t aA! tbers w:ia -a:r pobt• whitalt ·~\."1:: ::'fJS£!ble th6 bpr.o..,_trt.s of our O'l1i mftl orp:ih.a~i~ •

. 1-...tter t.2- SJXta"Rl:'a, -&an. 9lu c;:x~J.ajurl the mve11111ta ot tM. :;. ... ~-tt; cy ~rar.J:i al-.zrto et th9 l'n,y iilnistry, there ,,.re -~ ad• til"'~~-~-:: "ho 1l9N as~ed b;r the 'f'ut NIO\l!lt. o£ ictenatio:i e.i~ '.'1e ~~ be91; a?U•-to obt:aiL.

I

?he 'Mf..relasa IJrlAlllguce DL.""f!C'ted ApSut ths tG Paai.tic 2'1Mt

!t th.st tw, tb t:eram--Pol!&h nr h-1 sta.-t9d i:l IOF.OiB, .::-.Dd. the lightning .. ,.taclt3 ot Gi.EKU'Y had ~-ocbd the world. TM i:=· G-:>verr.aent Gal."1.1.m:al; wat.atad thll ~mnb o! t.be Ja?&Jle• Gcve:na??t am atat1o.:.d tbe Paci.no neet. in HAD!! ~ ~rte!" t~ g:"2.!X2 DIDSWWra a:x1 sil.a:crt.l,f 11-a.tahed tJ.\s 7u ~rn •itws.t.la11.

~ t.hia t•nM aitu.at1cn, the OW.IOA Signal Unit. ~po,re.i. ~r w.:.r time emrps;q • ad a'l11 UDdertook a 4et&1..l..d at'DIS7 '4 U. •1iil­!!J.~ ei~l'" am the er\\~ t..legnn, espec1.all.,y of perlO!aal R&­~;,.re::: sent 1:y t~~'- C"-:ew rr.crrbo:::r:. of t!1~ .F'leet, which cs:ne in during

lO

•'

REF ID:A65640 • . .

tM ~1.oD or t.i.szg.s fraa the Pu1t!o FlMt. He _. abla \e Hta1A-* 1Jlt.ciHt!al htoratl•.

TM at.d1•'nc .r tm PH1fto nan 1a IWl.ln - -* a ..._ 4 .. , unapeet.t .,.. ~ it appeared te haft enat• qld\41 a can­tta.to:a wq tM 1'lMt. an •lh:n. S1nee tbl popaldioa in tbe 91d.u1'7 ot Purl Har1:or 1mre&Ad 8uadcl.7 b7 aneral tea ot tbD\laDA1 t then ... • Olqlll\S.cll ~ t.9lep-u9 1Dqu1r1J:11 abeszt' i.11e rutaJ. or -.u.1 .m roam aDS tel.•11"88 ca'''"' t.r the w1•• amt eh1ldrea of the em ...mr.. Al.8e, U.19 - a ,,,,.sM.1 •1· '-.u. -.re a ..u. ~ tbe tD1mm aun:s HJ1t • telaciu to Ml' lmHlm4'• •-""91' ooap'•'n'ac t1'at bar bumnd Md not MDt 8Jq •llHiatWe e11ew.._ to her. TMN 18 DO dlttu.aoe 1a hwea ,_., '•• hat er '!Mt..

u tM .tq 1a BllU.lI leb~~e~,thare W9re alpa tbA tb9 8'lWW maben _,.. bel2•'n1 te pt. bored. OD St. Yai.tDI'• Dq, 14 Feb l/J, t.ba 1'~ ~ ........ -- b.1 • eNW ..... r te Ill• sirl Mam 1D W!'ll.E, 9Blm BAWAII would not be so bl• U 1'0Wl wul4 lie IQ' Tdents.ne.• ~ ~•iabwtaa or the cm • ..._., enl4 be pl•'ni.7 dlrtected • .u.o, tM -~ traaJ.nc ..Wule et~ t6 7lNt oa LAMAIJU ROl.d, ua1ng Pearl ~r u tb91r ~ bue alld J'll8t. oup, wu eaeUr i.an:m. Ew17 Pr14a)" tbe F..,.uter Seatlon ot ealb ship 1--4 u order to ~ a mrtaiJ.l UMat et ~- •at and wptabl.H dellwnd te a •rt.ain pier. 17 ealcmlatiq the maber or tbe para; wl ot a M1p nth •SJPfCCd• .,.i_r ...... ratlon, the poa1t10D er tb9 pier ad the Mip ... ~ a'1e to be •diatad. Petbapal it 1• wal'tb •k'n«. spedal. mt• t1'at U. 1Du1e 1ntell1pnca tor tbe plaDa ~o at.taak Peal autlor had~ 1-u 1D bud owv a JQr mad ~h.8l~el:ie£ore.

Dw111c Ula latt9r HU ot 1940, th9 relat10D01p betwo the ilin'ID STADS .m ruu ......_ W01'M and tbl catunaa or 111telli• ~ on tM m ••v beoa1 1na:NuJ.ll&11111portaDt.. £1xnzt thi• tiM tlMt ITaftl S.aret Cb•""er ad~~ to JIEIPIJlC, SH.&iGHAI, and c.ur?OJi • but ta Dl•IU!it,T Of explMlaa ~ tb9 w1ftleaa intel.ll• geme an tb• ti> .ltlantic Fleet _. felt J thereror., an ottioe wu eatabl.1Uad in E1ICO Cit¥ 1n tM latter part ot tb9 ~ar to pt.her 1mlQUla aateri-.1 ~ mwmllta Gr tbe AUutio Pleet ud i.ha .,..ni. ~ tl'.18 m Battle n..t..

ID roao, 1lbaN ~ HeadQuart.ra wu located~ the hnl. G9M1"&1 Statt, hwta Depart.ant., lltb Snt.1on beam tbll l&Tal o.-r.i St.att, Spe•.1al Sent• UAlt, ud the orpntsatioa •• rapidJ¥ expanded am ~ ...

u

REF ID :A65640

Ha.wall Sea Dat.Ue

At dmm Gil 26 IJov 41, th• ?int. Taa\; f orc• ailently let:t the •n~ HIT<ZA.Pru Bay or ~lr"'U Ialand and etealthily appreac!'.114 tbe co.J'tharn Hawaiian 'Ra.ten 11!.th &ll their 111..rctlc19 apparatu.e an4•r leek and kef to Jll&1nta1n abaolut.e e1lenc•.

Since -....r, the a1r Wlit ot t.h1a fleet bad gme through a ftgttrau. t.nJ.n1llg •chedule. Ql the other hand, at. tbs air baa• in nusw u. 12t.h Cabined ilr unit .. can.et.&nt.17 being trained.

.Aa •sual, the7 were tl~ t1'a dam te dusk. The radio at.at1.n • the ban ws.s t.r. ca11JQ6 cede ot the air-eratt can1.sr. 'ftw.1 a.Da\an~l.7 eahln,p:i UPleu mnupa t.e deceiw the eAger «Je1l1' llatcwra et the sl:wleaa direct.ion ti."lding at&tlana in ta:-o.tt fUJfAII SDI IWl'ILA and lead th.a t.o bellne that th9 Taak i='~ waa 8\111 apt 1o tbe SETO Inland ~

'ft'9 •iftlue eperatora m the Flag Ship A!AGI or th• Tuk ft)J'ee "" alel'Md ta U..tan to tbl re1>9.R8 ~the Imperial Genaral Headf}ul"tea bl"CNldcut trm t.hl Teqo wiftlee• 1t.aUCJn. r.:n~, the MGbeJ'Sn& pei11t1m o.r eaob 1h1p Gt tho U..~ Pacific Plo~ 1n Pearl Hattter ... •1Nd ac=n\el7 and in cl9tail. Even the in-ea!linJJ mrl Kt ae'nc mlpe, t.tw condition~ the acur1ty aeuurea, 4s­~mH taallem•• and -1atence ot ant1-eutma.r1ne cete were report9d ln 69\aU.

leper.\ A

Ji-"'9 ftwabeT :JS a\ 00 hourw an 4 Decembol"

'!be ahipa anaho1"8d in Pearl Harbor on the art.moon ot 29 HOT­Ulber ••n .. fell-.

A 3"tor {Bet.11MD the Uanl Arsenal and F<JID tel.am)

IT (Xanl Anwial. liorthwest. Whari'. )

Pmnay!l.'t'ania (P.attleahip)

Alisma (B&tt.leahip)

n (SJ-..ere-Une pG•t.)

C&llCer.n la (B&t.tl..-11hip)

Tmwa1n (Bat.tlea.l\lp)

1'aJ7land (Battle1h1p)

lf•at. Y1r&ln1a (Pat.tleah1p)

gs (llaftl Anenal Rapair Wharf)

?trrtland (Clau-A cftl1eer)

In clMk:

CU..-A cruiaera 2

1

,.. ·.,-• .• ., .

. - --- ·- - - ---- .....

.,_ ·.

REF ID :A65640 . • Ia__.1112ttaaa1

~ 4

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. a0

~t• .. : Patftl-boata 2· ' ~~ ·' ll~~e4•nlmit9 2

Rapalr ahipa 2

Mlae ... per l ... ,.

B s9o:Mr (the Ma area ti.i tJ. n-'hwe9' d.beot.s.an of VOim Island \o the vlc1nit7 ot 1CllD I.eland) •.

FV (shoft-Une poet)

' la:ingt.on (!~ etam.)

Utah (?ar&et.-at~p)

Clas•-Si CNiaer l (San ~:. \)'pe)

c lua-D c ruiaera 2 (a.ha tne)

~s)_

i C Seotol' (~ lock}

nest;royor-ten48'.l'S

t ·n Sector (Ciddie . leek)

' 2

-l2

-.

n ~o c~~ 1.."'t status. u of the a.ttemooo ~ Decaaber 2. Shon.­leave for tr...e •n.ilora 11u allowed as ueual. It .._. that t.hej- are not. i.."l a st.fate of preparedneso. a~

{ttcctted)

fteport A.

JSTtlO snipe !Shieh were at ancho!" on 6 Deetmber. mi -!11.Qe t>att..le1toiptt, three elua-a c1Uiaers~ -UU.. sea-plane can1en, and. 17 d_estro~r.s, With tour clas ... B cru.S.nN,. three ~n, one

REF ID:A65640

a1~t earriu, and one hea.v cnd.c•r in doek. a.ll en at.and-by atatua. Unu.1a.al actiTitiu in th• Fl..t. eo-1ld net be cet.ected .. OAHU lelaad ••• ea."lll and was r.ot blA=:it.9<! out. "Th• !~av,- r;;.part­.Dw.\t et U'9 I•rl.&l r..r..er~ Hu.d.quarten 1a contident. of yotir allCCea••"

>:.o~ to ~he po:at-«&r pc~ilcat.imn 9 tt..e !iava.l secret In­t..elu.i.~a Of'1'1• in ~AS!?'IKG'ro?l hQ.CS. dC«ied the teagru which tJw Ja..pa..._.. e4verm:ent. had sent to ttw J&;JN'li89D Ccmaul in !ieHClJjlU request.in& \be &.~oh•red poaitlonm or the ti.et fJ!.thln ?e.IJ"l Har~ and it.a c.\&rt.. :Pl:G1111Yer, t..i~o,- we1-e net able to u.ndQrstand the !t!lll •1gl13.tic.lflnoe et tL• abOTe ~rd.er.

That. 1e not all- ~..19 UNI'f;;".O STf.~ had dul1 daeiphered alaoet all ot th• _.Alff bet.nnn th9 JaptVWa& Gfte:maw:mt.. tma t.._ J.-par.ne emoy to~ ti'?r.ITm STADS. The UNITBD S'lAtf' ... i::; wu ec>gnisant ctr thD f aet. that i.mbus&dor Ji::M'JnA ( itt· f J ) would submit the wt. notiM at. 1300 heu%"11 (l~al t1&9j on 7 !'>eeel!ber c..nd alao the Grd•r to raetroy th• oadl..-.g au.h.1..-in m 6 &;eauber.

It. u Rid th&.t alert w1rsa were sum\. cut. t.o all the &me6. force.s 11gne4 ey the Chlet ot ~!aTa.l Operations nnd the Chi~r &t Start. Wit.\ all t."lon ~'1 .. &•-'n.ti~ why 1tU t.be surpriae :at.t.;.ek on iU'NAII c.ar.ried cut •• aucceutullJ'?

It w«ild have been aere ;.ila,y tor the US 3ecret Cham.!:ier, whtch h.&d hiatei, an4 UPerience &i.cce Y~.DUti', to le am by •ire lesa t1.m maneunr pl erA ot th• Japaneae Navy• which wue the uanal anntlb.l p:rnct.ico.

f.iew•'ftt"• the "-an.eilVua ot t.h.t9 C~hinad fleet., •hi.ch wers re~eat&d 19ar aft.er y9ar, were eoneentrat.ed en the study or t.!le battle pl.&"18 t.o destroy an !Q~11117 OTense<lS attack ot tho in ~leet. There wu no t!.i:;.e when they would leM one to believe thttt they we?W rchea.n1c:c~ to att..o.ck iL,R . .tII. .I'h1..s a beca.use the attack cm llA~All wu a nn id.ea which was et.~""d !or the .fi!'8t time a tC"rt cenths prior te the •'t.art of the w~r.

It 1• t-ellwed t~at. tt.i.o US H~va.l Socret. C:hll.!lber findy held to their bel.1.e! th&t J.~PA~1 would take tho uau~l course; Judgir-1. by the t..raJ.n.1.n& o! the Coab.bed Floet year a!tor year. ?iould it be a. lliat.&k.o t.o u~ucie th:l.t the negllpcee of the UH'ITED ~'I'ATSS 11.u due to t.heir Olln o'ftlr-contidonce .. !

vr. llTA, 7'.wlo { .-& ~:· :...._ i, ), who ~a3 the con5al General i~ HA~Aj! darl.~.,g thGt tir.~. lat•r d.1~ er n ccrebrul h.a.8!Jlor1'4.age in TSIP.G1':.0. It 1e regnt.taba that we "ere not able to learn the t.I"U.e &1tuaticm of t.~c:.t par.Led frtm h.1.g. It can ngt, be .rorgotten t.hat. th.on •ere z:ia.n;v 1'.id9n1 thankless t.aeka beMnd the at.t:;i.ck cm fiA'!!.II.

14

.. ~ .

.. . , .

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.... -. ..

':4~ ·l ,,,. , , •

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1( .• .

·.

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. -~:.._ .... l:!lt..;_'

Dea •• '47ll ·•· RE~' ID ::A65 6 4 0 .. ••

. ' I

S.t.bnft~ .. 1 ' : ' If I •

l' ... U.,. ta.a 'liall ajt acceptal bdlo Nle that ii) air O)llftUcml a\taokitN m8' haw tbJM tlw mmt flgtltlns atftn&'h ._ tM ~. l•dll- • -. Um a\Uldall'll NqU1N thNe \Ula mDft dq;t1- t,!lan UJ8. def~ lfweNl't- ~ON - -.r1 tbeR - 9}0 Alu.ct Pon:ea•,~Janq: lra U. amtb and lf the e_,,,_. ~ .. wludld u.a- ... 1.100.. ·

- • " I .. ~ tJa1a ft.guN GDP .AJ.f4i Md Sfl ml tJ19 twfF· 5(>6. TIJt

U,pft 1118 -' t.bae fold lrllt. app~q 9NL H_...r• tu· dd ........ f'ueed to dlapene thelr nnnauia. tbentom .. u, m pee1ll>i. '9 &.&In lca1. mpel'lefll.7.- 1'&1' one amald not becaile-.,tllllat.k.~~ .tlta\ l\ -ld lie en ea17 .-ntJ.en. It. was .,- deda te Oeft7 an~~ a\'8ck, bit\ a -.u.na and · ·· tee''lb ai&• ~ well b&W apolled ~ Ra~I operation, and • · 414 .... • u..18 \i" ·-- . . . .. . . ....... ..-n.

.._,. ... Ja fJie .ea\b ~' W... pl&tmed ~ ·tbe •lr terco alt woaJ4 1119· d9pleJed ancl .prapal'84 1" 80llthem ,fORllOSA '° at.\ack .a llem u u. .... er ..a.a. lD BUAD waa Npol'&ed. Thuetore• la .... ~ .... ·~ -· lSJlte 111 .. ···"'· the Alml'J.oan and .:!• Bdtllab. BedlGD .i \be •l" e,.n.1..Uc la SJIARCRAX. was \ranatened · ietb* ... ·(.~ ~ )~!AllO·(,~j:j.)

_ •--'~ lnlt. '9 11..un to •-. cgpjmnteaUma. .

. ·In u. la, •. ""'~~-· .... ~-plane·~ the PllILUPDD . .,. lllO.....a ~.. en 4 . .,._.. an R'4lnarJ . - ...... u. .,,. .. that, -~ t1cbtv p1anee •Gllld be k9p\ .. a. lJ dri• altift. ak\aa •aa 1eaued b7 tl&e Pld.~ tigtda~ pla•··aan. _._. •• ooat--=--. 1hS.e ..... wnled u M JI. ... J91dh1- that; Ul9J bait ~ Gill" opuati--1 p1-and. alO\ ftllllel"' '1' illpG891bl9 t• •~to Caft7 0'1t a •l'Prille a\taiok.

. . -• ......... aoa ~~the ... bue C'W'JftlO&tlon a

.-, et tJ181l' . .r~n 9ent. a teJeara Nqa"'1ng he\el N•~ \lam &t. .. heMl. ID. BAGUIO fer Ule "'l'b amt at.b or Deeabar a\at!ag . \'la&\ U.,-.il4 be tilal'lf'ter'.an ~ nlgb\ ..._u.. trip. so. ~ beaWll a 81&'- et nllet. · . . . -. · "Gil•• Jd&h' .t -the. -opening· _91 ·u. war. all man. HN · u.'91Wta tie ..... ._.loat,1eaa bet. .. mtoUJU'I u4 tJae l'BIL'i:PP.~ wMD ea· ....... GJ,JI -~ tM C&YS.'9 Gcama1oats.one pmt, wiled. Ute ·S~.'el .. .,.. .• e.nmAm.CIRT"'t w'4apaa a\Alt.ed hat..111\1 .. • qa.lnat ar.s•- t.z.ode .. -plan 41" (do). 'l'bt.e w1N - lli t~ re~ ,.- _itl.·"41.J' to &ll laaa!t . · ·

fl ..... r. ~'.J.7. ·~ t"CIDlCBA t!'U cow"4 wlth 49na• feg Ull U. air t ... • , .U'"onabl• '° tq. It WOlll4 h&'fll '"8: a-·~ 1t t~ ~ bed c:omMl'at.\uked ~ ·~ ~ tl.elde wa ., ..... 14\h GUJI' alrplue•. We talt. 1\ ·••· aerloaa ~~t w 8Dd.ea9ft4 ld.&11\S.~ t.o ~ftllpt, ... ~ C_.QSQAU.omt.

•' "' - I • '

· Ii .... ,.. U.. •'*>' 4ld iaet. attack anUl ear a1r toNe bd eanled .911\ an Snlt.-lal at.tack In tb.e ~ . .r the samfdq. . : S!mlta..a..17 wlUa t.he ~ of ov· air at.~~. the plan became a Mdh-.. ealU."11 ot ettieU'lt, 1uulng ot •rden to tnnepo" -.ar uteri~ n eeMn.. · · - - · · ·.

'· . . -

'

15

· .

nee •• l:47ll e REF ID:A65640

B&\t.le ot MIW.il

- Ot:r c.-1* ~lee\, Wbloa bad deetff!'M tJw lll1n AMriean ud Drlt.iah Fie.ta in the Hulalian and Malqm SM Sa.tt.lee 1~1J\lll4 int.npfd .,.pen.l.1._ .ia the ••t.h aP.ad Ute -...\ - tbe 111nner· if t.,... tOQ,iht and al11q9 M1sin& tbe1r 9bjecUw 1t t.he7 at..taclard. OUJ' Rising Sun tlaa. tl• ._. tar u the Seuth F"aci!ic and Vl9 Inert• Ocun. It •• 1 H l.1lt9 impualaled na aigh.\. It. w ir.nit.Wlle that I th?'llGgh the grN.t ri.Cteri• 1n t.b& .ant pl\ue Of 9~1'Atiao,t t?l• !i&ht.ln& sp1rl.t et t!'!e ettloers and an not up and \hat. Uie arregant. t .. l.J.n& ~ t~spiain& the 9f14ll:1" er.pt iato their hea.r\a.

On ;,prtl 181 tM enemy p~ •ldd•nl,r raided TOUO. Adal.nl T AXJ.lfO'l'O ( J, ,11'. ) 1 C hiat ot t.be C tlit4M4 ?:Wot., who NU&ht t. c.plet.. the de!l.Dllh ~n tbl !BA• plamm te eaptnre Y.IDWAY amt deltJ"e7 "'8 ~ fleet. b7 & •ingl9 blm b7 ent.1c.lng th9 1nu.J !'leet. into aetim. Al far ae I u OK1091'D9d it C«.ll4 baw mueoeed9d it we bad at.ta8ted at. the opening et t.he war...-. tbo e~ •&a ofl guard.

It 11&1 plamed that. cur weak ct&lT1.er anit ebecsld at.ta.ck trh9 encl\1', 11ho ee--1 w haT• wall prepned :.dan netwo~aa and penrtuJ, repl&caable um aminicable carriers 1n ltAIAII. PUr\Mman, t.htl lecatlen of ta C19T t.&ak teroe was net. kDRr\. ti oert&lnlJ' wu a ~reu. cpent1anal Qnd.er\,aking .... ~1 .. .;1 WCJ7 et tbe eperaUe plan• and ae1'8Mat H.I abaeb&taq n•HUL?• ~1th1t1t that U..re •u: no poes1b1lit.Y e.t au.e=ss.

'

: !be tinst st.9p k nunt-ering e...W.eat.ien aw ia to reci~Ge the i nualier •t c0«aun1•atJ.ea atat.ima. "• mat censi4er the tact thai. wh•nenr w!N c~at.1 ... an aent n arw g!.Ting acme 1rJ,mat.1.on. et 1a.te llig9nCI T&lae ta tilts ~ .reprd.lu• ct it. worth.

ff ....... r, the a.rrog&rlt .f'eellag ameng the aft1~rs ~d een put. the.:a oft i;uard and they lett. o~ tor ~..,. •nuw • and t.tre ~t.1• am1 tborcu&tnesa th•t. preYSiled in the Haw&ll eperatien WU !er­~ot.ten.

, Fu rt.hem-..• the unit,a t.hA.t were t-e part.1e.1pD.te 1n tne ep.ra.­ti;c eor.ai:tted ef .ujar put.a at the C mb1n9d Flee\ and they Wl'8 d.iapened in a lar&9 a...-e~ ranging tr. th!t szro Iai.tnd Sea t.• SUF:Ji. Ctcaequsnt.17, 1t. O(!ceaa1tatAd an increUfi in t.ho naaber ot co=~"licat1G!'18.

Cll other hws the U.5. wu eagerly 11-te~ag t.& w.r cma:.mim­~iefi~ in order to d•toet. the aait &ppe.art..nae er tta Japa.tW'89 f'le~t.. which •'-• cru.1ain£ e:ve,rywh•N at, will. ."it. Ulu tb::e, an adjatant. ef th• i\~"f 2r1'i Sped.al landlna Uni~ san\. the tellolt1ng povrq ccc:.pu~ code Maaage t.• all ferce•. "All post.al matters ~aed t.o the unit. att.or 5 June will be torward.ec! te ~antAY". 'Rhat canleaaoe1aJ It. w:a juot lika reporti."Jg to the e~ th.• t.1- i.rx! the pace of tur att.aok. Ala•, a cert.alzi. Suppl.7 soctim sent a poorly eliapOled cQde rae1•ase lnatruct.ing that anoanguent.a be llSde w tran.spo:t. d.rlnking water t• LrtD'-AT. 1:1'loewr aent t.he •SAD'

16

f

I

r ~

~·~. . f/11111. ..

REF ID:A65640 ~

~!·•~ '9 -~ .,, M~Jt ie nit. a WJt1a an4 M llA a Mt\er t.e '-!i ~~l:f~td u· ~- m\1 t.e tbe a .. s. tenee, wbo wn•uprl1' ~\etili&· ~- ..,--..·~~ .. JaJMa11e, U. taligru was eig.lficant.

~ twl' Ml&\ llitvraI - \M cJ.7 le&Lal p!&De \!'lat -.u w1UH.ut,·..:•t.r.~.:-. ,pNellJle .rape- &\t.aok. \!btN wn M.fli7 ·.th.rtwTr•ft&.::-~w'Md sob 4 -rw1 a . 'lbe J&pMUa ···- ... ~J·... -· .. - ...... ....... ~ri.a~ Cille~;i; ~re c-.1a~~~w SecsUon, wh1~.,. ..Ctr•~ &ad a.i°Wlna all ~1.,., eent oat wamln,gs

.w1t.b oeld· an,perw.t1GD bat. u. d&aag9 Ja&d t.m deae al.zudJ • .,,. Ac~ \e the AMrloao battle npnt publlahed atior the

·'!•r• t.h• ·u~b .• ka4l9 &botAt\ t.he eperat.1•.-P1..p -. aeat.b betorela.ud..i 'l'M, tuk !C"Oe· w.J'. i...Siately l'eoall.ai~ fH.lf.A·II and at'*tlH CGIQ­aiN;ti.. ee Ja.?>WAI RN O"Rt.~ qpediW and wen worked ea day and ni:&h\• AirplanQ weN Hilt. te VIDW.lY 1n gnat, DUllben.

rt. kariea.u ••re full at. ~1"11' tor tb1a fight.. but. tM J&patlff9 Ccaabinld Pl.Mt. aa ovaMeoMdlnt.. belining that they could dest.n.J thl •.DlllG' at ene b109. Ttma tJle7 d14 net """ bother 1euc.h t.e ••arch f .r tha •Il9ilV am weat. into a.Uco.

Mi~ ettbmar!ae ~\ wu 1.aated •••where 1n t.he pat..~ ot the at.~aidni fleet. aent. a lmg ndie ••age on .)0 llq. On th.e :U•t. -the eDllSl\T plwa and •abMr:lne• bM•a wr,- act.1.ftl and m~ more orpnt -saawt ~ . ...-.r beto19 were nnt. Aune 180 ••~ .. that. •rw ·~ ct. cm l Jww t"l"Qli Hua11an 11&ters, 72 •HHiff •re ~lauil19d ugct..

Th• GDmq hl't&inlif beo.ua ~ ot ou.r operatienal plans. QJ:r hepe et & eurpriae attaok wu ahat.tel'9d. U we bad oainta~ th• eaa.~1oo • earcincl at. tJie op9niag et tbe wu- w might b.aw NCcmaidlred. •ii plans• oat t.he lead.era ot tin t.Mk. tercea,, the Headqg.1u•t.r• ctf't.b• Cmb1n9d Fleet and Iaperlal Gcleftll Meadquarten .. re cmt1d-'•• belin1.n« that. oor taak fern wu at.l"Wlgsr thm t~e •Dla.r. It ...e.no d1ttennce t.o t.bml \hat. oa..r plan.shad beon detect..!. Thu, th• tle.t penuted 1a t•ll-1ftl Ute or1gini!l. plM withGU.tt lm.•ledge of •nu.1 aovemn\e~ and ttwy etemoed ott te certain deatm•tlcn.

The .-r1un tuk force bad~ departed tram HM1IL!I en K&T 30,. a day af.ter t.lw CGG.b~ Pl.est had left t.he s~ Inlaol Sea~ and 1lu uit1nc; at a. pcdnt 200 naut.1.oal W.l•• north et UI°"AY te carry CGt a tlarJc aurpr1c• &tt.a.ck a..g&inst ear ta•k force wbich d8 modng W.ard nr;w>.Y.

our tatk force. w1t.hw.t. knGllledge or t!da dtuat1on. c&.-. to a pre-arrar.gGd pet1nt on Ju.no .). 1tlD \iae u.e witert.u.nate beC&\lff a den.n teg envelapsd the f:?.eat... Final.JS-,, in d~rat.ion, they Tialated. tho t-e.n on radio cowrunic&tian and ill•umd an ordG?' C!>t change o! di:..oUon by ahoru range radie oomtm1cat.1on.

The me-n"i-9 wu hBAJ"d by the main t"leet.. w.~ch was 500 to 600 nautical aUa au.y; t.h.eretore. it. •a.a obvieu11 that tho :uerican t.uk torce • wh1.eh was clo•n· • int.ercept.od tbo •aaage. By t?&eir aee or a dis•etiOD finder tbl locat.1an 0: oar t.aak tore• wu cxycead. Ju.at u ene «q>ec\ed t.he ~ tlYiruz patrol nboat•" made cent.act with *1r tuJc !orce at. dnn ~ thi 5th.

17

--- ---------------- ------------------111111111111 °" •• 6\71.1 e REF ID:A65640

T..U.U, and 1tratea1,a.all.7 a 1t1rpr1ee a\kolc waa ne lonr:;er ,p99.d.b1-. Wbln tM atkckJ.n& !.roe rNdled the MIDWAY obj9c:ti~ \ti.re u.. a9' a •1.n&la plane cat the grwnd. TM attack h.ad c=-p lne~ f&llff. ~ u eGr planee lett, fff their obJeot1~ thll ._,.. plaon ..... t• attack. CU.r trul;f ett1e1ent alX1 highly train­ed. f1.P\91'1 .-. 6-D. the_..,. pl&nu l1H laawa ett a t!'$e. l•oNr,, u tad.a ett-pa.rd awnt., th9 ~din bmben tram the \uk t_.. blmbM ~ tbne u:rrien, lAOl. 1 AIAGl lied SCRIU, which ..,.. -..i.,.a in n.c1n& ti.- 1a an ins\.ant.. Tt. HlRitJ whiab tw&b.' ollmt\q and rlelea\q and knwad. ..it th• ?CiUC'fO!m ft.I

als• .m: '7 ~ eJJINV att.acU.

Thu Ute ..-u..r_.., ~l:r \n.lMd JapaMH t&ek t•roe at w1\il ..U.Uta Sa a "'1· 87 tJl1a M\tl.9 the st.atu.a et &tt&eker ....... ma u. h ... ~ the Japazw1• Ma"f7 te u,. ,..rS,oan. cur arzwcat .. lAiffS tirst. lest. 1a 'he battle Id c 1mfe&t1W111 and Ulen 1-' \be 1IU' .._i.teq.

oa 17 "P' U a teller- ur1wcl at Ute S•l••• Aru u.s. Ur r.re. ~. lec&tecl Dea!' ffeaMrMn Fald ta aJA.DAlGUAL. I\ ref*"l• isl ff\ail U. aehed.ale et a tnnt-llne 1napeat1on to k _. lPJ Plae\ A.6ll1ral YAlWIO?O, c.....m.r-1n-4h1.et et the ~-.. o•!aiN ~l..Mt, and an •rder t't-ea tJw S.Ci-.t&ry a! the hT7 k -~ Id.a pl.ad.

Ea U. t•U-1n.c dq~ Uw l.8Ui. the w.at..h9r waa ol•ar and &:oeci· ~ y~ta Pan7 tlw tr-a ~l Air Pi•ld •at&- two •••·· a'\\aek b ._.. w1 th a ah tl&htar plane noert.. The7 tn.'19l.W ~&lee U. weat 11.de f>t DOOCJ.AnVIIll X..lanc1 and headed fffr *PAI.US ilr .......

Tlle7 wtn -41enl.r at.\eelc94 ~7 16 P-JS,9 that had bffn wa.1\1.n,g fff U.., Ud idlLt.nl. IlJUKOTO'• plazw .. •Mt 4om int• the JMca. !*- M&Nh pu\7 late' f-.nd tbl lat1d7 .t A.dll1r&l !A!UllCTO• -. Ui4l ~ "'14 Wlun9e .... rand pepcl&.r1\7 aaKJ& t.n. whole IP7, si\Uq w1\la liah CZTSJUJI nerd. 1n h1a ham1a u 1t he wer. n!U a.lift.

Pri_. te Ul1.- 1M14mt, ner •ln• the •Dlll7 began t.he.1.r e.aWrelr..ift .._s..i OOAl.lALCAIAL 1n Attguat. 1942, «i.r Ra17 had lM9'1 ~r-awl.7 etnlulh.c te'I' ha.lt a J"U.1"1 Md \be au aramd OOA.D.U.CAIAI. U4 t.11•1 a ~,._,.&rd !•it ar nanl "fff.M1-.

In U. 99& H\tl.e ett SAVO Ialmd. cm ll O&tober tbe FUmrl'AXA .- nnmu ft.ft "'*· TM tultl ... mnt al ~._ .2SU1 u ~ ........._~ tm.t \be mt, tliliHmA, XDIJCMA, and tbre• 9\ber ... t.n1"'9 an a.k • u- l.2t.A t.nd 13\h Qf •ane.r du.r1ni the ULi.M h'•ns ... ut\le. Apin, en 3-0 R.,,etat>er, the !AF.AO WU ..u &\ Ou:aleea•l wben.p. BM.1da'8 tM.- ab199,, enera.l ~ .,8R&Jd 1ll u.Ma-rat.er tmpe-rt.ation wen IWlk at the anaulanal ~.

"(1'1 *'?ftl:wllt.ratien et th• •1'1&1n&l in lABA.)

l8

n• •· ~718 e REF ID:A65640

51Me u- belSm'n& er \he war. ea- arf7 bd cpnt-4 a 1pHSal eplftU• Mit. 111"1 tbl ~ at ftOSWwJas ....., eoclil bMb h9 \be ..nir.a ahlJe. and bat& ~ tbe 1!llleS C1I WA!a ud RZroI.S!, 11bl•b •19 l1Sq en \b8 .. "''- '° .Un d9lp aal ~ ar.arsw W\k 1D tM 4'1p1111• bml •ten ..a •ap1 ... a.re~. ~ 1!1 • ••~• ar diw.n eea.ld Ritt mlJ t1 w aim.t.e. at. 60 .-Mn ~. ant with \heir laterlv U'lf!a& '9ehntqae • NQUir1Dg an hCJ>.;t~,. atb mbMrgiz:g cad mrfad=c~ w d14 mt n~ la obtili1n.; &Q1t.b1ac 'ft.la.able. 1\ \.tan u.. th• Aaer1.cana C«l1' operate tor «.e air o:id.er aia11.i.:..r:' csxlit.s..na.

Thi Japaneee '1'8 ... la sunk in tM Q.&1T9I eea ana n?"e r\R overlooked b7 tM c.s. ?fa"."1 •aiah •u datr-4 with aperier di'riac teehn1cl•n•·

In th• caee et and twcea. 1liwa a t!i.tiMl sito.&t.iec art.91 all the t=d8 boeka an gaaall.7 -.tl'W.19d. altbGuab dlae \em.­handlln& b7 pel"l9Ba 1n charge 1.epert.an\ bo9ka .-tl&tes tall lnt.e ene!:I¥ hand. Io thee• ~ oar na:ry waa u1ng a twe Tel.um cede syatea tar at.rat.eiP.cal aaawuniat.Um, and U the arl..&lnal b~ were recne.nd b7 th• •n:M,11 1t waa ~that. oar code c911ld bo decoded by tb9 entl!Q" cm• expsl't.s ne matter hOll l&lch th• cede method •u Ch~ed.

ene ep1nim h.u it \Mt both ArlV am Nanl wi1t. 1n tbe t~ li.a.u wen udng a poer battle at.rat.gr c:adll. t'l.s the ordeio te at.t.a.ek .tdla1ral Y~OTO's plm• wu ~smd by t.he :leoret.a!'f .r thlt ~avy prier to hi.a inapecticn ~r~ the wiN report.ing the acilot'hs.1-of Bie expected \ou.r of the trcint.-ll.ne mdt.• wu read !er cert.a.in by t.he ~aval Secftt Chaaber 1n WA.SfW(O'fOM, D.C. It !a P"•uaied1

JWl.~ f'l"ft. th• a1tu.e.t.hln ~ than dq-.1 that CG:" naTal cgdq hall all'Uadj ~OIJll inte the t1end.e ct the tt.8. ~av .in t.be Eml8r .n.tJ.erW4 abew, or that wr wr.r pooi- code e,ywtem l189d at the trent had bHO d•~dd.

1 !d'ter th!.= ~u oar U.ct.1..~l •P9n.t1ans were ~eeUTreet bJ' t.he ~· It.. ua Uka pl.ving poker when Qppoe.1t1m mass e.:il abQGt CUI" hf.ads. .~t. Ga1da,c<'nal baae6 an elabonte 'ri.ctory cel.obPA'U.m part,y ua held fer the tightw unit thAt succ.saf\14!' ehot dGlllm ,\dail'al !Ai.llJ:.!OTO' s plane. !1089'1"8r, it 1.s aa1.d t.hat · t.tJ.s eelebrat.1.en wz:.a ~~t et.rlatq secret. u t...'le7 !u..""'911 that JAPA.li :dgllt detect Ji.Ott ~e 1ni'ar=a.t1an,. whic!l was re8pona1.ble tor thi.8 gnat SW.CeG!!9~ 1tU ootw.cd.

t.£:te"Ct.ivenau ct t..h& Nav&l 3ecrot C ha.gbo r Dur1ng the ?JU

5inc:e l Ap? 4l, eii~bt gcnt.bs prior te the ootbl"llak ct t..._ &:1 the U. s. i:'~ ha.d placed All rad1o C9R'Pln1eationa on a war--U.• basis. They ci1.aeont.iil.u8d the Sh.ple Cipher ua1agwa which h.&d been 1n uae t.ill than~ as 11ell ae o~.nr:r lM.g\iage COS'JUnieat.i~.e 1 and ne17tntng was put into t.he 3tr1p Cipher. t~r t.bat. t.he d.eclp!iering e! c&Ce act1all1 becam1 1.cpeuibl• although it.s Com Ra

kn91tD.

lS

~ .. r .'~ ..,

~ - .. ·

..

REF ID:A65640

W! ft!!'91~ ~ .~ ~ U. S\~p Ci;Mr :?lw WW u.s. ·' au..~ WAD;· wfd.da - nitk. in SfwrmAJ at \be tMtg!mlng ot the wz, and .... .._ temd m WAD I•laal -4 Ccatmmat.

_ H_,,,,r# ~ ~ \he te~ 11U MnNd "1th _be&'"f7 eil ... ~ ~\~1t"r ~· wit,hmt coda rui.. • .re able te nld •1*111 ~~ -~ .t.lJIH •1t.h -~ ~\ ~ ~. alt.holl&h an..r the eaao chanlN U9it a•• lt. ••••• imp••iltle tor aa te r-4 theme

u w1n ••aa• tlode4 te tMtcw l.c& dail t.o th• nature .t tb91Jt ~---, \b9 o.s. Jf&V aaed \bl.e ~ 1D CDllblaat.lai 111~ naftl. ~~. ll•rw••~~ u tb• ~ altu\im tlU'ned ag,:1~ ua,., mr l•i Secnt Cbaber lNt bepe et d9oad1l1& !apcl"t&nt «Wla3 C..CSaa um at'9p\s t-9~1:M Gede b°*8 f.J'a nnlma •hip• .. re W18lt8"9a~l and 9\he!" such mmur et abt&1n1ng m.9111 Gede• wera 0t.1t ett. 'tberW&fter,. CIW" artol'k nro t.umttd t.mar11 Jud&ln& the nnmber et Ullft•!•1ena and b7 lcacaUng \b9 pes1t1.ons et n.die t~tt~ atatlme. In tbo8e da7a, the u.s. wu u•1ng a eade callc· ~ (BNl.dcut fttr A:llled Merchant Sh.1p9 Card) toi-e1 udaUGOe p1rtah1lng to tnnaportat1cn. Th18 oode wu called ti.be SLllUple Table 'l)pe V&l'S.O}-• went Cede (V.ff!O mma lt.~NJI A.~30) and we H?9 able k deeod• it. witrhaut. mob dUtiaalt.f.

P'lattle:more,. \he •imple abbrerl&U'GIW ua-1 tor oomnn.leatioo l>y t.ba u.s. au'bmr1.nea tor r,ape..-t1n1; their pa1t.1an t.hl"ff times & d.&7 (0600, 1200, and 1800)' Wero kncwa t.e "'11' ~ ... .,,..

Aa a nsult •t .t.ud3ing the •taUat1ca on the enNl7 cCK!IL'Wlle&i­t.lona wh.10h appear.t pl"Ur to thn ciem.1'• suaou.U:n C>tfena1"• •1nce th• b&t,t.l• ot aJADA.J.CA..'tAL, •• oame to a at.age wh.ere n eould

_ .. ~\--~ U. •n11111'• ne1t move correetl7.

Jfa!"lh&lls Open.ti~

AcHf'41n& \o 1mutig&t1ona C9ftdllct.td ~ the Qloda signal unit• the a.,...nt •l AM1"1un air imit• trca tho UlfITKD STJ\TK'> rac1flc ceut te trA•.lII url-.d·lY'.r !ncreaaod. 1n t.he latter part or JUl.7 191.3. A \ot.al of SO e 60 units n-rc U'f'ed in tt-J.a operation. 1n ~b9 earl.7 part, .,i Januat')' 1944 t.hll sue air UAlte Hre mowd to.a.I'll SUVA and CA.UTCM I1laNl1 and. 1n the latter put, ot t.hia aanth tbeJ' CeM91loed Mn h'ell CAltt<lt Ialand ~ TAP.A.WA 1n t.be Gll.niRT I•landa. 'lh9re wu aiica ~ e.as a~W't ~ tn.naport plinee aocm.pllO'in& this sweeping •h1!t, ond i.t. the: .-... t.1M mmsl"OU8 tranapert, .,....la ~ pt.h•rin& 1n tJw Tic1n1t~ of the HAWAI!Al' Ia1L"ld.a. Thie in!t.UWt.t.1m WU abt&1ned t'raa 119.WS".

In the earl,y pa.rt. et Janua.ry9 t.'\e ecrzm.m1cat1on bet•cm sti1!)11 in acd. a.round the i-U·.lfA.IIA?; I•l&.ndal bee.- c;utte 1ntena" .t and arouncl the 20th .r the aanth, th• nw.iMr or aubllar1.n99 crwAtl7 1nerea.s9d 1r. tbo v1c1n1t7 o! the MAE\SBJ.LL lalatda uM1 bet•c HAWAII &nd the ~tIA.LL~. Alee, &NUnd 15 Jamar;y nn an1t call a1gnala of flwt diapw1t.1on, prasu.mbly orpnilPd twr a new gperat.1006 appeared in appro.xili&t.el7 SC ea&111Un1eat1ona.

20

..

.-

...

..

REF ID:A65640

Tb9 Cuda ~ on1t. pncilct.Gd nth cont14.enco that tho ez~ lfOQld c-.noe operaUom aga1mt tb9 liARSHAll. Ialanda in the 1.:&tt&r ;azi. et Jarwa17 er tbo earq pUt. o.t '9bJ1aa17. In a clear r.9an.gs 1nte1"89pted. uum4 24 or 2S Jmuary1 it. WU a:e8Z'ned that th.~ Cst-.eral •.tticen ti. tlm CA!iroK IalanS te !!RAJrA. Thia wsa usu.."lOd to b9 Sn prwpal'&Uaa for laMlng 9Pr&t.1sm• aDLt aa ~. the tl.amm et the J.inula opnt.1m waa isnlt.ed m 30 Md .31 Jan 44 by mau air att.am oni- tbB •nt1re IU.~U!.L Ial.mds ana.

Aa eua be eMn 1n thia inat.anoe, 1r.d1cat1ana ~ impend!r.g ..... opera.\lma beoam evidmt In the ~ lncTRn 1n .:a~ aD1 ODW\J'ra\S.an .r tnnapo" ah1P8• plaMs. and air unit.•. ~ na tell•eil b;r \be .incra ... 1n oMrnnteau .. bet.•en Gil 1h1pa and U. emtMn\.J"aUm et mbmariMa mu t.hs t.argat arGA ee"leral ...aw_.. th• c=r ld&WJlt ot eperat1ona. A*, special call. a1pal9 et 1J9UP di.lpo91t.1ems erp."licacl tern• ~perationa ap~ in lA\enlpW ~ c •ntcauaw. Put atatJ.at.ica O: radlo ••ucu W p?'Oftd thG 45191.opm.ab wlb u th ... wen al.1Rl)'9 fell--4 b7 e:.r, •rat!OM within tn woe!m.

A~ tbe pRdlo\lm et t.M Na~• ncnt chetber ro~ ta.I IWtSHAU. ClpH'&tJ.en prned csorrwct, t.be7 co.ild takD nc counte!'­~· 12w .-!o9d fleet bad ~ tlw stnngt.ti et tier tut teJ1CM, 1lfl1G - t• balk et her nraQ&tJ'I, and Ute .u wiJ.te baaed m tbe-MABSHAlL Ialanda darin& the ,.a aZl1 a halt SolCIDClle e•apt.lp.. nm t.ht c.b1M4 fl.Mt ... unable to engase 1n a deci­•l w - b&\\la• bat aa tQJ'ad to etand SdJ.7 b7.

TtJI S.lvms Renhall1 outer deten. ~r bad bMn p1Me9d and ev t_.... wen tranticall.7 engaa-11n lrt.nngthenlng ttw •· t .... aftW b&'dq WS.thdrun t,o the JWi.mu-11..t C&l'Ollna­...t\~ I• "''?•• perSmter wb1ch w •t&bllahed &a a ntight ~ tb• tin!ab• s-tt.S.tc. The tuk f'71'Cll aaceleftted 1ta tra1.nln& eehedlll• 18 oldllr t. ...i th• 4Adllm which had bean •st at. th• end. ot Apl'14.

a ..... r ... tbe et"i9Q'• allltar.r ~t inoreued in etrengtb neb d.,-1 car tanu wff•nd t.wice u at&rQ' loan a.a production Ol!llld nplue• _,. fi&btlna P~. wea.ke1Wd N.Ch d07 Md our ~-.le ~Mk 1-11' and 1-r.

ID lla,J iw.t.. •1anal in~\lligenae reported that, a group ot t.~pairt. wuele and air toroe unl.t.,.. bogimJ.na t.o canwzoe oi:en \M IWt!HAU. Ia~. Tba Caab.lned P'1"t. HMd.quartAra omcluc.1ed tbd t.be ...., - ttudlld ter tJJe watem pan ot the CAJWU>nt Ialaal.a am ucenll..-iaq, aGQ&tii to take adftntaae ot tho s1taat!-on b7 ~t\Sac tblt eoUN atnngth ot tba fleet cembat, and ordered \bl asaum et Opft'&U-an "A". A• the a:Qnth ot Hq neaNd. its end, tb• t~ ot e-.q mbar!ne ~ ott tho eut cout &f the PflILIPPDCE I•lar:id9 and \ba UAR.IAltAS 1nol'Ull9d ao rapidq thAt tM 1n\e~ attiee S..IUCI a wam1ng te the ettoct th6t the n9&t eper&Umal 11>.,..Uw .. tbll •ARIAJ'fA.,, but th• Camblned Paet pent..W on U.U "•atom Caro&•" beU..t and l"fltsad tG gift 1..-,.

' ~•

-- REF ID:A65640 • Duin& tbe aS.441- part. at May, Hr '?Mt 1e:. le. 1 8Mfttq

proceeded te TAJfl'fUI 1n U. JOl.O 1-1.aaU, .. t.IRN9\ .t ~AO. ea t.be pN...,U• that, thl7 Cftl4 DA be 4etActecl 1n th1a ~ re&J.on, bllt. ma.~ \a their 9Ul"priH1 a wl»le horda et ealllJ' ~ cM.tverge4 ~ t.bec 1n no t.1- and eur 4dftOD9 pat:rel fl.G\.1.llu ••?'!. au_!ll( in rapid •u<:ca•lOA.

?.aiJ':~ in the nmin& et Z11'a1'1 \be 9M1V •t.taaked DlAX Ial!IDt in ~est.m Im QUIDA and dlftl"ted & pazot o: oa.r tlM\ t.e t.hia aru.. fhL'\1 an Jane ll, tb97 attukwd \he MAilIANAS in ~ t.ras. Cambinec1 P'leet H~"-en, •~oh claog ,. \bis pan or ~ •1.21, "~ .Ull Wl&ble to di~ the enaJ'• real pl&na Md 1'WllWJlld uod•c1.ded. lf".mn tbe ~ began ...epJ.n.g t.be Salpan MCMft&9 wi the lJt.h, 1ti fiaally •rdared tbe taak t~ te t.he at.tack.

1'b1o \~ 40la.7' wu tat.al. lb&tt t.he talk toroe appeared. en the !'ielci er batt.le Gin t.be 19th, the l:arianu ... ,.. Bu• U.r Poree had &~ Gffr1 detea~ed and was unable t. C&ft7 oui 4'V'Rl a.d.squate ~.,ea. In a l"BCCM&i..Manso 1n tho oa.rl.7 hc•u,. o! the 19th, th.• wt force diacOYered ~ne em::7 taak £ore••, built around a tat.al ot ll o1~t. C&J'den, a1 tl'.e ooe&n Md ot GUAY. rnn be~ t.""...e ens.a;'• ra.'l@9 or attack, ~• tt.ak fGl"08 t.ock the Wtiat.J.119 and l!.unched ~ ... a1r att&ek. It alao p'l.a.nnlll to at.tack, botrtl Gming an3 goina, by ~ilisia.g the hue on Gl.IAY,. but it.a planu ·.aera 1nt.ercept.od by th~ OJWIO' • t.ight antia.ircrat\ pMt.sct.1ve SCZ'99ll aDi WU'e u."la.ble to acbi•ve Afl1 result.a.

our pla:wa, which Atteapted to land en the bue m. ':lL'.l~ t.o :.-en~ their att.aee1 11ere attaektld a..'Jd alAoet. all destreyff. by tho .e~'a f igllte?"S "h0 were lJi.."lS 1n we.1.t !e'I"' th•.

\

~. Cn the atheF hli:ld 1 the two ~ge &1.rcnft e&!Tiera, t..l-}8 t•.r.;; .• onti ;the ~H:-?.:.-~m 0 1Hil'9 sent to tJ19 'b9ttm in •aithem waters by enet<V .r.ib!:iar"~, which had d.:ployed 3rd w.aited in thn poa.i.t.ioo a& Olli" roa1ri !Ol'Cet ar& OU:" fleet WU £oroed t.e wit.lad.nur ha::. the t1At!4 ot tmttle. ~n t....a.ie 20th, the HIC also 11aa sunk 1c • pursuit b)' t.;ie e.ne.iity t.uk fe.--C-9 • CUr !f!IR Z"'S&ini:lg pJ-~'lU "91'8 loat. in thi• «!8 battil•: and Cp&r~t1i.m "A" •nded 1n tragic failure.

L11 tJt..1.s battle# whir;h fru.stratec:. our o;>llr~U.on at eTOrf \l!r.:i, the:..., ie strcmg reason to belie-:e th.~t our pl.vl o! ~l"at.1.m wu clear t.c the o:r.-eJ:\)" ~!oreh&!ld.

; Art.er G'Jf J>!J..C~{.;L, w~ 1el=13 began telling ane &tt•: t.he other, tho.re wae no l"OGlll tor doubt that our c.te boek haa been :se1.Hd b7 the enerey. 1~.ec<;)l'ding te 1'9porte, atter tJw war anded~ an o!fieer with an .'IS'L8r...c.m 1.~v•~ticn grco,p told &11 officer or the In­teJ.lige:~ ottlca that a fi]~, .-1llng cz8d8 bosk,, which GKr

ear?'Uc.n ha.C nQt Md t.1IJl!s t.e bum 2£"ld Md t.hnml into a toilet, bf.I-f QI'& iln1r~,, had bean piclmd ~ at. :·.:.::·~X'-~A !a.land & ,ear bet'ors t'pars.ticn "·'':.

L"'I ~dsrine tl"J.s, ~ ! prejndicad in thillk1ng th.at ®.r !allure in t.he war or ei.gn.nl ecrm.u.!\ie&t.ior.w lq' at. thtt bcrt.t.a of this teJ.~~ too·~ Cur naval o.ir st.rength, which l'l&d been t.rA1.:iC:1.lu l.y destroyed 1n th1e t;at.tle 1 wna an.able to rise aga1n '!l!ltil t.":.• war• a end, and cur fleot had al~ lat th• &.b1llty to en,,..~ t?lt'I enel:\Y c~ly. The 'later M"lal bat.t!e oft tba niIU.~r-I;:33 and t 1

•

Okinawa r'4~a! and a.U- bat.t.lea •ere hopele•• au.1.c14e cperat.iQ[" .. , aod 11e TJellt MV~X' !Wle to per.tom ths mi..""&Ql.9 ol d.oing the•o Herculean t.a.l!it$.

. . ..

REF ID:A65640 • ~ l AJll' 451 •h• the •1-- oaasnud ti. adn•a Operati.an 1

the writer# who Wu Uaa oJaat-et ... t.att or tbe St.b Air Plfft.1 ~, .. peeed or t.he tic..r er oar 1&v Air Pea, -. •sroe•ld. in a , .. pent. at~ en a larp, •al'JliAg te"8 a,gdna\ •wen1twla1ng edda• ~ t.lau ~oapera.te fJO..dq ~\tllt• I not1eod ·that wi. .. ~r Hr t-~ &~ \o CazTT oat a largw-aaala a1r att.a.ck, tr. -....r n~ bU -.hi,. w \be HUtb~ pa\ up a pr9tnt1n Hr'Mt et t1&ht.en,. 'lad sh.wN 1nd.1uUma ot pnparlng ter our attack. 'l'•n, b7 wq or uperiMat, wn.n I bp&. *1e not.1on at tS.gflten aU.l" •~~land, u~ t.tlm a• l\a$un plama to dllllTer •rdH'I 1a Vi\iz:te• 9p9D84 up an 'EttbJ:k 111t.hwt. u..lng the radie at all, th• e1.1s1ui.n att&ek auru:Hd.ed.

Enllslng th&\ wr- cede bad been bro1"..-. l nmed Imperial J Gtnenl ffeUli~n t1- and again but. to no aT&il. They ins19teil th.a\ the Gilde WU I.CU..

~T!zlg n.e eecnte ertdlriee, I cou.ld mq ccintinue tighting •1t.b abd:ri.ng. H••wer, when I resd Mr !~L"!lon BAI.mIN•s account ot th• ba.ttl.e., 1n the WD!R•a DIC!Sf ~1' An!"A-8t of lut 19ar1 I realS Md that I .t-..acl bee.."1 ng.>it. 5ure encxigh1 oar cede had been brolml.

(c:r. 17 April,, /4dairal Sl'fll.C-:CE, Cc:.our.del' of the Fitth Fhet reported te Adl11ral !HlilTZ., the o~M" 1n chiof ot t..he PscUie Fleet~ "Tha akill and ettect.iwne•• of emfq suicide air attack:J and the rate of loa• and duap t.o 8h1pe are 1uch t.t'.61.t all available -..iw •hould be emp1-yed t.. p"vent turt.her atta1:ks. P.ae-..ml at.tacks with all available planee ~ f~hu and Fom.oa.i Air tie~."

(t'he at tack.a aro .rw1•; the Japsnqe fle 1cla are pganded 1"9 lsnt-1811 ly bi b111tb1 aod rockota. Dut the r.AJ.JI1,.~z;;s arw well diap!reEd and c-.eutlagad; the auieid• ra14a esntl.nne. The dama.gad ships cleg the anohorage &t KERhl:A run'?~ there 18 a trail or l.i&i.p1ng cripple• all th9 •av acroea tho PA!!lFIC. P.at repl.&cKaOnta of tl.e11.h and 11teo.l ~ etead1ly wc1t•a..~.

(Cone nn a.re the hepae of a quick victory. The Llnitrcd st.at.a tercea aet~le dgwn tor a ltrtg t.ri&l b7 blood and tire. For mo?"e than 40 oanaer:uthe daya--unt11 toul wsather bringa a brief treo.k­t.h•nt are a1ri ra1d.s ewey night md rn>1'7 d.a7. ~neep becceeu a t.hina d.reamcu! m.ar..i.t.. Heads droop over gun aight1; tempers snap; •kippers are red-e,..d and h&.;1S&zd• "Yag.ic,n the Nav.r•s sy3~ct b,.aldng the e.mrq• • cod.es, ha.a enabl.«2 ~he tleft. t• t'or9cast"..the 4qa ef b1g a\.ta~a. l.fJa.d8peaker1 •m.et.1..riea wart\ the ems the night b•tore to be prepared. But th11 h&s to ?:re atopped. Thlt •tra1n ot 11UU.-ig, the antieipated t.arNr.t ru.d.• vivid f'!oorn ~ a.-. perienee. aende m9.0¥ men 1nte h,yateria, 1nlsnit3. 1

1'h1a Me paaaage ill clear evidence that our Navy was t~1ng dete~ted in ths bat.t.la ol rad1e wans. O\l:r ca.rda "ere bsd• &n4 th• •nu.r could nad our hand. ~10 wonder ,..., could net 111n 1n tbi.8 polatr p.:ie.

TM Naval Intelligence ottl.ce alwa.,ya gave accurate advance W&r!;e 1nlo o! t.he •.at~ I! next operaticn &tQlt ~ d.aya 1n adT&nc:e, but car tleet1 11h!.oh h&d alraa4T loet. 1.te balanced strength, 11&1 unable t.o take Advantage or thi• inf omatian. "tapeci&l ly in ihe Ok1na"a

./ . ·~· ~/-

,~ -Doo lfO ,.711 •

REF ID:A65640

r 1tatti., our tleet. h&~ ullai;i1t«I its snti."'8 ct.re~i and ita tn n•1o\nc planea and eh1pe .ere unable ewn t.o f'\mcUon prcpe:-1.;r beca"8e et the-~ et fuel. Ewn i.-,,, ciasi.on or the 5ee?"at Cba.abe:r 1Ap1ed lnt.o a aere game OZ torecaat.!.n6.

?oataerl;:t

Co lS .AUgu.at.1 am1d.et contu.ion thrcast1out, the natic:n, t.ha ·-,:: Iaper1al ed1ot adJn.g t.hc er waa iaau.lld• and the ?iaval $cteret

Cbaaber clond it• t.J"oubled, ••1.ght.7, ov•r 3l year old hist..oey.

1'b1a at.o17 1a a t.b1ng ct t.b'I ~t.. Rcweft.r, t.h• bntt.le or t?m 1.arulbl.8 n41o waw1 S.. etill bei.QC a.1rriec en •ith 11\teneity, cancaahd &t. t1aa under t.ha c:l~ of ;.:-eace; aoaiet.uea be!U.r.d tt~

... nanu of a cold HJ'J and acnet.1'1u Sn a ahoot1ng war. It.e out­come -.1.ll baW an iapol"tant atlect. en t.M dostJ..-U.es ot nations.

In oZ"da te win th1a battle, the neaeaeA:J'1 int.llect.ual fa.­o111t1• mat be raob111ud, a perfect. sywttD to COllbino these tuillti• .mt. be organized wit.h careful tor..si.&ht.. aru1 thl.a •JSt.. au.a\ 1M eperated meet ec1.9nUf1.Gall:r. Sect.iomlia a...'id iaJa\.ieoee tor qaick natllt.e must be avuided.

•• m9' e&J'.tul17 ua.-dne and n.tleat. m th• reeortl ot cex> Uma~u• det•ta that. OIJI' tr...a-.y eutt~red traa the Kaahlngtan Con­te1'"l•, t.e amJlfAY, CperaUcn "A", and thl <Y.dnawa Operation. e1 ~S&g t» 1znll1bls ur, oar Nav alao :iaet the actual WU'.

Tise hu pue1d A1Jd th• altuat1on has changed. Cn 6 Sep 4S• ao tl!e bat.t.leab.ip tassamI, GeDer&l M&G.UmlJR ottered a p1"&78f"t 110Hr loid, p1Na9 let. t.hla bl a peftm.~:nt. pcsaco. n SVen t..~e thought. th&\ thia tenent. pra,er had reae!led Goll-41.ut-ect bu~ A brief wnt. Mm \he world, 1n the taGll of nanmrntot agsre.aaion, ta t.rNblla& witb tear OYer the t!lreat ot !'. third world war. ~"orld War m, inde«i, will be a profound •u ~ L1eolag1ea. It will not be a war that. can be nt.t.led •1th haJ.1'""98.7 .uuures. Thia war will taJaa the t1P1"1 tom ol WlN1tncted .artare it it tollcwa the el.au Unea ot ClAUS'lJtlTl's war phi1oao~. To o.n ene,.,- sh.o ~ manMna In~ oar count.17 can')'ing rad flags and crj1.ri~ "Ub•rat.1oal t1benUan! ", prote•t.a that we are neutral a.r.d that. •• ba1'9 NDOallcaed av will be preaching to dNt eans. '?he fat• ct QQI' tat.herl&lld c!epmlda en Joint partaenhip with th9 cl•ocrat.ie

. uq> WldlP the UltIT'5D HA'?IOJS.

Th1a lnnaible battle or the Ndlo nw•, •h.ich I ho.-ve "1ucrll:-Bd here, Gld t!2e acti,.ltJ.e• of- epi•• •~ 1n ti:ll Pins even now hehlnd the scama t.hJ'cudtcUt t.he world.

t't'm ll'ta tq Umit.ed experience 'ld.t..~ t.he !\aval ~;ecret Chubor I JmOll t.bat. the i"..saaian co4e 1e •"O?Y bare to bl"9a!c. Their S!>"St.8 <Jt nd.1G tranamt-e.alon ia h!.Q1ly dneloped, ~ I oYen had trou~la in 1nter9,tlns th•1r radio i:::esaag••· Th•ir otf1cere in charge of coda-boob an alao Yery atrlct, and I 1IU unable io obtsin any "sul\ ewn \ho-.:ieh I utiliud epvcia.l.ly ~ project eoctiOl.'l.I. Of: tb• othar hand, it la Al• to Nga.rd t~-..o t&et. aa proof t.t:at.

24

'\, . -J

REF ID:A65640

ta. hlll&a 1d.~ SJlf'- 1• opan\.\ni w17 ,..1t1.,.i, ard ett1cl:i9H.i,. hwt \ae ia\elliaanc• orp..'liaaUon o! ou.r Na...,-, wh.tch iJl re~ was tull o! tault.. in bet.k •pn.is&tlMl and opera.t1CHl, -.. aitl.9 w ~ the ruult. ~bed n.re. TM.. ti.., a _.... ....._. ~\ la •\eht'Q1ly 1'&1t.1.ng !or an opening. &lwuel e.&nJ

U tM.1- npw' u aootpW u a -.ming t.o th• powen onr JJ..P'l.I w M eanh.l, thie wr1\er w11l be verr h&f?Y.