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June 15th – 17th, 2011 Microsoft

Proceedings of IMProVe 2011

International Conference on

Innovative Methods in Product Design

San Servolo, Venice (Italy), June 15th – 17th, 2011

Scientific Associations:

ADM

INGEGRAF

Scientific Partners

AIP Primeca

IJIDeM

Conference Organization:

Daur - Università degli Studi di Padova

Editors:

Gianmaria Concheri, Roberto Meneghello, Gianpaolo Savio

Patronages:

Università degli Studi di Padova

Facoltà di Ingegneria

Dipartimento di Architettura, Urbanistica e Rilevamento (DAUR)

© Copyright 2011

June 2011

Libreria Internazionale Cortina Padova

ISBN 978-88-7784-333-3

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IMProVe 2011 International Conference originates as the 5th Joint Conference of ADM (the Italian Associazione Nazionale Disegno di Macchine) and INGEGRAF (Asociación Española de Ingeniería Gráfica) and has been organized by the Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering Lab. and the Drafting and Representation Lab., both belonging to the DAUR Dept. of University of Padova. From this edition, the Conference is also supported by A.I.P. PRIMECA (Ateliers Inter-établissements de Productique - Pôles de Ressources Informatiques pour la MECAnique) and IJIDeM (International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing). This event has been proposed as a significant opportunity for discussing on product innovation issues from interdisciplinary point of views, to promote new workgroups and international networks in both engineering and architecture areas. As can be recognized by these proceedings, IMProVe 2011 has proven to be a forum of experts in engineering and architecture design from academia and industry, committed to share the different experiences, skills and ideas and to, jointly, identify new working hypothesis for the design of innovative products. The quality of the contributions was assured by a double blind review under the supervision of the Scientific Committee, as explained hereafter. I want to personally thank every member of the Scientific Committee and of the Reviewer Committee for the strong commitment and expertise demonstrated in this sensitive and very important task. Finally, I hope that this event could be one step towards a stronger and fruitful cooperation among ADM, INGEGRAF and AIP-PRIMECA associations, and also open new links with the innovative experiences in the fields of industrial design and architecture.

Gianmaria Concheri

IMProVe 2011 Chair

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IMProVe 2011 Scientific Committee note

The IMProVE 2011 Conference has reached a quite large audience of researchers interested to its topics, and 223 submission have been gathered by the OpenConf CMS, mainly from Europe. The review process has been possible with the work of the Scientific Committee, to which other 43 colleagues, mainly Italian and Spanish, have given their cooperation to guarantee at least two assessments per paper. Each reviewer has assessed 5 papers (average value) with a variance of ±3 papers. The double blind review process has selected 156 papers (70%), that have been subdivided between 98 for oral presentation (63%) and 58 for the poster session (37%). Accepted for oral presentation were the papers that reached a score greater than 4/6 (being 6 the greatest value used by the CSM). The paper assessed by a score lower than 4/6 was selected for poster session, even if in some (few) cases the improvement received by the paper, on the basis of reviewer comments, brought it up to oral presentation. Fortunately in few cases (lower than 10) was necessary to assign the assessment to a third reviewer, and this allowed the Scientific Committee to solve the conflict emerged. The papers with scores lower than 2/6 were rejected by S.C. or withdrawn by the authors. Submitted abstracts: 223 Accepted papers: 156 Papers rejected or withdrawn after the revision process: 67 Accepted papers origin: - Argentina 1 - China 1 - Colombia 1 - France 13 - Hong Kong 2 - India 1 - USA 1 - Italy 82 - Poland 1 - Spain 61 - Tunisia 2 (The above list cites only the corresponding Authors. The Author nationalities include more countries e.g. UK, NZ, etc.). Number of reviewers: 82: - Italy 50 - Spain 18 - France 12 - UK 1 - USA 1

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On behalf of the Scientific Committee, I would like to thank all people who spent part of their time to give a real improvement to the papers that will be presented at the Conference. A further step will remain to do. During oral sessions the quality and the interest of the presentations will be also assessed. On the basis of this latter and the previous scores, a very reduced number of papers will be selected by Scientific Committee for publication on the Int. J. on Interactive Design and Manufacturing. Good luck and thanks again

Sergio Rizzuti

Scientific Committee Coordinator

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IMProve 2011 Scientific Commitee

Sergio Rizzuti Università della Calabria Antonio Lanzotti Università di Napoli M. Luisa Martinez Muneta Universidad Politecnica De Madrid Francisco Hernandez Abad Universidad de Cataluña Patrick Martin Arts et Métiers ParisTech Xavier Fischer ESTIA Fernando Aguilar Torres Universidad de Almería Pedro Alvarez Peñin Universidad de Oviedo Angelo Oreste Andrisano Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Camillo Bandera Università di Udine Antonio Bello García Universidad de Oviedo Alain Bernard Ecole Centrale de Nantes Jean-François Boujut Institut National Polytechnique de

Grenoble Fernando Brusola Simón Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Emmanuel Caillaud Université de Strasbourg Danilo Cambiaghi Università di Brescia R.Ian Campbell Loughborough University Vito Cardone Università di Salerno Gianmaria Concheri Università di Padova Paolo Conti Università di Perugia Daniel Coutellier ENSIAME Carlos de San Antonio Gómez Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Paolo Di Stefano Università dell'Aquila Georges Dumont IRISA, ENS Cachan Benoit Eynard UTC Jesús Félez Mindán Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Andrea Giordano Università di Padova Samuel Gomes UTBM Horea Ilies University of Connecticut Kazem Kazerounian University of Connecticut Ferruccio Mandorli Università Politecnica delle Marche Francisco Montes Tubío Universidad de Cordoba Javier Munioguren Universidad del País Vasco Jean-Pierre Nadeau Arts et Métiers ParisTech

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Reimund Neugebauer Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU

Vincenzo Antonio Nigrelli Università di Palermo Didier Noterman INSA Lyon Cesar Otero Universidad de Cantabria Guillermo Peris Fajarnes Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Pascal Ray IFMA José Ignacio Rojas Sola Universidad de Jaén José Miguel Sánchez Sola Universidad de Cádiz Felix Sanz Universidad de la Rioja Eloy Sentana Cremades Universidad de Alicante Denis Teissandier Université Bordeaux 1 Serge Tichkiewitch Institut National Polytechnique de

Grenoble Philippe Véron Arts et Métiers ParisTech

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IMProve 2011 Reviewer Committee

Fernando J. Aguilar Pedro Ignacio Álvarez Peñín Rita Ambu Angelo O. Andrisano Camillo Bandera Sandro Barone Antonio Bello García Luisa Bifulco Elvio Bonisoli Fabio Bruno Fernando Brusola Emmanuel Caillaud Danilo Cambiaghi Ian Campbell Nicola Cappetti Vito Cardone Antonio Carretero Alessandro Ceruti Gianmaria Concheri Paolo Conti Daniel Coutellier Giuseppe d'Acunto Luigi De Napoli Agostino De Rosa Luca Di Angelo Paolo Di Stefano Georges Dumont Larisa Dunai Benoit Eynard Jesus Felez Stefano Filippi Xavier Fischer Salvatore Gerbino Michele Germani Andrea Giordano Samuel Gomes

Lapo Governi Horea Ilies Antonio Lanzotti Francesco Leali Alfredo Liverani Ferruccio Mandorli Patrick Martin Massimo Martorelli Roberto Meneghello Maura Mengoni Francisco Montes Tubío Sandro Moos Anna Morabito Barbara Motyl M. Luisa Martinez Muneta Javier Muniozguren Maurizio Muzzupappa Alessandro Naddeo Vincenzo Nigrelli Massimo Oliveri Cesar Otero Lia Maria Papa Stanislao Patalano Marcello Pellicciari Guillermo Peris Fajarnes Armando V. Razionale Sergio Rizzuti José Ignacio Rojas Sola Gregorio Romero Francesco Rosa Edoardo Rovida Rossella Salerno Carlos de San Antonio Gómez José Miguel Sánchez Sola Felix Sanz Gianpaolo Savio

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Eloy Sentana Denis Teissandier Stefano Tornincasa Alberto Vergnano Philippe Veron Enrico Vezzetti Roberto Viganò

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IMProve 2011 Local Organizing Committee

Gianmaria Concheri Andrea Giordano Roberto Meneghello Gianpaolo Savio Andrea Cerardi Matteo Turchetto Massimiliano Caneri

DAUR - Dip. Architettura, Urbanistica e Rilevamento

Università di Padova, Italy

1 June 15

th – 17

th, 2011, Venice, Italy IMProVe 2011 - Proceedings

CONTENTS

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS 11

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND ERGONOMICS 13

Design Semantics: Even hybrid Motorcycles need to make noise 14

Tracing the Evolution of Automobile design: Factors influencing the

development of aesthetics in automobiles from 1885 to the present 14

Application of graphic expression in the design of “New Rolling System for

Horizontal Blinds” applied to doors 15

Ergonomic design and analysis of a post in a stall 16

Evaluation of the Experiential Levels of CPGs (Consumer Packaged Goods)

using 3D Modelling 17

Office furniture design for wheelchair user 17

New comfort evaluation criteria: application on movie-theatre design 18

Synthetic 19

Validation of a new index for seat comfort assessment based on objective

and subjective measurements 20

VIRTUAL REALITY AND INTERACTIVE DESIGN 23

Virtual acoustic environment interface for sound source localization training 24

Augmented Reality integration in Product Development 24

A method for systematic usability evaluation of interactive product

interfaces 25

Dynamic Splines for interactive simulation of elastic beams in Augmented

Reality 26

A product innovation method based on the synergy between TRIZ and

Interaction Design 27

Mixed prototyping environment with different video tracking techniques 28

2 June 15

th – 17


Augmented Reality: an innovative alternative for the collaborative design on

construction’s projects 28

KNOWLEDGE BASED ENGINEERING AND PRODUCT DATA EXCHANGE AND

MANAGEMENT 31

Digital document management in the conceptual design process of product 32

Towards a “high productive design methodology” dedicated to modular

product design using a Knowledge Configuration approach 33

Vertical metadata in learning objects to recovery the industrial historical

heritage 34

A proposal to incorporate the Value Analysis/Value Engineering techniques

into a PLM system 35

LeanCost: knowledge-based tool for early product cost estimation 35

KBE approaches in preliminary design: a case study 36

GEOMETRIC MODELLING AND ANALYSIS 39

Parametric Modeling of Free-Form Surfaces for Progressive Addition Lens 40

A fast algorithm for manifold reconstruction of surfaces 41

Modeling methods in parametric design. Order matrix 42

A parametric associative modelling of aeronautical structural concepts

under C0, C1 or C2 continuity constraints 43

Geometric modelling of metallic foams 44

Development of an algorithm for a triangular approach to the sphere based

on the Platonic solids using MATLAB scripts. 45

Shape optimization of smooth surfaces with arbitrary topology 46

Characteristics of conic segments in Bézier form 46

Constrained fitting of B-Spline curves based on the Force Density Method 47

INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN 49

Influence of geometrical characteristics on eco-designed products 50

A computer tool to extract feasible assembly sequences from a product CAD

model, in automated way 51

3 June 15

th – 17


Adaptation and implementation of a process of innovation and design within

a SME 52

Design for recycling problematic: application to composite parts 52

A novel tool for pneumatic spindle design 53

A novel method for sensitivity analysis and characterization in integrated

engineering design 54

Analysis tool of the management of integrated systems of implementation in

the design of systems of industrial organization in Smes industrial devoted

to mounts and electrical installations 55

Shape Similarity: Methods and Industrial Applications 56

A survey on systematic innovation strategies for product design and

development 57

A web-based Platform to design Energy Efficient Electric Motors 58

Integrated Design of Robotic Workcells for High Quality Machining 59

Understanding a particular semantic dimension: how selecting the products

for evaluation tests? 60

Integrated product and process design for microproduct development via

microforming 61

A Procedure for Early Environmental Assessment of Industrial Products 62

Solving an engineering problem in shipbuilding by Triz method 62

IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 65

Image Processing and Tactile Methodologies of a Navigation System for

Visually Impaired People 66

Automated dyeing of free-form leather patch edges: a Machine Vision based

system 66

Automatic image-based car profile character line recognition 67

The detection of petroglyphs through digital image processing. The

particular case of the stone inside the chapel of Saint Bartolomé (Lugo-

Spain) 68

Automatic alignment of multi-view range maps by optical stereo-tracking 69

4 June 15

th – 17


Automatic detection and tracking of planar markers in a stereo-vision

system 70

Fast Correction of Tiled Display Systems on Planar Surfaces 71

Evolution of the Design and Decoration Processes of Ceramic Tiles 71

REVERSE ENGINEERING 73

Automation of the finishing process of steel yacht hulls based on optical

scanning 74

Construction of a geometric reference model for automatic non-ideality

evaluation of an acquired high-density workpiece 75

On the performance of several stereo calibration methods and models 76

Computation of optimal acquisition viewpoints for the 3D optical inspection

of mechanical components 76

Experimental analysis for error compensation of laser scanner data 77

New CAD/CAM process: an elaboration of the geometrical matrices of

rosette 78

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES 81

Numerical fatigue life evaluation of an innovative internal combustion

engine shaft 82

Development of a test machine for the tappet characterization 82

An investigation on the validity of 3D clothing simulation for garment fit

evaluation 83

Simulating airport operations in a synthetic environment 84

Design Of Simulation Experiments method for Injection Molding process

optimization 85

Virtual prototype development for comfort assessment of occupational

footwear sole 86

GEOMETRIC PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND TOLERANCING 89

An Extracting Points Strategy for Flatness Measurement on Components by

means of CMM 91

Integration of tolerances in the mechanical product process 91

5 June 15

th – 17


The geometrical specification in concurrent product design 92

Influence of form errors in plane surfaces assemblies 93

Algorithm to calculate the Minkowski sums of 3-polytopes dedicated to

tolerance analysis 93

Experimental evaluation of convex difference surface for planar joint study 94

Assembly analysis for spot-welded compliant assembly: Guidelines for

formalizing the plasticity contribution to tolerance analysis 95

Form errors estimation in free-form 2D and 3D geometries 96

DESIGN METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 97

Redesign of an auto-levelling base for submarine seismic sensor 98

Measuring dynamical parameters for spherical objects: Application for

sports training 99

Structural and Topological Optimization in Robot Design 99

Preliminary Design of a New Bridge System for a Modern Mine Hunter

Vessel 100

Study of the impact of a bomb on the side of a vessel and validation by

comparing the original sheet with numerical simulation 101

Mathematical modelling and simulation of an adjustable-stiffness spring 102

Design of physical prototypes to analyze aerodynamic effects 102

Design optimization based on eco-design and mechanical analysis 103

Development of a trade-off function for robust optimization problems in

design engineering 104

Design of a device for stability control system, to decouple loads, for an

optimised maintenance in hostile environment 105

Design optimization: management of large solution spaces and

optimization algorithm selection 106

A CAD toolbox for Composite Materials Modelling and Drawing 107

Improving Helicopter Flight Simulation with Rotor Vibrations 107

Optimization by Particle Swarm Algorithms of an UAV performed by Hot

Wire Cutting Techniques 108

6 June 15

th – 17


Decision support system to design autonomous microsystems 109

3D CAD and multi-domain simulation integration for Energy Scavenger

design 110

ENGINEERING METHODS IN MEDICINE 111

An integrated methodology for functional simulation of dental prosthesis 112

Design of a new tibial intramedullary nail 113

A Novel Method of Removing Artifacts in Dental CT Images 113

3D facial symmetry evaluation from high-density scanned data 114

Methods and tools dedicated to shoes customization for people with

diabetes 115

Structural analysis of a posterior stability total knee joint replacement 116

Studying the influence of thread features in osseo-integrated implants 117

Analysis and design of a thrombectomy device by using simulation

techniques 118

Innovative design of customized surgical devices for mandibular

rehabilitation 119

Analysis of TMJ replacement using a finite element model 120

A CA system for RGP contact lens design 120

Shape modeling and analysis of a human eye based on individual

experimental data 121

REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUES 123

Main axonometric system related views as tilt of the coordinate planes 124

Parameter Combinatorial Diagram. Application to the study and analysis of

Hydrological Simulation Models. 124

Heaven in the stone 125

The CGI production in San Francesco’s church in Padova 126

TEACHING PRODUCT DESIGN AND DRAWING HISTORY 127

“Let's take a look to the project” 128

Parametric Cad in the teaching of drawing for Mechanical Engineer 128

7 June 15

th – 17


From Research to Sustainable Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Which

Competences? 129

Safety signage made easy using parametric CAD-based software 130

Engineering designer curricula and creativity development 131

Graphical formulary of statically determinate and indeterminate beams 131

Leonardo’s Civil Bridges 132

Improving a CAD tool to simplify the design process of electrical schematics

oriented to industrial-machine control 133

CAD, BIM, GIS and other tricks of the computer science in the education of

the Building Engineer 134

Teaching Methods for Concept Design and Prototyping 135

Designing an interactive web manager applied to the development of spatial

abilities 136

Evolution of graphic representation applied to chemical engineering 137

Use of an Open-Source PLM solution to improve teamwork performance in

product design courses 138

Teaching the rules of the space: the Olympic Theater in Sabbioneta 139

SURVEYING, MAPPING AND GIS TECHNIQUES 141

Virtual reconstruction of the door of the Apostles of the Insigne Collegiate

Church of Santa María of Gandia Spain 142

Landform of Alicante province by using GIS 142

Survey and graphic interpretation of underground cellars 143

Analysis of the geometry of nature. Particular case of traditional

underground cellars 145

The artesonado of the hunters' lounge. Palace of the infantado of

guadalajara 146

Architectural survey and Robotics: new frontiers in study, preservation and

restoration of historical sites 147

Hydrologic moment of a watershed area 148

8 June 15

th – 17


A GIS approach to monitor territorial transformations: digital assessment of

the cycle paths in Paestum 148

BAECULA battle Geographic Information System 149

Methodology for the metric restoration of the historical cartography

applied to Francisco Coello´s cartografic series of the Royal Site of Aranjuez 150

Determination of orthometric heights from LiDAR data 151

Geometric processing of GeoEye-1 satellite imagery for coastal mapping

applications 152

Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain (1787) and its Hydrographic

Network: GIS analysis of the “Reyno de Jaen” 153

Improvements in the determination of extrapolated shorelines using

Elevation Gradient Trend Propagation method. 153

Robust surface matching as a rapid technique for terrain change detection 155

Portraits of lost and possible cities 156

Registration and 3D virtual reconstruction of the old Carmen's Spa Park

(Málaga) 157

Elaboration of a GIS for the management of the new building of the

engineering’s school 158

Economic valuation Hornachuelos Natural Park (Córdoba, Spain), supported

by Geographic Information Techniques 159

Simulation and virtual approach: from architecture to landscape 159

Methodology for highways network infrastructures´ design in the landscape 160

INNOVATIVE METHODS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 163

Descriptive models and knowledge management. Experiences and

Perspective 164

Walking through history. A visionary project for the third-millenium perugia 164

From Wayfinding to Waysharing: interaction/information/interactivity for

existing hospitals 166

Design time and time architecture 167

9 June 15

th – 17


New materiality: digital fabrication and open form Notes on the

Arbitrariness of Architectural Form and Parametric Design. 167

New key factors in drawing up a building 168

Architecture = Design? The increasingly strong link between 3D modeling

and automated manufacturing 169

Wayfinding on public spaces: the UPV case 170

The drawings design realized by parametric computer systems 171

Bioclimatic passive designs rural buildings 172

Digital modelling and representations: Design and works by Riccardo

Morandi and Sergio Musumeci 173

Computer modeling to document architecture and for use in design

prefiguration 173

Computer modelling based on integrated survey techniques and to

document architecture 174

Digital Modeling in architectural analysis for training engineers to building

design 175

The digital model in the documentation of architectural elements 176

List of Authors 177

11 June 15

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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Alain Bernard Ecole Centrale de Nantes, France

Title: Virtual Engineering for Innovation

Gabriel Defranco Universidad Nacional de la Plata - Facultad de Ingeniería -

Cátedras Gráfica Para Ingeniería y

Sistemas de Representación, Argentina

Title: Innovative Methods in Industrial Engineering

and Architectural Design

13 June 15

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INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND ERGONOMICS

Industrial Design and Ergonomics

14 June 15

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Design Semantics:

Even hybrid Motorcycles need to make noise

M. Jaafarnia (a), A. Bass (b)

(a) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

(b) Art Center College of Design, Pasadena

Abstract:

This paper explores the need for artificial sound in high tech products. Changing one of the four sides of the semantic frame changes the meaning and emotional impact of that product. There is a relationship between the four sides of the semantic frame (aesthetic, physiologic, technical, economic) and the five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch). Replacing sound with sight, smell, taste or touch does compensate for the absence of sound. When high tech products, such as motorcycles, omit sound it confuses the consumer. This research was conducted in two stages: In the first stage the sample consisted of 490 people. In the second stage, 69 people participated. We based our study on questions, interviews and practical tests to determine how artificial sound or the lack of it in high tech products affects the emotional state of the consumer.

Keywords: Emotion, semantics, high tech product, transportation, psychology

Corresponding Author: Mohsen Jaafarnia

Tel.: +91-361-2582802

e-mail: [email protected]

Address: Department of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India

Tracing the Evolution of Automobile design:

Factors influencing the development of aesthetics

in automobiles from 1885 to the present

M. Jaafarnia (a), A. Bass (b)

(a) Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati

(b) Art Center College of Design, Pasadena

Abstract:

Using selected well-known automakers, the influence of new technology, lifestyle and culture of automobile design has been mapped, starting from 1885 through present day. We have identified seven eras to date. The study of history often yields clues to the future. Influences such as fashion, makeup and missiles have shaped automobile design since manufacturing began. The evolution of the car has been driven by the desire to create a semantic frame for speed. Over time, changes in lifestyle and culture have changed the semantic meaning of the frame. This time line will help automobile designers


15 June 15

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understand the markers that influenced the evolution of the automobile, and act as a tool to predict the future of car design.

Keywords: Emotion, evolution, automobile form, aesthetics, transportation, car, semantic

frame, history of the car

Corresponding Author: Adele Bass

Tel.: +1-11-626-3040306


Address: integrated Studies Department, Art Center College of Design, Pasadena, California, USA

Application of graphic expression in the design of

“New Rolling System for Horizontal Blinds” applied to doors

I. Sentana (a), E. Sentana (a), M. López (a)

(a) University of Alicante

Abstract:

The main objective of this research is to show the development of a new horizontal blind and to emphasize the interaction between: - The geometry and - The different area of science This project emphasised the importance of geometry in the design of prototypes for specific applications. In this study, geometry, physics and mechanics were intertwined, which culminated in a final design. Here, it was concluded, after the design stage, that the collection support in a slat blind with horizontal rolling needed an Archimedes spiral, where the route of the spiral is along the slat thickness, with as many turns as the width of the rolling element allows. At first, this approach seemed geometrically simple; however, there are other geometrical considerations: the rolling system must be automatic, the traction mode should be in parallel and the speed of the motor drive must be linear despite the variable, peripheral speed that occurs when the blinds are being rolled. Therefore, the objective was to not only highlight the final results, but also to demonstrate the importance of the geometry in the design of mechanical devices. The justification for the final geometry is a consequence of the premises stated in a previous study, which examined possible solutions based on the assumptions of a properly functioning system operating at an industrial level. These assumptions, defined along with the geometric considerations and the technical features, resulted in the final design. We define the geometric design and the technology characteristics that allow its manufacture.

Keywords: Engineering design, Product design, Rolling blind


16 June 15

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Corresponding Author: Irene Sentana

Tel.: (+0034 965903654)


Address: Department of Graphic Expression and Cartography. University of ALICANTE P.O. Box 99.

03080, Alicante.

Ergonomic design and analysis of a post in a stall

R. Prádanos (a), J. M. Sanz (a), D. Gutiérrez (a), N. de la Puente (a), J. I. Rojas (b),

M. Domínguez (c), M. del Mar Espinosa (c)

(a) Universidad de Valladolid, Escuela de Ingenierías Industriales, Spain

(b) Universidad de Jaén, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Spain

(c) Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales, Spain.

Abstract:

Purpose: The present work is a study of a street stall, which offers the public newspapers, magazines and books, as well as sweets, crisps, etc, and which has a very reduced space at its disposal for keeping and arranging goods. Method: We will apply the design for maximums and minimums based on percentiles. With these facts it was possible to model a stall with the CATIA system which has an ergonomic analysis module for the intended objectives. Result: The solution reduces muscular tension provoked by inadecuate positions. Discussion & Conclusion: This implied a completely new distribution of the space inside the stall.

Keywords: Sreet Stall, Ergonomics, CATIA, RULA

Corresponding Author: Roberto Prádanos

Tel.:+34-983-423-497

Fax.:+983-184-514


Address:C/ Francisco Mendizábal, 1. CP: 47014 Valladolid. Spain


17 June 15

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Evaluation of the Experiential Levels

of CPGs (Consumer Packaged Goods) using 3D Modelling

A. Serrano Tierz (a), R. Rebollar Rubio (a), I. Lidón López (a), A. Fernández Sora (a),

F. Julián Pérez (b), F. J. Espinach Orús (b)

(a) Department of Engineering Design and Manufacturing, University of Zaragoza, Spain

(b) Department of Organization, Business Management and Product Design, University of Girona, Spain.

Abstract:

The design of packaging is a determining factor when choosing consumer packaged goods, particularly those considered to be impulse purchase products. In these cases it is useful to have a precise idea of which is the most suitable design for the image and values that the brands aim to convey. Most of the research conducted in this field focuses on the sensorial aspects transmitted by packaging without delving into the experiences associated with the perception or consumption of the product. The investigation presented in this article aims to analyse the influence of the form and colour of the packaging on the perception of potential consumers. For this purpose a questionnaire was designed with 29 areas that analyse both sensorial and experiential levels, relating them to the predisposition to buy a product. Some 400 people were interviewed and presented with 9 different proposals for chewing gum packaging. The designs were devised through combining three different forms and colours that were rendered through 3D modelling.

Keywords: Packaging design, Experiential levels, 3D Modelling, Product perception, CPGs

Corresponding Author: Ana Serrano

Tel: 34 976 761 000

Fax: 976 762 235

e-mail:[email protected]

Address: María de Luna 3, Edif. Torres Quevedo.

Office furniture design for wheelchair user

F. J. Castillo (a), O. D. de Cózar (a), I. Ladrón de Guevara (a), J. Jiménez (a), E.B. Blázquez (a)

(a) University of Málaga (Spain)

Abstract:

There are an estimated 1.19 million wheelchair users in Spain. People use wheelchairs for a variety of reasons, the most common one is paralysis from spinal cord injuries. Current estimates indicate there are around 504.000 people alive in Spain with spinal cord injuries. Among other reasons for using wheelchairs are: fatigue from multiple sclerosis, muscle weakness from muscular dystrophy, lower limb spasticity from cerebral palsy, and missing


18 June 15

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limbs due to amputation. People who use wheelchairs may encounter a variety of obstacles at their workstations depending on their limitations. Some possible accommodations could be adjustable height desk or table for a person who cannot work comfortably at an existing desk, accessible filing system or office supplies, and frequently used materials on most accessible shelves or drawers for a person who cannot reach upper and lower shelves and drawers. This paper presents the graphical design of a workstation for wheelchair users, in this case, technical, anthropometric, ergonomic, aesthetics and scientists aspects have been analyzed. The design of composite structure conduct to explicit safety constraints applied to office furniture requirements kept continuously current and updated as part of innovation. Finally, results are showed in a three-dimensional model.

Keywords: Computers graphics, Furniture design, Wheelchair users, Ergonomic

Corresponding Author: E. Beatriz Blázquez

Tel.:+34 951 952 282


Address: Escuela de Ingenierías, C/Doctor Ortíz Ramos, s/n, 29071, Málaga (Spain)

New comfort evaluation criteria:

application on movie-theatre design

N. Cappetti (a), C. D’Oria (a), A. Naddeo (a)

(a) Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno

Abstract:

Purpose: Authors have developed a new comfort evaluation criterion that improves the International Standard Evaluation criteria like OCRA, RULA, etc. adding new information coming from bio-mechanical parameters opportunely weighted. Authors wants to show how this method, originally developed for Industrial application, can be easily applied in most of postural comfort evaluations and how it can be used, for example, in movie-theatres’ design. Method: Developed criterion has been applied in order to evaluate not only the seat-comfort (the viewer’s comfort when seated) but also the viewer’s comfort during the screening of a movie; viewer postural comfort is heavily affected by the relative position (distance and angle) between the seat and the big-screen: developed method can take that into account! Result: Output of this work is a Design Method for mapping the movie theatre’s seats taking into account the postural comfort matter. Discussion & Conclusion: This work allows to show how the developed method is easy to use and how important the preventive ergonomic evaluation is in all fields of engineering design.


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Keywords: Comfort Evaluation Criteria, Ergonomic, Design Methods, Movie-theatre

design, Digital Human Modeling

Corresponding Author: Alessandro Naddeo

Tel.:+39 089 964061

Fax.:+39 089 964037


Address: Via Ponte don Melillo, 84048 Fisciano (SA), Italy

Synthetic

A. M. Manferdini (a), E. Manferdini (b)

(a) Faculty of Architecture, University of Bologna, Italy

(b) SCI-Arc Southern California Institute of Architecture, Los Angeles, USA

Abstract:

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to show the results of a research whose aim is to investigate the potential of architectural surfaces to produce hyper-realistic effects through the invention of new breeds of artificial matter, using Nature and the observation of its micro-scale details as a field of investigation which is instrumental in analyzing and understanding its structure and behaviour. Method: The research started from the digital three-dimensional acquisition of case studies drawn from plant and animal kingdom that were chosen as significant in terms of shape complexity and of the levels of detail of their geometry. Physical 3D models have been built using artificial materials with the purpose to extend the potential of digital surfaces and experience new visual and tactile effects. Modulation of texture, relief and colours derived from 3D scanned materials were the primary design sources. CNC machines combined with various techniques of tooling, laser etching, casting, vacuum forming, painting, and finishing were employed to fabricate physical model of the digital 3d acquisitions. The research provided a continuous transition from digital reality to the physical one: through the whole process, both analogical and digital procedures were used as agents of comprehension and design innovation. Result: One of the challenges of this research was to test the possibilities of enlarging the dimensions of micro-scale details acquired using 3d laser scanners, without losing geometric detail. During the digital manipulation process, the quality of 3d models has constantly been compared to the required level of details provided by magnification of 2d images. In order to supply the lack of information due to laser scanner accuracy and resolution, reality-based models have been implemented using 3d modelling packages that allow adding the third dimension to 2d images. This improvement added hyper-realistic effects to digital models, with evident drawback upon the possibility of managing huge data sets, so that decimation procedures became necessary to overcome this aspect.


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In order to create new visual and tactile repertoire of synthetic materials, many different manufacturing methodologies and procedures have been tested, each one highlighting different characteristics and critical aspects. Discussion & Conclusion: Although many technologies and methodologies to acquire and manipulate accurate 3d models are actually available and widespread, nowadays the best way to build reality-based 3D models that contain a pre-defined level of detail is still a combination of different modeling techniques. In fact, as a single technique is not yet able to give satisfactory results in all situations, concerning high geometric accuracy, portability, flexibility as well as hyper-realism, so that image-based and range-based techniques are generally combined to fully exploit the intrinsic potentialities of each approach.

Keywords: Micro-scale observations, 3d scanning, hyper-realism, uncanny effects,

synthetic material

Corresponding Author: Anna Maria Manferdini

Tel.: +39.0547.338311

Fax.: +39.0547.338307


Address: 55 Cavalcavia Street, 47023 Cesena, Italy

Validation of a new index for seat comfort assessment

based on objective and subjective measurements

A. Lanzotti (a), M. Trotta (a), A. Vanacore (a)

(a) University of Naples Federico II, Faculty of Engineering

Abstract:

Purpose: This work aims at validating a new statistical index (Weighted Pressure Comfort Loss, WPCL) for seat comfort assessment. The validation is carried out by deepening the relationship between subjective comfort evaluations and objective measures of seat comfort and comparing, from an engineering standpoint, the new index with the pressure peak which is currently one of the most used indexes for seat comfort assessment. Method: In the experimental phase, 22 experimenters evaluated four office chairs, by using different evaluation scales and methods (rating, ranking, comfort degree). The subjective comfort perceptions were collected through questionnaires. At the same time, several objective parameters related to seat comfort were measured by using a capacitive mat. In order to select the objective comfort measures which are significantly associated to the perceived comfort, a logistic regression model was adopted. Result: The logistic regression model selected the peak pressure as a significant predictor of perceived comfort whereas, the hypothesis of absence of correlation between the


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perceived comfort and the WPCL index cannot be rejected. However, from an engineering standpoint, the final seat rating evidences substantial coherence of peak pressure and WPCL index, showing not redundant results useful to design team for seat comfort improvement. Since results were strongly influenced by experimental conditions and anthropometric variability of the experimenters, further investigations should be carried out. On the basis of the first experiments, a refinement of the index and new test conditions could be investigated.

Keywords: User centered design, Chair design, Comfort assessment, Comfort Loss, Ordinal

logistic regression

Corresponding Author: Antonio Lanzotti

Tel.:+39-0817682506

Fax.:+39-0817682187


Address: P. le Tecchio, 80, 80125, Naples (NA), Italy

23 June 15

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VIRTUAL REALITY AND INTERACTIVE DESIGN

Virtual Reality and Interactive Design

24 June 15

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Virtual acoustic environment interface

for sound source localization training

L. Dunai (a), B. Defez (a), V. Santiago Praderas (a), N. Ortigosa Araque (a), G. Peris Fajarnés (a)

Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Abstract:

In the paper, a virtual acoustic environment interface for sound source localization training is presented. It is shown that, by means of a 3D virtual environment and 3D sound sources, the subject is able to interact and learn to localize virtual sound sources. This can constitute the basis of a potential navigation device able to be used in the future by blind people. Many different interfaces have been developed for sound source localization; however, there are no virtual interfaces where the user can learn to localize spatial sound sources with great precision, through interactive virtual environments and stereo headphones. During these last decades, researchers worked hardly in the development of virtual auditory spaces. The idea of a virtual acoustic space is based on the fact that the acoustic sounds, which are presented to the listener through headphones, are perceived by him as coming from the free field. This phenomenon is also known as sound source lateralization. Since its beginnings, the development of virtual sounds has been mainly based on the linear system analysis in the frequency domain, with the Fourier Transform, named Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF). The sounds reproduced by headphones appear to be originated within the head. Due to the human hearing system, humans are able to externalize the head-originated sounds as if they were coming from the surrounding environment.

Keywords: Virtual sounds

Corresponding Author: Larisa Dunai


Address: Camino de Vera s/n, 8L, Valencia, 46022, Spain

Augmented Reality integration in Product Development

A. E. Uva (a), M. Fiorentino (a), G. Monno (a)

(a) DIMeG, Politecnico di Bari

Abstract:

CAD data has grown in complexity while computer assisted tools must be improved in the following aspects: usability for non CAD experts, cooperation support, understanding of 3D geometries and integration between real and virtual models.


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We present a novel scenario for product development integration based on Augmented Reality. The main advantage of our approach is to add contextual information directly on the real industrial product or even on technical drawings. The users can interact with digital information through the physical environment for direct product digital data navigation and visualization. We validate the AR integrability in the product development process presenting some practical applications in critical phases as: (i) PLM data access, (ii) FEM simulation and visualization, (iii) collaborative review for design alternatives, (iv) quality inspection of manufactured geometries. We experienced significant improvement in the product development speed, increase in the collaboration potential and reduction of paper sheets in the product environment.

Keywords: Augmented Reality, Product Development, FEM, Design review, Quality

Inspection.

Corresponding Author: Antonio E. Uva

Tel.: +39 080 5962737

Fax.: +39 080 5962777


Address: Viale Japigia 182 - 70126 - Bari, ITALY

A method for systematic usability evaluation

of interactive product interfaces

M. Mengoni (a), S. Ceccacci (a), M. Peruzzini (a), M. Germani (a)

(a) Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The paper aims at defining a user-centred design method to develop interactive product interfaces that allows to stretch time to market and to reduce prototyping costs. Method: It consists in an experimental protocol to evaluate product interface usability and to correlate the achieved performance with its design features and attributes. It exploits low cost high-fidelity prototypes based on Augmented Reality techniques that allow users to interact with the Graphic User Interface and at the same time touch the object, explore its shape, the material it is realized to stimulate both cognitive and emotional response. Result: Experimental sessions have been carried out on a real industrial case that is the design of an interactive remote control device for bathtubs and showers. Time for the development of the final design solution halves because main usability errors have been detected at the early design stages and no iterative testing sessions have been carried out on the final physical prototype. Discussion & Conclusion:


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Conclusion provides some discussions of experimental results to highlight the effectiveness of the method to detect usability problems and support the definition of what to improve. Finally two research lines have been drawn to foster improvements in virtual prototyping for interactive design.

Keywords: Interactive design, User-centred Design, Virtual Prototyping, Augmented

Reality, Usability

Corresponding Author: Maura Mengoni

Tel. +39 071 2204969

Fax. +39 071 2204801

email: [email protected]

Address: via Brecce Bianche, polo Monte Dago, 60131 Ancona

Dynamic Splines for interactive simulation

of elastic beams in Augmented Reality

P. P. Valentini (a), E. Pezzuti (a)

(a) University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Mechanical Engineering - Rome, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to discuss a methodology for addressing the real-time accurate dynamics simulation of elastic beams using an interactive augmented reality environment. Method: The equations of motion of the elastic beams have been deduced using the dynamic spline theory. According to this approach, the degrees of freedom of the beam are described using control points coordinates. The model has been integrated in an augmented reality environment where the user can interact with the elastic element by using a mechatronic tracker. Result: The dynamic spline model has been successfully integrated in the augmented reality environment. This methodology allows to perform accurate interactive real-time simulations and to deal with large displacements as well. Discussion & Conclusion: The implementation of dynamic spline theory reveals to be a valid formulation for simulation of the flexibility of one-dimension elements like beams. Due to the flexibility of the mathematical formulation, a small set of degrees of freedom is sufficient to simulate a very variable shape of the beam in order to take into account large displacement effects with accuracy. This feature is important for the integration in the augmented reality environment where the simulation has to be computed in real time.


27 June 15

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Keywords: Dynamic splines, augmented reality, interactive simulation, real time

simulation

Corresponding Author: Pier Paolo Valentini

Tel.:+390672597137

Fax.:+39062021351


Address: University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Mechanical Engineering - via del

Politecnico 1, 0013 - Rome, Italy

A product innovation method

based on the synergy between TRIZ and Interaction Design

S. Filippi (a), D. Barattin (a)

(a) DIEGM Dept., University of Udine - Udine - Italy

Abstract:

Modern industries operate under very selective conditions, as all the competitors develop efficient and effective products. For this reason, innovation is one of the main ways to lead the market. There are some methods and tools to analytically help designers towards the generation of new ideas. TRIZ is one of these methods. But all of this is not enough to generate a success product, because a fundamental actor is still underestimated, the final user of the product under development. To satisfy the user's requirements, designers and developers must keep into consideration also the Interaction Design methods. Unfortunately, these methods are not as structured as the TRIZ theory and very often it is very difficult to apply them in an effective way. For all of this, it appears quite reasonable to think about the development of innovative, easy-to-use products, as helped by a synergy between the Interaction Design and the TRIZ theories. After some highlights about analogies and differences of these two domains, this paper develops the basis for the generation of a new integrated analytical method able to suggest a collection of guidelines for the definition and implementation of engineering requirements. Then this method is described, and the summary of a case study performed to validate the method closes the paper.

Keywords: Systematic Innovation, Interaction Design, TRIZ, Design for Multi-X, Product

Design

Corresponding Author: Stefano Filippi

Tel.:+39 0432 558259

Fax.:+39 0432 558251


Address: Via delle Scienze, 208, 33100, Udine Italy


28 June 15

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Mixed prototyping environment

with different video tracking techniques

F. Bruno (a), A. Angilica (a), F. I. Cosco (a), M. L. Luchi (a), M. Muzzupappa (a)

(a) Università della Calabria - Dipartimento di Meccanica - Rende (CS)

Abstract:

Mixed Prototyping has been recently proposed as an interesting design tool able to combine virtual and real objects, in order to allow both designers and final users to evaluate and assess multiple design choices. This paper describes a Mixed Reality environment that deals with several issues that usually arise in Mixed Prototyping: the reliable simulation of the product behaviour; the mutual occlusion between real and virtual objects; the interpretation of the user’s gesture while she/he is interacting with the elements of the product interface; the composition of virtual graphics within the real scene through a fast and robust tracking methodology. In particular we focus on the tracking methodology considering two different solutions based on fiducial markers and natural features, respectively. We have considered different scenarios of use, referring to four typologies of products. Each one presents its intrinsic challenges: small hand held products (e.g. mobile phones, remote controllers, etc.), medium sized products (e.g. small appliances), large interactive products (e.g. major appliances) and large non-interactive products (e.g. furnishings). We propose a comparative study that aims to identify the tracking system that better fits each application.

Keywords: Mixed Prototyping, Augmented Prototyping, Mixed Reality, Video Tracking

Corresponding Author: Fabio Bruno

Tel.: +39 0984 494623

Fax.:+39 0984 494673


Address: via P.Bucci 44/c 87036 Rende(CS)

Augmented Reality: an innovative alternative

for the collaborative design on construction’s projects

M. Brodeschi (a), F. Patiño Cambeiro (a), I. Goicoechea Castaño (a),

F. Patiño Barbeito (a), J. I. Prieto López (b)

(a) Universidade de Vigo: Departamento de Diseño en la Ingeniería

(b) Universidade da Coruña: Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos

Abstract:

This paper presents a study of Augmented Reality as one of the most innovative imaging technologies in construction´s design process. Unlike virtual reality, AR allows to overlap


29 June 15

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the virtual image to the real world. Our proposal is to develop a document that acts as a User´s Manual of the building. The graphical data extracted from the AR experience provides the necessary information to compose a building´s data warehouse once it is finished. The AR approach allows the parties involved on a project team to use it as a bridge. It provides the integration and the information exchange in a concisely and accurately way. This dynamical communication allows each party to follow and participate of other relevant disciplines involved during the design process. The intention is to present a simulation that represents constructive elements of a finished building. We used an AR tool, three-dimensional modelling software and QR codes. Once those 3D´s models are available on the net, can be transported, displayed and updated. They are easily visualized by browsers of Augmented Reality through mobile devices (as they have a video camera, GPS and internet). Moreover there is a possibility that allow us to add a range of relevant information during the development of the project. We could mention: geographical coordinates, urban data volumes, solar energy studies, the relationship with the environment, access, simulation of materials, budget, etc. Simulations were developed on a real construction project to check the possibilities of the AR in a - remote/ synchronous or live/ asynchronous - context. This tool behaving as a CSCW has facilitated communication issues, the collaboration and the relationship of the parties. We also present the results of system´s experiment, showing the possibilities to enforce this technique and how it can be very helpful in supporting the building maintenance task.

Keywords: Innovative tools, Augmented Reality, Integrated Design Process, Collaborative

Design, Construction Industry

Corresponding Author: Michelle Brodeschi

Tel.: +34 986813668

Fax.: +34 986813864


Address: Universidade de Vigo “Departamento de Diseño en la Ingeniería” Rúa Torrecedeira 86

36208 VIGO - SPAIN

31 June 15

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KNOWLEDGE BASED ENGINEERING

AND PRODUCT DATA EXCHANGE AND MANAGEMENT

Knowledge Based Engineering and Product Data Exchange and Management

32 June 15

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Digital document management

in the conceptual design process of product

T. Magal Royo (a), J. Gimenez López (a), F. Brusola Simón (a), I. Lengua Lengua (a), G. Peris Fajarnés (a)

(a) Research Centre in Graphic Technologies, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain

Abstract:

This article confirms the rise of digital versus the analog document in documentary management related to the conceptualization and development of new industrial products. In the methodologies of design management and specifically in the conceptual stages and early development of an industrial product, we find that a fundamental part of the integral control is undoubtedly the documentation generated during the process creating a product. This documentation allows us to have before, during and after an informational descriptive "record" that should be stored consistently and efficiently by the organizations involved in its implementation, either the design professional who prepares it or the company who executes it. Today we can find numerous administrative, technical or formal documents associated with an industrial product able to define the traceability of it in time to allow for future improvements by the company and serve the designer as a check on author's own work. The existing documentation today's increasingly working more directly in digital media and its transmission over the Internet offers enormous possibilities to multidisciplinary teams located in different parts of the world that promote collaborative design in products. Therefore, there will be a list of the main existing types of digital documents and the technology applied in each case on-line transmission based on the different tasks involved in the conceptual process of industrial design to demonstrate its future importance.

Keywords: Design, Product design, Management design, Collaborative design, Internet

Corresponding Author: Teresa Magal-Royo

Tel.: +34 963879518

Fax.: +34 963879519


Address: Edificio 8L. Camino de Vera s/n. Valencia 46022 España


33 June 15

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Towards a “high productive design methodology”

dedicated to modular product design

using a Knowledge Configuration approach

A. Robert (a) (b), C. Vernier (a) (c), T. Boudouh (a), S. Roth (a), S. Gomes (a)

(a) M3M Laboratory, UTBM, France

(b) MABI Company, France

(c) Faurecia Emissions Control Technologies Company, France

Abstract:

This paper presents a global methodology dedicated to modular product design based on capitalization of standard parametric parts, parameters and design rules, connected to the information management system of a company. This approach aims to develop and test a “high productive design methodology”, taking into account the modularity of product ranges and also the knowledge associated, in the framework of Design For Assembly methods (DFA). Our method takes into consideration the product functions, its assembly constraints and integrates the expert knowledge (parameters and rules) in the early stages of the design process. After a literature survey focused on modularity in design, axiomatic design, Design Structure Matrix and Knowledge Configuration Management concepts, we describe the main steps of our approach. The example of a pneumatic scraping tool is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the developed methodology. Through this modular product example, we describe and discuss the main results of our methodology considering our new concepts of Knowledge Configuration Management.

Keywords: Product Lifecycle Management, Knowledge Based Engineering, Knowledge

Configuration, Management, Modular design, Parametric modelling

Corresponding Author: Aurélie Robert

Aurélie ROBERT

Tel.: 0384583521

Fax.: 0384583207


Address: Laboratoire M3M - UTBM, rue du chateau, 90010 Belfort Cedex


34 June 15

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Vertical metadata in learning objects

to recovery the industrial historical heritage

M. Castro-García (a), J. I. Rojas-Sola (a), Mª. P. Carranza-Cañadas (b)

(a) Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects. University of Jaen.

(b) Department of Engineering Graphics and Geomatics. University of Cordoba.

Abstract:

Every day, new methods and techniques to represent the past are investigated. Frequently, those innovations are incorporated in other knowledge areas where graphics engineering has previous experience in this important subject. As current examples can be cited the reconstruction of Virtual Reality (VR) with realism character covering the resource and to study the interaction with their environment, anthropological or otherwise, or Augmented Reality (AR) techniques with applications in museums or interpretive centres, among others. In particular, these techniques are mainly based on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models, which in its development stage, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) techniques produce a lot of educational materials, likely to be used for training of future researchers in cultural heritage subject. Setting this idea as starting point, this article is based on the work of recovery in industrial heritage, such as windmills, to identify key learning points. Once detected these, it is possible to create Learning Objects (LO). Later, may be used in any educational system, for example, at Learning Management System (LMS). The proper functioning of the system depends on the existence of a standard vocabulary as SCORM, trying to be a reference to the creation of LOs using CAD techniques in the field of cultural heritage.

Keywords: E-Learning, Engineering Graphics, Learning Objects, Industrial Historical

Heritage, Windmill

Corresponding Author: José Ignacio Rojas Sola

Tel.: +34-953-212452

Fax.: +34-953-212334


Address: University of Jaén. Campus de las Lagunillas, s/n. 23071-Jaén (Spain)


35 June 15

th – 17


A proposal to incorporate

the Value Analysis/Value Engineering techniques

into a PLM system

J. Cerqueiro (a), L. López (a), J. Pose (a)

(a) Universidade de Vigo (Spain)

Abstract:

The aim of this paper is the development of a conceptual framework for the incorporation of the Value Analysis/Value Engineering techniques into a Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) system. This proposal would help to systematize the flow of knowledge and innovation, both internal and external, among all processes inside an industrial company, particularly those related to design and manufacturing. As a result of such incorporation, those techniques would contribute with their potential to a continuous improvement process of the company’s competitive position by means of increasing the ratio between the product’s quality as perceived by the customer and its cost.

Keywords: Value Analysis, Value Engineering, PLM, Innovation, Design

Corresponding Author: Jorge Cerqueiro

Tel.: + 34 986 813676

Fax.: + 34 986 813644


Address: C/ Torrecedeira, nº86, 36208 Vigo (Spain)

LeanCost: knowledge-based tool

for early product cost estimation

M. Mandolini (a), P. Cicconi (a), M. Germani (a)

(a) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Meccanica

Abstract:

Purpose: In a scenario characterized by high competitiveness, companies have to apply methods and tools in order to respond to the customer needs while maintaining a constant control on product cost. For this objective, product designer should evaluate different design alternatives by using criteria related not only to function but also to manufacturability and cost. The idea of the present approach is to provide designers with a Knowledge-Based (KB) tool (called LeanCost) that analyzes the product design information by using a manufacturing knowledge base in order to automatically obtain the estimation of manufacturing cost. Method:


36 June 15

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The method proposed in this work originates from the concept that several company departments (product design, process engineering and purchasing) should base their activity on a shared cost model and a related cost estimation tool. The approach is schematised as a single cost estimation software, used in the three main phases of the product development process (design, industrialization and manufacturing). When this kind of software will deployed by a company, each designer will use a Knowledge-Based (KB) tool that analyzes the product design information by using a manufacturing knowledge base in order to automatically obtain the estimation of manufacturing cost. Result: In order to evaluate the reliability of this estimation software tool, it is relevant to gather experimental results and evaluate deviation between the standard cost and the estimated one. Standard cost is that one manually calculated by product engineering, while estimated cost is calculated by the designer using the estimation tool. Results analysis will provide useful information to improve the reliability of LeanCost, in terms of parameters and functions. Discussion & Conclusion: The LeanCost software tool has been appreciated for its fast and ease of use on almost all the operations required to produce mechanical components, especially for carpentry and sheet metal operations. Improvements are related to the recognition of manufacturing features on 3D CAD models represented by neutral data formats, such as .STEP and . IGS.

Keywords: Feature-based costing, Design to Cost, KBE, Lean product design

Corresponding Author: Marco Mandolini

Tel.: +39-071-2204797

Fax.:+39-071-2204801


Address: Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Dipartimento di Meccanica, 60131 Ancona

KBE approaches in preliminary design: a case study

M. Caneri (a), G. Concheri (a), R. Meneghello (a), A. Baschiera (a)

(a) DAUR – Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, University of Padova.

Abstract:

Purpose: Purpose of this work is to summarize some possible improvements to the traditional parametric approach for virtual prototyping, by illustrating a particular application case: the preliminary design of a heat recovery system. Reference is made to the following scenario: conceptual design being accomplished, the team of designers has to face problems typical of system design, e.g. assigning a common value for variables to establish some guidelines, or evaluating alternative solutions. In such a case, a fast, flexible way to generate many versions of the same feature could be profitable. Method:


37 June 15

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Fast evaluation of alternative solutions will be accomplished by using the knowledge-based capabilities of one of the most popular CAD platform, Catia V5. A simplified predictive model of the thermo fluid dynamic behavior of the heat recovery circuit, based on a computing worksheet, will be interfaced with the CAD by a project table: in this way, all the current values assigned to the degrees of freedom will be transmitted to the virtual prototype. The CAD model will be featured with some checks, rules and automatic procedures: hence, it’s possible to select all the configurations compatible with some imposed constraints, and save them in a new project table, to easily recall and transmit them to project partners. Result: Through the model it was possible to find, select and automatically reconstruct all the configurations (defined by combinations of values for degrees of freedom) compatible with the imposed constraints. Discussion & Conclusion: The use of the knowledge base capabilities of the Catia V5 platform, and the interface with a scientific computing software by a project table, allowed the development of automatic procedures to evaluate the alternative configurations of a heat recovery system and check their compatibility with specific requirements.

Keywords: KBE, Preliminary Design, Micro-cogeneration, Catia V5, Project table.

Corresponding Author: Massimiliano Caneri

Tel.: +39 049 8276734


39 June 15

th – 17


GEOMETRIC MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

Geometric Modelling and Analysis

40 June 15

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Parametric Modeling of Free-Form Surfaces

for Progressive Addition Lens

G. Savio (a), G. Concheri (a), R. Meneghello (a)

(a) DAUR - Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, University of Padova

Abstract:

Purpose: By the mid-40s, the amplitude of accommodation has declined sufficiently so that most of us can no longer accommodate clearly and comfortably for close tasks. This condition, called presbyopia, is related to the growth of the lens. Nowadays, due to the development of the free-form technologies, the progressive addition lenses (PAL) are the best solution for the presbyopia. To obtain the necessary optical properties, a continuous change in the curvature along a line (called corridor) must be provided on a surface of the lens (progressive surface). Method: In this work a method for the parametric design and analysis of progressive addition lens, based on discrete shape modeling, is proposed. Both the optical (e.g. power and addition) and the geometrical (e.g. inset, corridor length, amplitude of the distance and near vision area) parameters have been taken into account. Result: Different parameters are assessed in the design stage of PAL. The method developed for the analysis of surface optical properties, especially with regard to the astigmatic surface power, has proved an essential tool for the analysis of results. A key role in the resultant optical properties of the designed PAL is covered by the distribution of the curves in the intermediate area and by the curvature equation along the corridor. Discussion & Conclusion: The free-form technologies, recently introduced in the manufacturing process of ophthalmic lenses, allow the production of high performance and custom PALs. Surface power and astigmatic surface power show similar behaviour to other commercial progressive additional lens but, in addition, the designer can define the distribution of astigmatism in the intermediate region. Compared to the methods proposed in literature, this method shows more opportunities in the design parameters definition and allows highly customized lens, designed on the main habits of the wearer. Moreover the exchange data formats for the CNC manufacturing process were described.

Keywords: Umbilics, Curvature, Free-Form Surface, Geometric Modeling, Progressive

Addition Lens PAL.

Corresponding Author: Gianpaolo Savio

Tel.: +39 049 827 6735

Fax.: +39 049 827 6738


Address: via Venezia 1, 35131, Padova, Italy


41 June 15

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A fast algorithm for manifold reconstruction of surfaces

L. Di Angelo (a), L. Giaccari (a)

(a) Department of Industrial Engineering, University of L’Aquila, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: In a previous paper these authors presented a new mesh-growing approach based on the Gabriel 2 – Simplex (G2S) criterion. If compared with the Cocone family and the Ball Pivoting methods, G2S demonstrated to be competitive in terms of tessellation rate, quality of the generated triangles and defectiveness produced when the surface to be reconstructed was locally flat. Nonetheless, its major limitation was that, in the presence of a mesh which was locally non – flat or which was not sufficiently sampled, the method was less robust and holes and non – manifold vertices were generated. In order to overcome these limitations, in this paper, the performance of the G2S mesh-growing method is fully improved in terms of robustness. Method: For this purpose, an original priority queue for the driving of the front growth and a post processing to efficiently erase the non–manifold vertices are proposed. Result: The performance of the new version of the G2S approach has been compared with that of the old one, and that of the Cocone family and the Ball Pivoting methods in the tessellation of some benchmark point clouds and artificially noised test cases. The results derived from these experiments show that the improvements being proposed and implemented prevent the generation of non–manifold vertices and render the new version more robust than the old one. This performance improvement is achieved by a small reduction of the tessellation rate as opposed to the old version; the rate is still, however, at least an order of magnitude higher than the other methods here considered (the Cocone family and the Ball Pivoting methods). Discussion & Conclusion: The results obtained show that the use of the new version of G2S is advantageous, as opposed to the other methods here considered, even in the case of noised point clouds. In fact, since it does not perform the smoothing of points, not even in the presence of very noised meshes, the new version of G2S, while producing more holes than the Robust Cocone and the Ball Pivoting, nonetheless manages to preserve the manifoldness and important details of the object.

Keywords: Surface reconstruction, triangular meshes, reverse engineering.

Corresponding Author: Luca Di Angelo

Tel: 00390862434310

e-mail: luca.diangelo @univaq.it

Address: Via G. Gronchi 18, L’Aquila, Italy


42 June 15

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Modeling methods in parametric design. Order matrix

J. López Soto (a,b,d); P. R. López Para (a,c,d); J. L. Caro Rodríguez (a,b,d)

(a) Industrial Technical Engineering School of Bilbao

(b) Graphic Expression and Engineering Projects department.

(c) Mechanical Engineering department

(d) Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. University of the Basque Country

Abstract:

Purpose: This paper is the result of a project to improve methods of digitization through parametric CAD software. Method: Geometric relations are one of the most repeated problems in digitization models. Therefore, it was proposed a tool to help manage the work of establishing the necessary relationships in models digitization. It is based on doing, previously, a Functional Analysis and a Geometric Analysis of the model. (López Soto et al. "Analysis of modeling methods in parametric design. Analysis of Geometric Relations." XXI International Congress of Graphics Engineering. Lugo, Spain, 2009). The purpose of this paper is a protocol which gathers all the results obtained after applying the previous analysis. Thus, the information condenses into a single document the Model Analysis. Result: This protocol of analysis would be a prelude to the implementation of the model with CAD software. It lets you define, and sequencing, the primitive geometric components and order to achieve maximum independence. The tool consists on a matrix that relates the geometry of the part with the CAD software operations, resulting in a highly graphical and intuitive tool. It shows the process of digitization to get a quality model. Discussion & Conclusion: The Model Analysis involves a time of preparation of the steps to digitization a part. This extra time is compensated by a greater time savings in subsequent interpretations and model reuse. Of course, the Model Analysis should be independent of the CAD software used in its implementation. Once the analysis is completed it shall proceed to elect the best CAD software to continue the design process. The activity of designing objects requires many revisions and updates of its parts. To succeed, we must be systematic and give utmost importance to detail from the beginning to the end of the design activity. Therefore, it is essential to perform a detailed Model Analysis for the modeling process, but software developers announced that all applications can be modified without unexpected changes arise.

Keywords: Parametric CAD, Geometric Relationships, Geometric Analysis.


43 June 15

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Corresponding Author: Jaime López Soto

Tel.: +34 946014314

Fax.: +34 946014300


Address: E.U.I.T.I. Bilbao. Plaza La Casilla 3. 48012 Bilbao. Spain.

A parametric associative modelling

of aeronautical structural concepts

under C0, C1 or C2 continuity constraints

V. Dattoma, M. De Giorgi, S. Giancane, P. Manco, A. E. Morabito (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione - Università del Salento – Lecce, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: In this paper, an associative-parametric approach is proposed in order to model the mesh of an aeronautical concept starting from a set of high-level structural primitives. To assure orders of continuity higher than C0 between adjacent instances, a suitable mathematical description of the structural primitives has been identified. The maintenance of the continuity constraints must be assured when the mesh is modified. Method: The Bézier curve and the Coons surface patch, with a suitable degree, are used in order to assure orders of continuity higher than C0 in the connection points or edges. Appropriate schemes of dependences are identified to assure the automatic propagation of the modifications complying with the continuity constraints. Result: The approach here proposed allows the designer to carry out the geometric modelling and the automatic mesh generation within one software environment in a fast and interactive way and complying with the geometric continuity constraints and the one-to-one correspondence between the mesh elements. This represents evidently a large advantage since the structural optimization process is simplified, with a relevant man-hours saving. A lower number of data transfers between different software is, moreover, involved with less problems related to the data corruption. Finally low conceptual value operations, due to manual correction activity of the model, are eliminated. Discussion & Conclusion: The methodology here proposed allows the automatic propagation of modifications satisfying the geometric continuity constraints and the one-to-one correspondence between the mesh elements. The approach is implemented into a CAD/CAE tool, called MeshFEM and developed using C++ and Matlab languages and the VTK library for the 3D graphic visualization.


44 June 15

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Keywords: design conceptualisation, aeronautic structures, primitives, quad-mapped

mesh, CAD/CAE tool.

Corresponding Author: Marta De Giorgi

Tel.: +39(0)832297776

Fax.: +39(0)832297768


Address: via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy.

Geometric modelling of metallic foams

A. Carofalo, M. De Giorgi, A. E. Morabito, R. Nobile

Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione - Università del Salento – Lecce, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The aim of this work is the development of a procedure able to model the highly irregular cellular structure of metallic foams on the basis of information obtained by X-ray tomographic analysis. Method: The geometric modelling is based on the feature “pore” characterized by an ellipsoidal shape. The data for the geometric parameters of the instances are obtained with a methodology which is driven by the pore volume distribution curve. This curve shows how much the cells, whose diameter belongs to a given dimensional range, contribute to the reduction of the total volume. Result. The presented methodology has been implemented into a CAD tool consisting of a Matlab routine identifying the instances of the feature “pore” and a CATIA’s macro modelling the closed cells foam. Discussion & Conclusion: The CAD model developed for two types of closed cells foams approximates by considerable accuracy both the density and the volume distribution of the real foams.

Keywords: Aluminium foam, Microstructural model, CAD modelling, OBB overlapping, X-

ray tomography

Corresponding Author: Alessio Carofalo

Tel.: +39(0)832297786

Fax.: +39(0)832297768


Address: via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy.


45 June 15

th – 17


Development of an algorithm

for a triangular approach to the sphere

based on the Platonic solids using MATLAB scripts.

M. Heredia Conde (a), M. Pérez Vázquez (a), J. M. Gomis Martí (b)

(a) University of Vigo - Spain

(c) Polytechnic University of Valencia - Spain

Abstract:

The sphere is a common object in uncountable engineering problems, which not only appears in structural elements like domes but also in thousands of mechanisms normally used in diverse kinds of machines. To design, calculate and analyze the behaviour on service of spherical elements it’s essential to have a good method to create an ordered group of discrete points of the spherical surface from the parametric equations commonly used to define the sphere continuously. One of the best known and widely used in high-level programming environment is MATLAB. The programming language has thousands of functions, lots of them specially designed for engineering processes. One of these functions generates a sphere knowing a given radius and shows the result. Nevertheless, this function is really imprecise because it’s based on parallels and meridians besides the obtained vertices don’t keep a constant distance each other. That because it would be appropriate to design a new function to generate accurate discrete approximations of the sphere. The objective of this paper is create a low-level function in MATLAB to obtain a discrete sphere with high regularity and high approximation in order to provide a good base to solve sphere-based engineering problems. To ensure a perfect symmetry and a high regularity platonic bodies will be used as a base to divide the continuous spherical surface in a finite number of regular triangles. The obtained results for the different seed bodies will be represented graphically and compared to each other. The accuracy of each method will be evaluated and compared too.

Keywords: Sphere, Triangular approach, Platonic bodies, MatLab.

Corresponding Author: Manuel Pérez Vázquez

Tel.: +34 677689233

Fax.:+34 986812201


36201 Vigo (Pontevedra) SPAIN.


46 June 15

th – 17


Shape optimization of smooth surfaces with arbitrary topology

P. Kiciak (a)

(a) Institut Matematyki Stosowanej i Mechaniki, Uniwersytet Warszawski

Abstract:

A popular method of constructing a smooth surface with arbitrary topology is choosing an irregular mesh and applying iteratively the Catmull-Clark algorithm. The sequence of meshes obtained in this way converges to a surface, whose curvature is continuous, except in a vicinity of special mesh elements; apart from the curvature discontinuity there, the limiting surface exhibits undesirable undulations, visible on curvature images. In this paper a shape optimization method is described, modifying vertices of the mesh to produce a surface with the curvature continuous and the undulations significantly reduced.

Keywords: B-spline surfaces, Curvature continuity, Shape optimization

Corresponding Author: Przemysław Kiciak

Tel.: +48 22 55 44 501


Address: Institut Matematyki Stosowanej i Mechaniki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, ul. Banacha 2, 02-

097 Warszawa, Poland.

Characteristics of conic segments in Bézier form

J. Sánchez Reyes (a)

(a) IMACI, ETS Ingenieros Industriales de Ciudad Real. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)

Abstract:

The rational Bézier form has become a standard in CAD-CAM packages and data exchange formats, because it encompasses both conic segments (in the quadratic case) and general free-form geometry. We present several results on the relationship between the quadratic rational Bézier form and the classical definition of conics in terms of their characteristics, such as foci, centre, axis and eccentricity. First, we recall a simple geometric procedure to compute arbitrary conic segments of given focus in Bézier form. Second, from this procedure we derive the geometric characteristics of a given Bézier conic in a straightforward manner, by employing complex arithmetic. For a central conic, a simple quadratic equation defines the foci location, and its solution furnishes not only an explicit formula for the foci, but also for the centre, axis direction and linear eccentricity.

Keywords: rational Bézier, conic, focus, axis, eccentricity

Corresponding Author: Javier Sánchez Reyes

Tel.: +34 926-295463


47 June 15

th – 17


Fax.:+34 926-295361

mail: [email protected]

Address: ETSII, 13071 Ciudad Real.

Constrained fitting of B-Spline curves

based on the Force Density Method

L. Barbieri (a), F. Bruno (a), M. Muzzupappa (a), J. P. Pernot (b)

(a) University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

(b) LSIS, UMR CNRS 6168, Aix-en-Provence, France

Abstract:

This paper presents a novel ap-proach for constrained B-Spline curve approximation based on the Force Density Method (FDM). This approach aims to define a flexible technique tool for curve fitting, which allows approximating a set of points taking into account shape constraints that may be related to the production process, to the material or to other technological requirements. After a brief introduction on the property of the FDM and the definition of the network used for the formulation of the fitting problem, the paper explains in detail the mathematical approach, the methods and the techniques adopted for the definition of the proposed constrained B-Spline curve approximation. The results suggest that the adoption of a mechanical model of bar networks allows developing a more flexible tool than the traditional least squared methods (LSM) usually adopted for fitting problems. Numerical examples show that the new approach is effective in fitting problems when the satisfaction of shape constraints, such as those related to production or to technological processes, are required.

Keywords: B-Spline curve, Constrained fitting, Force Density Method.

Corresponding Author: Loris Barbieri

Tel.: +390984494667

Fax.: +390984494663


Address:Arcavacata di Rende (CS) ponte P.Bucci, cubo 45C.

49 June 15

th – 17


INTEGRATED PRODUCT AND PROCESS DESIGN

Integrated Product and Process Design

50 June 15

th – 17


Influence of geometrical characteristics

on eco-designed products

R. Gaha (a), A. Benamara (a), B. Yannou (b)

(a) LGM, ENIM, Tunisie.

(b) LGI, ECP, France.

Abstract:

Purpose: Our work consists on helping the designer to create eco-designed product and allow the industry to still present in the market by respecting new established ecological laws. Method: In this paper we are focused on searching a simple ecological tool to the designer which is inspirited from researchers done to couple Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tools. Result: As a result we proposed a framework which consists firstly on a special geometric data base (D.B) containing the impact of all existing solutions in a given industry. Secondly, it consists on a macro applied to CAD and LCA tools which can calculate the impact of a new geometrical solution and adds it to the data base (D.B). Discussion & Conclusion: The need of ecological tools used on the design phase by a designer non expert in terms of environnement is still exists. In our work we tried to exploit existing geometrical solution environnemently evaluated to reduce the time of choosing the most ecological solution from used solution in industry and giving the possibility of new evaluation in case of a new one. This is done because the influence of geometry on the whole life cycle product. Our framework can be applied to each industry but the numeric tool is not yet developed; this can be the aim of a future work.

Keywords: Eco-design, CAD, LCA, Geometric characteristics, Eco-product.

Corresponding Author: Raoudha Gaha

Tel.:+216 25 66 85 11


Address: LGM, ENIM Rue Ibn Aljazzar Monastir Tunisie.


51 June 15

th – 17


A computer tool to extract feasible assembly sequences

from a product CAD model, in automated way

R. Viganò (a), G. Osorio-Gomez (b)

(a) Mechanical Engineering Department. Politecnico di Milano - Italy

(b) Design Engineering Research Group. EAFIT University - Colombia

Abstract:

Purpose: Justify the capability to obtain feasible assembly sequences through an automatic approach based only on contact and interference information between components of a mechanical discrete product, independently of adopted virtual modelling techniques and human intervention. Method: Analysis of assembly information available at early stages of design in virtual model of a product in order to identify reliable information to be used in a systematic methodology based on identification and evaluation of subassemblies. Result: Methodology and computer tool to automatically extract possible assembly sequences for mechanical discrete products, starting from topological contact information between components, and guaranteeing at least one feasible solution. Discussion & Conclusion: Results show that this approach allows obtaining automatically a lower finite number of assembly sequences than theoretical approaches with human intervention, in a faster way to be implemented at early stages of design using virtual model

Keywords: Assembly Sequence Planning, Automatic approach, Assembly modelling.

Corresponding Author: Roberto Viganò

Tel.: +39 0223998217

Fax.: +39 0223998202


Address: Via G. La Masa, 1 – 20156 Milano (Italy)


52 June 15

th – 17


Adaptation and implementation

of a process of innovation and design within a SME

A. A. Ammar (a), D. Scaravetti (a), J. P. Nadeau (a)

(a) Arts & Métiers ParisTech, I2M - IMC dpt., France

Abstract:

A design process is a sequence of design phases, starting with the design requirement and leading to a definition of one or several system architectures. For every design phase, various support tools and resolution methods are proposed in the literature. These tools are however very difficult to implement in an SME, which may often lack resources. In this article we propose a complete design process for new manufacturing techniques, based on creativity and knowledge re-use in searching for technical solutions. Conscious of the difficulties of appropriation in SME, for every phase of our design process we propose resolution tools which are adapted to the context of a small firm. Design knowledge has been capitalized in a knowledge base. The knowledge structuring we propose is based on functional logic and the design process too is based on the functional decomposition of the system, and integrates the simplification of the system architecture, from the early phases of the process. For this purpose, aggregation phases and embodiment are proposed and guided by heuristics.

Keywords: Innovation, Design, SME, Functional bases

Corresponding Author: Adel Amin AMMAR

E-mail: [email protected]

Address: Arts & Métiers ParisTech, Esplanade des Arts et Métiers, 33400 Talence - France.

Design for recycling problematic:

application to composite parts

P. Nicolas (a), K. François Xavier (a), P. Stephane (a), M. Olivier (a)

(a) I2M – UMR 5295 - Bordeaux University

Abstract:

Purpose: The use of composites in industry is ever- increasing. However, in spite of that, end of life solutions for composites are still under development. In this paper, a solution linking design strategies with a recycling process for composite materials will be proposed. The needs and multi-disciplinary skills required for taking recycling possibilities into account in the early stages of product design and the necessity to standardize product recycling capabilities based on design requirements will be discussed. Result:


53 June 15

th – 17


The paper highlights the need for designers to take a functional approach including characterization of materials and mechanical behaviour, recycling process limits, constraints and opportunities into consideration. The recovery solution for the thermoset composite is a supercritical water solvolysis process. This paper will show the first lessons learned from experiments with this technique.

Keywords: Design for recycling, Eco-design, Composite recycling, Design for environment,

Composites characterisation

Corresponding Author: Perry Nicolas

Tel.: (+33) 05 56 84 79 78


Address: I2M – IUT 15 rue Naudet 33175 Gradignan - France.

A novel tool for pneumatic spindle design

M. Carfagni (a), R. Furferi (a), Y. Volpe (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Meccanica e Tecnologie Industriali, Università degli Studi di Firenze

Abstract:

Pneumatic spindles have been introduced in a wide range of industrial applications. In fact, air motors offer a cost effective alternative to conventional electric devices and often remarkable functional improvements. In spite of their growing diffusion, air motor design is still performed mainly according to companies’ expertise, usually building a number of prototypes until the desired torque/speed (or power/speed) curve is obtained. The aim of this work is to provide a predictive model capable of estimating the characteristic curves by setting a set of air motor geometrical characteristics and inlet air pressure, in order to reduce the number of prototypes to be built. The presented study has been carried out with reference to vane motor, generally suitable for applications requiring high operating speeds. A statistical experimental approach (based on DoE technique) has been used in order to derive a mathematical-empirical model relating the geometrical and fluid-dynamic parameters with the system "response". The geometric parameters, defining the shape of the spindle, have been successively used to create a parametric CAD model with the corresponding technical drawings. The developed methodology, tested on a series of prototypes, proved to be effective in forecasting the characteristic curves of vane type air motor; moreover, due to the extremely low computational cost, it allows to assess a large number of design alternatives and to select the one best fitting the design target.

Keywords: Spindle design, air motor, parametric modeling, Design of Experiment

Corresponding Author: Yary Volpe

Tel.: +39-554796396


54 June 15

th – 17


Fax.: +39-554796700


Address: via di Santa Marta, 3, 50139 Firenze.

A novel method for sensitivity analysis and characterization

in integrated engineering design

A. O. Andrisano (a), M. Ansaloni (a), F. Leali (a), M. Pellicciari (a), A. Vergnano (a)

(a) Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering – University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)

Abstract:

Purpose: The present research work aims to analyze and characterize processes in terms of sensitivity of their performances. Robust design techniques, generally adopted for product and process optimization, are not suited for investigating sensitivity. Then a novel approach to such engineering problem needs to be proposed. Method: The developed method integrates and extends to the analysis of manufacturing and technological processes the Performance Sensitivity Distribution (PSD) theory, primarily introduced to provide analytical and geometric description of performance sensitivity for robotic mechanisms. Result: Such novel method, named Specialized PSD, starts from the clarification of the sensitivity analysis problem by defining key parameters, i.e. Design Variables (DVs), Design Parameters (DPs) and Performance Functions (PFs). According to the PSD theory, PF sensitivity is expressed in terms of deviations of DVs and DPs and it is geometrically described by a hyperellipsoid in the n-dimensional space. Sensitivity indexes are then introduced to assess PF variation for different combinations of DVs and DPs deviations. Regression Analysis is adopted to provide the mathematical description of PFs so the PSD theory is finally specialized to be applied in a process sensitivity analysis. Injection molding of a plastic specimen is finally investigated to validate the proposed method. Discussion & Conclusion: This work specialize the PSD theory for manufacturing and technological processes, extending its original field of application thanks to a novel approach to the analytical expression of the PFs. Moreover, when 2 or 3 parameters are considered, sensitivity indexes are graphically represented through tolerance maps of colour, so the method can be easily adopt for integrated design, especially in the early stage of product and process development.

Keywords: Robust Design, Engineering Process, Performance Sensitivity, Sensitivity Maps

Corresponding Author: Matteo Ansaloni

Tel.: +390592056278

Fax.: +390592056126


55 June 15

th – 17



Address: via Vignolese, 905/B – 41125, Modena (Italy).

Analysis tool of the management

of integrated systems of implementation

in the design of systems of industrial organization in Smes

industrial devoted to mounts and electrical installations

P. Ibáñez Carabantes (a), J. Sancho Val (a), A. Fernández Sora (a), B. Callejero Cornao (a)

(a) Universidad de Zaragoza, España - Departamento de Ingeniería de Diseño y Fabricación

Abstract:

In the present communication sets out the main characteristics of a tool of software developed for the analysis of the management of integrated systems of implementation in Smes industrial devoted to mounts and electrical installations. The design of this software and its implementation in different companies in this industrial sector, is one of the stages that make up the development of the doctoral thesis with the title SYSTEMS DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION IN SMES INDUSTRIAL DEVOTED TO MOUNTS AND electrical installations, in the territorial scope of the Autonomous Region of Aragon. After the analysis of commercial applications of management, and detect shortcomings relevant for companies in this industrial sector, raised the development of a tool of control and valuation of the management of processes adapted to the particularity of the companies installing electric, which would act on appropriate procedures and thereby save the conditioning raised. The implementation of this software on a representative number of companies, has enabled progress in the next stages of generating a model for the management organizational integral that meets the requirements of a functional design dynamic, and in which the technical structure and manager of the system, is responsible for the coordination and overall management of the same. At present, and because of the situation of decline in production and economic deflation, the management structure does not evolve toward criteria of expansion, but maintains its functional structure. The work associated with this activity is based on tasks that can sustain this business structure minimum, and being expectant that the time economic change and the economy to resume challenges more ambitious.

Keywords: Model, Industrial Design, Integral Organizing Management, Smes industrial

Corresponding Author: Pedro Ibáñez Carabantes

Tel.:+34 976 761000 ext. 5067

Fax.:+34 97676 2620


Address: Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Maria de Luna, 3. Edificio Torres Quevedo.50018 - Zaragoza.


56 June 15

th – 17


Shape Similarity: Methods and Industrial Applications

D. Francia (a), A. Ceruti (a), G. Caligiana (a), A. Liverani (a)

(a) University of Bologna

Abstract:

Mass production, reduced production investment, reduced response time and variability, globalization and increased customization are the most responsible for the need of optimizing the manufacturing process. As companies provide higher levels of customization, the number of products offered increases. Minimizing the cost of providing variety is possible by exploiting shape similarities amongst parts and products. Another reason for utilization of similarity assessment is the cost estimation. Total cost of any part to machine results from material costs, setup costs, tooling costs, and operation costs. Furthermore in very small productions the total cost of new components is affected more than 70% by process planning and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) programming. A relevant part of this time may be saved by modifying the process plan of an old similar part and this is a well known practice in the manufacturing industry. Shape similarity search in a CAD system is an answer to reduce process plan preparation because it finds similarities in geometry by extracting shape signatures from the 3D models and then comparing these signatures exploiting distance functions. This paper presents a review of the methods adopted to generate shape signatures and an analysis of the distance functions suitable for the comparison. The first part of this work investigates the models commonly proposed to extract the shape signature from a solid part. The second part of the paper discusses the choice of the distance function. At the end of this discussion the most appropriate method is proposed to assess the shape similarity, once the part to be manufactured has been assigned: results are shown in terms of accuracy of comparison and computational time, seeking for a trade-off between them.

Keywords: Shape Similarity, Computer Aided Design, Computer Aided Manufacturing,

Standardization

Corresponding Author: Daniela Francia

Tel.: +39.051.2093352

Fax.: +39.051.2093412


Address: v.le Risorgimento, 2, 40137 Bologna.


57 June 15

th – 17


A survey on systematic innovation strategies

for product design and development

C. Bandera (a), S. Filippi (a), B. Motyl (a)

(a) DIEGM, Dept., University of Udine, Udine, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: Aim of this work is a survey on systematic innovation strategies used for the development of new products or in product improvement and optimization processes. In particular, the authors investigate the innovation synergies coming from the combination of TRIZ methods with other problem solving and creativity enhancements methods, and their relationship with particular application fields. Method: The survey is based on a literature review of academic publications present in indexed DBs. Twenty-nine case studies were collected and analyzed about non-TRIZ tools used in combination with TRIZ tools. For each case, the level of systematic innovation introduced by the use of the different methodologies is qualitatively evaluated using the so-called individual innovation index. This index is based on two other specific indices: the solution innovativeness and the synergy level. Then a brief overview of the four most used non-TRIZ tools adopted in the selected case studies, quality function deployment, ecodesign, case-based reasoning, and axiomatic design, is offered. Result: The analysis of the twenty-nine selected cases gives only partial results, so the introduction of a corrected innovation index, which considers the systematic innovation level of the presented methodologies given the sample size of the different non-TRIZ tools, has been done. The analysis of the application field has been performed as well. Discussion & Conclusion: The research highlighted the growing importance of the application of the combination of strategies that uses TRIZ and non-TRIZ tools, as the well-known quality function deployment or the promising ecodesign, the case-based reasoning, and the axiomatic design. Moreover, it seems that there is no explicit relationship between specific innovation strategies and application fields, while it has emerged that systematic innovation is mainly used during the first phases of the product development process.

Keywords: Systematic Innovation, TRIZ,

QFD, Case-Based Reasoning, Ecodesign

Corresponding Author: Barbara Motyl

Tel.: +390432558291

Fax.: +390432558256


Address: Via delle Scienze, 208 – 33100 Udine Italy.


58 June 15

th – 17


A web-based Platform

to design Energy Efficient Electric Motors

C. Favi (a), M. Germani (a), M. Marconi (a), M. Mengoni (a)

(a) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The paper presents an innovative web-based platform for the design of energy efficient electric motors. The proposed system aims to answer the increasing demand of environmentally sustainable products and services which integrate electric motors whose energy consumption has been forecasted to rise to 721 TWh by 2015 by the European Commission. Method: The core of the platform is a knowledge-based system to configure and optimize the design solution according to the rules and guidelines which formalize manufacturing companies know-how and best practices. It integrates different SW tools to support electric motor development from conceptual design to detailed design and from design solution optimization to environmental impact assessment, up to the evaluation of manufacturing costs. The platform also provides a collaborative product development area where data can be exchanged among all process stakeholders and shared workflows can be managed. Results: The prototypal platform is applied to design a brushless PM efficient motor for producing machinery for furniture manufacturing. The achieved result increases current three-phase motor efficiency to 13% and reduces the emission of CO2 to 0.82 KgCO2 eq per hour of use. Discussion & Conclusion: The conclusion provides some discussions of experimental results to point out the main proposed challenges in electric motor design methodologies and the innovative features of the EROD platform.

Keywords: design methodology, energy efficiency, knowledge-based system, electric

motor.

Corresponding Author: Claudio Favi

Tel.: +390712204797


Address: via Brecce Bianche I, 60131 Ancona, Italy.


59 June 15

th – 17


Integrated Design of Robotic Workcells

for High Quality Machining

A. O. Andrisano (a), F. Leali (a), M. Pellicciari (a), F. Pini (a), A. Vergnano (a)


Abstract:

Purpose: Robotic workcells provide high flexibility and reconfigurability, cost effectiveness and user friendly programming for many industrial applications but still lack in accuracy, so important fields of application such as mechanical machining are currently covered by very expensive and rigid systems (machining centers). The present work investigates the possibility to extend the use of industrial robots to perform high quality machining. Method: The proposed method is focused on the enhancement of robotic machining accuracy through an integrated design method, based on robotic process simulation and tailored design of mechanical apparatus and software modules for robot control and programming. Advanced techniques for machining strategy validation, automatic robot path generation, workcell calibration, robot code commissioning are concurrently adopted. Result: Integrated design tools are fully exploited to define the system behavior, to simulate the whole process, to propose alternative machining set-ups and quickly generate and test parametric programs. The design method is finally applied to design a robotic workcell family for grinding special austenitic manganese steel casts, characterized by severe working conditions as high tool wear, high cutting forces, high vibrations due to surface hardness and non-repetitive shape variations in geometry and features. Discussion & Conclusion: Experimental results demonstrate enhanced performance of robotic workcells and final quality, due to minimization of tool vibration, increasing of robot stiffness and higher manufacturing flexibility, thanks to the capability of adapting robot paths to workpieces.

Keywords: Integrated Design, Robotic Machining, Manufacturing Simulation, Offline

Programming

Corresponding Author: Fabio Pini

Tel.: +390592056278

Fax.: +390592056126


Address: via Vignolese, 905/B – 41125, Modena (Italy).


60 June 15

th – 17


Understanding a particular semantic dimension:

how selecting the products for evaluation tests?

E. Aliouat (a), J. F. Petiot (b), D. Blumenthal (c), M. Danzart (c), J. M. Sieffermann (c)

(a) Renault, Direction de la Recherche, Groupe Perception et Analyse Sensorielle DREAM/DTAA,

Technocentre Renault, France.

(b) Institut de Recherche en Communications et Cybernétique de Nantes (UMR CNRS 6597), Ecole

Centrale de Nantes, France.

(c) Agroparistech, Laboratoire de perception Sensorielle et Sensométrie, France

Abstract:

In the industrial field, manufacturers frequently aim to improve acceptation by targeting global trends of consumers’ liking (to create a product that looks innovative, robust…). Sensory Science could support this task by evaluating perception and tastes (e.g. in sensory profiles or in hedonic tests) or even semantic dimensions regarding products of the marketplace. Nevertheless, the choice of these products may have significant consequences on the reliability of the results (and bring about biased conclusions). The control of this kind of effect is very tough because the choice of the products is imposed by constraints (costs, availability…). We attempt to develop a method to have a maximum of relevant information with a minimum of products. The present work deals with an experimental method, called “Features Picking”, using consumers’ feedback to define a product space. To illustrate the method, the proposed application concerns a specific semantic dimension: the fluidity of shape of car dashboards. In this case, 60 subjects selected “key products” according to the defined semantic dimension and attempted to verbalize which design features can explain it. Then, we assessed some statistical methods between hedonic and descriptive data to evaluate the efficiency of this approach. We finally highlighted the method giving the more relevant features with a reduced number of products. In this paper, we describe how we reduced a large set of 30 products to a subset of 11 products while keeping a maximum of information (87 % of the total information generated by the subjects).

Keywords: Sensory Science, Sensorial Design, Product Space, Subjective evaluation,

Features Picking

Corresponding Author: Emmanuel Aliouat

Tel.: +33 1 76832791


Address: 1 avenue du Golf 78288 Guyancourt CEDEX, France.


61 June 15

th – 17


Integrated product and process design

for microproduct development via microforming

W. L. Chan (a), M. W. Fu (a)

(a) Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract:

Microforming, which offers attractive characteristics of low production cost and high product quality that are superior to those of other processes, provides a promising process to manufacture micropart. Nowadays, microforming system design is generally conducted via trial-and-error approach based on scaling down and modifying the conventional macroforming system. However, when the forming system is scaled down to micro-scale, the conventional knowledge on the macroforming system design might not be valid. Late design changes are always needed. It is thus costly, time-consuming and error-prone. To address these challenges, “design right the first time” and “optimal design” are critical. Obtaining the optimal design in the conventional design paradigm would be very difficult, if not impossible, as there are many technical aspects related to the design of micro-scaled part, forming process, tooling and product quality control, which interact and interplay. Therefore, concurrent consideration of these technical aspects at up-front design stage is essential. In this paper, the technical aspects among the micro-scaled product and process design, and the material size-related deformation behaviours are articulated. The understanding of these technical aspects is critical to fabricate quality microproduct at high production rate and low production cost by microforming.

Keywords: Microproduct, Microforming, Material size effect, Product miniaturization

Corresponding Author: M. W. Fu

Tel.: 852-27665527

Fax.: 852-23654703


Address: Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom,

Kowloon, Hong Kong.


62 June 15

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A Procedure for Early Environmental Assessment

of Industrial Products

C. Rocco (a), S. Rizzuti (a), L. De Napoli (a)

(a) University of Calabria, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rende, ITALY

Abstract:

The paper presents a procedure that a designer can use in the early phase of product development in order to assess the environmental impact of the solution on which he/she is working on. Several methodologies are employed for this purpose, but basically we focus the attention on the functional analysis by means of its graph structure and the DSM, Design Structure Matrix. Both methods share the matrix format to manage functionalities and the relations among them or components and the connections among them. The original DSM format has been modified, introducing new records where the interaction with the environment outside is recorded. A set of rules have been defined by which it is possible to reach a rough assessment of the environmental impact. The paper discusses the employment of the methodology with a test case.

Keywords: Sustainability, Conceptual Design,

Functional Analysis, DSM, Early Assessment

Corresponding Author: Claudio Rocco

Tel.:+39 0984 494757

Fax.:+39 0984 494736


Address: Ponte Pietro Bucci 46/C, 87030, Rende (Cosenza), Italy.

Solving an engineering problem in shipbuilding by Triz method

A. Nocerino (a), M. Pappalardo (a), A. Pellegrino (a), F. Villecco (a)

(a) University of Salerno, Department of Industrial Engineering

Abstract:

This work follows from an application of Triz theory to an engineering problem. The mounting and positioning of a logo-structure on the ship funnel, which seems to be a simple technical problem, might lead instead to a significant number of aesthetic, structural and shipyard organization problems. After a careful examination of the various solutions proposed, it was decided to analyze it by means of Triz methodology. The analysis of technical reports and thanks to some works related to this field, we have obtained the solution of the problem with the help of software specifically devoted to


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organizing and managing information. This obtained solution has been used and tested in an European shipyard for a concrete shipbuilding problem.

Keywords: Design, Triz, Shipbuilding

Corresponding Author: Arcangelo Pellegrino

Tel.: 089-964308

Fax.: 089-964037


Address: Via Ponte don Melillo, 84084, Fisciano (SA).

65 June 15

th – 17


IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Image Processing and Analysis

66 June 15

th – 17


Image Processing and Tactile Methodologies

of a Navigation System for Visually Impaired People

N. Ortigosa (a), V. M. Santiago (a), S. Morillas (b), L.Dunai (a), G. Peris Fajarnés (a)

(a) Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

(b) Instituto Universitario de Matemática Pura y Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Abstract:

The development of a navigation system to provide information of the environment is a significant progress in the daily living of blind and visually impaired people. This document introduces a project whose objective is to provide the distances up to the objects that are present in a scenario, combining the information captured by two stereo cameras and using a tactile sensor array to represent the image by means of the surface that will be touched by the visually impaired person. So, on the one hand, the device integrates the image processing algorithms capable of obtaining the depth maps from which we extract the distances up to the objects of the scene. On the other hand, the information extracted by the image processing algorithms is shown to the blind user by means of a “tactel” (an array of tactile elements in which each one is equivalent to a pixel of the image scenario), so different depths will be detected and represented. In addition, the stereo cameras will be integrated over a pair of sun glasses, in order to facilitate the way that the visually impaired person can wear them.

Keywords: Stereo vision, Tactile elements, Navigation system, Depth map

Corresponding Author: Nuria Ortigosa

Tel.: +34 963879518

Fax.: +34 963879519


Address: Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia (Spain).

Automated dyeing of free-form leather patch edges:

a Machine Vision based system

L. Governi (a), Y. Volpe (a), M. Toccafondi (a), M. Palai (a)


Abstract:

Many fashioned leather goods are characterized by seamless but visible edges, finished by means of time-consuming iterative processes involving edge grinding and subsequent dyeing. In the last years great efforts have been made by scientific and technical community to automate many leather manufacturing processes; therefore, the need to


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carry out manually the edge dyeing procedure represents a bottleneck for the entire leather finishing process. As a consequence the development of an automated dyeing procedure is advisable. The main purpose of the present work is to describe a Machine Vision based system for automatically dyeing leather patch edges. Such a system comprises two main parts: a Machine Vision (MV) system devoted to leathers edge detection and a CNC painting pantograph (2 axis Cartesian robot) whose painting tool is moved according to the output of the MV apparatus. The developed system, tested on a prototype dyeing machine, proved to be effective in delivering high quality edge finishing.

Keywords: Leather dyeing, Machine Vision, Process automation.

Corresponding Author: Lapo Governi

Tel.: +39-554796396

Fax.: +39 -554796700



Automatic image-based car profile character line recognition

M. Fiorentino (a), A. E. Uva (a), G. Monno (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Gestionale, DiMEG, Politecnico di Bari

Abstract:

Purpose: This paper presents an automatic image based tool for character lines recognition of automotive profiles. Method: A novel Matlab program scans automotive pictures on the web recognizing the wheels and the main feature lines. Result: The system can scan a large dataset of existing or concept car models using image search engines. Discussion & Conclusion: Taking advantage of the formal topology of automotive profiles the wheels are used as main reference for character lines extraction. The algorithm detects wheelbase, roof, waist and accent line with a good level of confidence. The collected data can be used for statistical studies and to define the character of a car design.

Keywords: Aesthetic design, character lines recognition, image processing, computer

aided styling.

Corresponding Author: Michele Fiorentino

Tel.: 00390805962800

Fax.: 00390805962777


68 June 15

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Address: Viale Japigia 182,70126 Bari, Italy.

The detection of petroglyphs through digital image processing.

The particular case of the stone

inside the chapel of Saint Bartolomé (Lugo-Spain)

M. L. Gil (a), J. Ortiz (a), S. Martínez (a), B. Vazquez (a),T. Rego(a)

(a) University of Santiago de Compostela - Department of Ingeniería Agroforestal

Abstract:

Purpose: This study explains the process of identifying a petroglyph detected in a rock for its subsequent analysis. As the petroglyph is practically invisible to the naked eye, photography and digital image processing is used to make its study possible. Method: Several bands generated from digital photographs captured in the region of the spectrum of the visible and NIR permit the digital analysis of the information as in remote sensing: the application of diverse algorithms, true colour composites, false colour NIR composites, filters and enhancements. Result: The best results obtained correspond with the true colour composite image filtered with a Gaussian filter 3x3 and enhanced with an adaptive enhancement. The inverse image also provides useful information for the analysis of the petroglyph. The highlighted features of the stone are, finally, digitalized. Discussion & Conclusion: The processing applied, allows emphasize the existence of a petroglyph. NIR image analysed has not contributed to provide notable information to the possible existence of rests of paintings or micro-vegetation.

Keywords: Petroglyph, identification, terrestrial, image processing.

Corresponding Author: Mª Luz Gil

Tel.:647344115

Fax.:982 285926


Address: Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Univeristario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain.


69 June 15

th – 17


Automatic alignment of multi-view range maps

by optical stereo-tracking

S. Barone (a), A. Paoli (a), A. V. Razionale (a)

(a) University of Pisa, Department of Mechanical, Nuclear and Production Engineering

Abstract:

Purpose: Industrial reverse engineering applications usually require reliable multi-view measurements of complex shapes obtained by full field techniques. One of the most challenging issues in this field is represented by the automatic computation of the best transformation parameters relating the different views into a common reference system. Method: A low cost optical tracking system has been developed with the aim at creating an automatic procedure to align 3D point clouds captured by a structured light system. The tracking system uses stereo images and retro-reflective infrared markers rigidly connected to the scanner. Markers are accurately tracked on the basis of automatic intensity-based analyses. Stereo correspondences are established by using epipolar and similarity constraints. Result: Experimental tests have been carried out in order to evaluate the capabilities of the developed system in the measurement process of nominal benchmarks and complex shapes. Discussion & Conclusion: The accuracy obtained in the automatic alignment of multiple views justifies the use of the proposed approach in the speed up of the measurement process for reverse engineering applications, especially when conventional high-end systems cannot be applied.

Keywords: Reverse engineering, Stereo vision, Optical tracking.

Corresponding Author: Alessandro Paoli

Tel.: +39 050 2218174

Fax.: +39 050 2218065


Address: Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, - 56100 Pisa - Italy.


70 June 15

th – 17


Automatic detection and tracking of planar markers

in a stereo-vision system

P. Franciosa (a), S. Gerbino (a)

(a) University of Molise, School of Engineering, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The present paper deals with the development of self-identifying planar markers which are automatically detected, tracked and reconstructed in 3D in a stereo-vision system. Method: Firstly, for every acquired image, the connected domains are segmented and classified by applying an adaptive thresholding algorithm. Once visual markers are extracted, based on specific inner geometric rules, they are classified by using a planar homography and then matched with a marker library. Two commercial low-cost webcams, arranged in stereoscopic configuration, were adopted. Cameras are calibrated by using the Zhang’s planar calibration procedure. A fast and efficient implementation is proposed based on the automatic marker detection. Finally, 3D triangulation is performed on the pairs of captured images. Result: The proposed algorithms were compared with an open-source package for camera calibration. Results pointed-out a faster calibration procedure not influenced by manual user interaction, and a less sensitivity on the number of calibration points and images. The implemented GUI drives the user to easily perform camera calibration and marker tracking. Discussion & Conclusion: The adopted marker layout allows to recognise coded markers even in presence of high (till 70°) projective angles. The proposed scheme for marker detection permits to easily edit and extend the marker library. More investigation is needed to improve the algorithm efficiency to make it more robust against illumination conditions and marker occlusions.

Keywords: marker detection, camera calibration, stereo-vision, video-processing,

advanced GUI

Corresponding Author: Salvatore Gerbino

Tel.: +39 0874 404593

Fax.: +39 0874 404978


Address: Via Duca degli Abruzzi - 86039 Termoli (CB) - Italy.


71 June 15

th – 17


Fast Correction of Tiled Display Systems on Planar Surfaces

C. Zoido (a), J. Maroto (a), G. Romero (a), J. Felez (a)

(a) CITEF – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Abstract:

A method for fast colour and geometric correction of a tiled display system is presented in this paper. Such kind of displays are a common choice for virtual reality applications and simulators, where a high resolution image is required. They are the cheapest and more flexible alternative for large image generation but they require a precise geometric and colour correction. The purpose of the proposed method is to correct the projection system as fast as possible so in case the system needs to be recalibrated it doesn’t interfere with the normal operation of the simulator or virtual reality application. This technique makes use of a single conventional webcam for both geometric and photometric correction. Some previous assumptions are made, like planar projection surface and negligible intra-projector colour variation and black-offset levels. If these assumptions hold true, geometric and photometric seamlessness can be achieved for this kind of display systems. The method described in this paper is scalable for an undefined number of projectors and completely automatic.

Keywords: Tiled displays, Projection, Simulation, Blending, Geometric alignment

Corresponding Author: Jesus Felez

Tel.: +34 91 336 31 16

Fax.: +34 915 618 618


Address: CITEF – Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. c/ José Gutierrez Abascal, 2. 28660 Madrid -

Spain.

Evolution of the Design and Decoration Processes

of Ceramic Tiles

B. Defez, F. Giménez Alcaide, V. Santiago, G. Peris-Farjarnés, T. Magal

(a) Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Abstract:

Ceramic tiles offer a technical and aesthetical solution very attractive for the covering of any kind of floor, regardless size, employment and environmental constraints. The designs of the decorated surface of the product have varied enormously since the beginning of the employment of the ceramic tiles in construction, both in considering the creative phase and the printing technology. In this work we relate the evolution of these two factors, their relationship through time and the last tendencies of the sector, where digital image processing and inkjet printing are gaining importance.


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Keywords: ceramic tiles, digital image processing, inkjet printing.

Corresponding Author: Beatriz Defez

Tel.:+34963879518

Fax:+34963879519

Email: [email protected]

Address:Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera S/N, 8L, 2º, 46022 Valencia (Spain)

73 June 15

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REVERSE ENGINEERING

Reverse Engineering

74 June 15

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Automation of the finishing process

of steel yacht hulls based on optical scanning

A. Paoli (a), A. V. Razionale (a), D. Saba (a)

(a) University of Pisa, Department of Mechanical, Nuclear and Production Engineering

Abstract:

Purpose: The manufacturing of large yacht hulls is a complex process in the shipbuilding industry. The traditional approach is based on the pre-fabrication of large steel panels that are welded together to form 3D superstructure assemblies. One of the most relevant aspects of a yacht is its visual impact. For this reason, a finishing phase is usually carried out in order to obtain a final target surface with smooth curvature. Current methodologies mainly rely on manual processes thus requiring a great amount of time and well-experienced workers. Method: This paper introduces an innovative methodology representing the basis for the automation of the finishing phase of large yacht hulls. The proposed approach is based on the measurement of the as-built hull surface through the integration of an active stereo vision system and a complex mechanical tracking system. A procedure to define the target surface has been developed by integrating information deriving from both the design and the as-built shapes. Result: The developed methodology has been tested on a broadside region of the hull of a 59 metres yacht assembled within a shipyard. A target surface, differing as little as possible from the design surface, has been modelled in order to obtain a uniform curvature shape. A finishing phase has then been carried out by applying a layer of filler and by milling the hull’s surface. Discussion & Conclusion: Results obtained have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach, speeding up the whole process and guaranteeing fair reflection line patterns on the manufactured surface.

Keywords: Shipbuilding industry, Reverse engineering, Robotic system, Surface modelling.

Corresponding Author: Alessandro Paoli

Tel.: +39 050 2218174

Fax.: +39 050 2218065


Address: Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, - 56100 Pisa - Italy

Reverse Engineering

75 June 15

th – 17


Construction of a geometric reference model

for automatic non-ideality evaluation

of an acquired high-density workpiece

L. Di Angelo (a), P. Di Stefano (a), A. E. Morabito (b)

(a) Department of Industrial Engineering, University of L’Aquila, Italy

(b) Department of “Ingegneria dell’Innovazione”, University of Lecce, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: For some years now, our research group has been developing a new methodology for automatic tolerance inspection starting from an acquired high-density 3D model. In this paper, with a view to grouping together all the information recognisable in a scanned object, a new data structure, called Recognised Geometric Model (RGM), is proposed. Based on this data structure, the evaluation of the non-idealities of the acquired object (form, orientation and location non-idealities) can be automatically carried out. Method: RGM is the result of an approach founded on the concepts of non-ideal feature and intrinsic nominal reference. The object to be inspected is segmented into a set of non-ideal features and, for each of them, one or more intrinsic nominal references are identified. An Intrinsic Nominal Reference is detected when a geometric property has been recognised to be common to a set of adjacent points in the 3D data set representing the acquired object. The recognition of these references from a scanned object is carried out based on some rules which, therefore, play a leading role in the definition of the domain of the representable entities within RGM. Result: New and old categories of form non-idealities are here defined and some procedures are proposed for a more robust process of verification of traditional tolerance categories (such as the straightness of a cylinder generatrix). Discussion & Conclusion: When using the RGM, tolerances can be specified according to the set of available and recognisable intrinsic nominal references. This allows for the automatic geometric inspection of the workpiece. However, the approach here proposed does not rule out the possibility of querying the RGM data structure by explicit geometric product specifications, in order to gather some quantitative information concerning special intrinsic geometric parameters and/or non-idealities.

Keywords: ISO Tolerancing, Three dimensional Metrology, Triangular Meshes, Shape

recognition, Automated inspection.



Address: Via G. Gronchi 18, L’Aquila, Italy

Reverse Engineering

76 June 15

th – 17


On the performance

of several stereo calibration methods and models

R. Furferi (a), L. Governi (a), M. Nunziati (a)


Abstract:

Stereo vision is a well-known technique which relies on a pair of cameras in order to reconstruct the shape and position of a generic object, without any additional geometrical and/or parametric information. The central issue in the set-up of a stereo vision system is two-fold: as first, removing the geometrical distortion caused by camera lens from images, then, make cameras aware of their own relative position in space. This paper is aimed to test the influence of different components of a calibration routine. In particular the goal is to compare the performance of several optimization algorithms and a number of alternative implementations of the pin-hole model. A main difference between this work and other tests present in literature is that the calibration performance is evaluated with respect to the measurement accuracy of the system, rather than by means of estimated reconstruction errors. In such a way, we get rid of theoretical errors, which do not represent any real application case, and we evaluate the accuracy on-the-field, facing with real-world issues. The obtained results show that, even though very complex equations can be used in order to represent cameras, usually, simpler pin-hole models remain competitive and robust, while refinements can be attained by using more powerful operational research algorithms.

Keywords: Camera model, Computer vision, Stereo calibration.

Corresponding Author: Matteo Nunziati

Tel.: (+39) 0554796394

Fax.: (+39) 0554796400



Computation of optimal acquisition viewpoints

for the 3D optical inspection of mechanical components

R. Raffaeli (a), M. Germani (a), F. Mandorli (a), M. Mengoni (a)

(a) Department of Mechanics, Polytechnic University of Marche

Abstract:

Purpose:

Reverse Engineering

77 June 15

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In the mechanical field agile production requires rapid and flexible shop-floor control techniques in order to verify the manufacturing operations effectiveness. To accomplish this goal, 3D scanning systems are evermore used for quality control purposes. Generally, 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design) product models can be used as reference in order to manage the verification process. The geometrical information represented in the 3D CAD model can be used in order to virtually plan, simulate and pilot the inspection process. Even if many methods have been developed to support view planning from known 3D CAD models, it is still necessary to study strategies and tools to improve the verification process performance. Method: The present work targets the development of view planning algorithms in order to support the automatic inspection of 3D shapes, including dimensional and geometrical tolerances. Result: Algorithms have been implemented in a prototypal software system that has been experimented as off-line application to provide inputs to a multi-axis Degree of Freedom (DoF) robot arm mounting an optical 3D scanner. Discussion & Conclusion: Two test cases from automotive and die casting fields are presented. They show the computation of acquisition poses in a suitable sequence and correspondence to the experimental data.

Keywords: GD&T, 3D scanning, Inspection, View Planning, Quality Control

Corresponding Author: Roberto Raffaeli

Tel.: +39 071 2204799

Fax.: +39 071 2204801


Address: Via Brecce Bianche 12, Ancona (Italy).

Experimental analysis

for error compensation of laser scanner data

F. De Crescenzio (a), M. Fantini (a), F. Lucchi (a), L. Seccia (b)

(a) Second Faculty of Engineering – University of Bologna

(b) Second Faculty of Engineering and CIRAM – University of Bologna

Abstract:

Among the different techniques of (RE), laser scanners are one of the most used instruments. The output of these optical technologies is a digital 3D description of a studying object, which is defined by a point cloud that approximates its surface. Reverse pipeline consists in a process beginning with the acquisition of object’s surface, described

Reverse Engineering

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by range maps acquired from different points of view. Further steps of the post-processing procedure allow to obtain the final output as a unique and well defined mesh. Laser scanners, as measure instruments, introduce errors in the 3D coordinates of each point cloud acquired, due to object’s surface appearance and reflection property, and also to noise components caused from the instrumentation itself. This paper presents an error experimental analysis of range maps acquired by an optical triangulation laser scanning system (Konica Minolta Vivid 9i), using a painted glass plane as reference object. This study is conducted considering that all point clouds acquired are affected by an error which is composed by two elements: a random component and a systematic one. In scanning processes it is not possible to completely remove the random component, but it is only possible to reduce it, in order to detect and define the systematic one, which is caused by laser scanner’s inner components and constructive features. The goal of this experimental work is to identify a compensation array to apply to the 3D coordinates of the range map points, in order to reduce the systematic component of error. It is possible to define a different array for every operative condition, depending on the distance from object to scanner and on the lens used during the scanning operation. By identifying an appropriate compensation array, it is possible to increase data precision and reduce noise of the collected laser scanning data.

Keywords: Laser scanning, Error, Precision, Accuracy.

Corresponding Author: Francesca Lucchi

Tel.:0543 374452


Address: Via Fontanelle 40, Forlì.

New CAD/CAM process:

an elaboration of the geometrical matrices of rosette

M. Giordano (a), S. Barba (a), L. A. Lopresti (b), G. Defranco (b)

(a) University of Salerno, Italy

(b) National University of La Plata, Argentina

Abstract:

The research, developed under the project of International Interuniversity Cooperation “Laboratory DRAWING AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS”, was applied to the study of decorative composition of uniplanar geometrical matrices, with the aim of identifying a key to understanding the structure of the work leading to a procedure coded for successive reproduction with automated systems. In the development of possible combinations of basic geometric shapes in the plane, the problem of replica is always present (for example, restoration actions), as the repeatability of a single part - foundation of his own existence - gives rise to the entire composition. It has been sought, therefore, from a careful analysis of the laws of symmetry that dictate the generative logic of the ornamental design for a precise canonization of themes and

Reverse Engineering

79 June 15

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motifs, to identify the geometric patterns, allowing the rational control of the decoration through the identification of iteration processes in series. The detail is not returned simply as it appears, but the theoretical decomposition of the work helps to find, in the subsequent reconstruction graphics, the nature and location of each item: a critical perspective that leads to a correct and realistic reproduction. The formal models tend to become so in geometric models, symbols of a deeper structure, which can be grasped with the help of topological patterns. And so, knowing the harmonic law that governs the entire composition, as defined by the rigid motion of a default form on a flat reticle, the tessellation can easily be reproduced starting from one unit as an entity that can be, with the use of machines numerical control, repeated mechanically. The possibilities offered by digital modeling and parametric development applications that allow the decoration to be reproduced as well as to be deformed have been experimented and tested. These applications create new wrapping surfaces of the ornamental theme. The procedure has been applied to case studies appropriate to analyze the principles of repeatability in series and of laboratory operations. This is possible due to the re-design and digital production tools with numerical control technology, to codify the technical reproducibility, immaterial and material, of the architectural decorations.

Keywords: Modeling, 3D creation, Milling software, Prototyping, Tracery

Corresponding Author: Salvatore Barba

Tel.: +39 089 96 4062

Fax.: +39 089 96 4343


Address: Facoltà di Ingegneria, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italia.

81 June 15

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SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES

Simulation and Experimental Approaches

82 June 15

th – 17


Numerical fatigue life evaluation

of an innovative internal combustion engine shaft

T. Ingrassia (a), G. Lo Buglio (a), E. Lombardo (a), V. Nigrelli (a), G. Sergio (a)

(a) Università degli Studi di Palermo – Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica e

Meccanica

Abstract:

A novel self-balanced internal combustion engine is presented. The new engine has a modular structure composed of two cylinders arranged in opposite way. It is characterized by an innovative system of linking between the pistons and the shaft, which has three toggles. One of these is on the middle of the shaft, whereas the others two are placed symmetrically. Thanks to this particular shape of the shaft, the pistons can move with the same timing and so the new engine comes back to be perfectly auto-balanced. Moreover, the fatigue life prediction of the shaft has been studied through numerical methods. In particular, two different approaches have been compared to estimate the maximum number of working cycles: the first is based on a “static” resistance criterion, the second considers the multiaxial nature of the stress and is based on the maximum shear stress (critical) plane criterion. The stress distribution on the shaft during the usual working conditions has been evaluated by a FEM package. Results highlight that the critical plane approach is more conservative than the “static” one.

Keywords: Mechanical design, Crankshaft, Multiaxial fatigue, Finite elements

Corresponding Author: Vincenzo Nigrelli

Tel.: 0039 091 6657148

Fax.: 0039 091 484334


Address: viale delle Scienze – Edificio 8 – 90128 Palermo (Italy).

Development of a test machine for the tappet characterization

S. M. Oliveri (a), M. Calì (a), G. Cacopardo (b), G. Fatuzzo (a), G. Sequenzia (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Meccanica - Università degli Studi di Catania

(b) Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – INFN - Catania

Abstract:

The containment of the inertia forces, the stiffness optimization of components and the tolerance of fits are particularly important to the dynamic behaviour of valve train in internal combustion engines 4T. The dynamic study of the valve train, through modern computer codes, is performed by connecting lumped masses, springs and dampers that


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characterize each element. In numerical models the tappet is represented as constituted by the tappet and The aim of present work is the containment of the inertia forces, the stiffness components optimization and the fit tolerances of valve train in internal combustion engines 4T. The proposed methodology allows, through the development of a test machine, the evaluation of axial stiffness of tappet depending on eccentricity of the cam tappet contact, performing a functional analysis that simulate the behaviour of the system in operational condition, even if, some adjustment of tolerances of the fit between tappet and his guide, occurred. The dynamic study of the valve train, through modern computer codes, is performed by connecting lumped masses, springs and dampers that characterize each element. In numerical models the tappet is represented as constituted by the tappet and by the hydraulic element. Each of these elements is characterized by stiffness and mass. The structural rigidity of the tappet has, in fact, important effects on the dynamic behaviour of the entire valve train. The test machine makes possible the choice of the dimensional and geometrical tolerances of the fit between tappet and his guide; allows furthermore the evaluation of errors occurred during construction and integration phase. In addition, the test machine is also suitable for reverse engineering applications, makes it possible to automatically draw the cam profile in polar coordinates.

Keywords: Tappet, cam, valve lift, 3D modelling, Reverse engineering.

Corresponding Author: S. Massimo Oliveri

Tel.: +39 095 7382404

Fax.: +39 095 337994


Address: Viale A. Doria, 6 Catania.

An investigation on the validity of 3D clothing simulation

for garment fit evaluation

Y. Y. Wu (a), P. Y. Mok (a), Y. L. Kwok (a), J. T. Fan (a), J. H. Xin (a)

(a) Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Abstract:

Virtual cloth simulation received much attention in the past decade, and the fashion industry has been attracted to use this newly available tool in actual product development process to strengthen the collaboration along the supply chain and shorten the product time to market. This paper serves as an exploratory study to analyse the accuracy of 3D cloth simulation system so as to examine its validity and effectiveness in garment fit evaluation. A four-phase methodology is proposed in this paper: 20 types of woven fabrics are first tested in standard laboratory, and the obtained fabric property data are input to simulate the results of a flare skirt design. Real sample skirts are produced for comparison.


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An objective evaluation method is proposed to assess the accuracy of 3D simulation by comparing the quality of 3D virtual simulation results. Generally speaking, 3D clothing simulation is accurate because 18 out of the 20 tested fabrics have statistically similar results of 3D simulation and the real sample. The simulated results of the two fabrics are different from the real sample, particularly in the hip areas. Further study is thus required. With the range of validity identified, guidelines can be provided to the fashion industry for the use of 3D simulation system in design and fit evaluation.

Keywords: 3D virtual simulation, Garment fit evaluation, Fabric drape.

Corresponding Author: P.Y. Mok

Tel.:+852 2766 4442

Fax.: +852 2773 1432


Address: Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hunghom, Hong

Kong.

Simulating airport operations in a synthetic environment

S. Bagassi (a), D. Francia (b), F. Persiani (a)

(a) Second Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna

(b) Faculty of Engineering, University of Bologna

Abstract:

Current research on ATM (Air Traffic Management) is progressively focusing on the “green operations” concept. The European Commission as well as foreign institutions has identified Air Traffic as one of the sectors in which a “green” policy could be successfully implemented. Starting from the ACARE strategic research agenda, published in 2002, many EU funded projects have been launched aiming at a dramatic reduction of noise and pollution produced by Air Transportation System. Airport operations strongly affect the pollution and noise produced by an aircraft during the whole mission impacting on the environment and people living near airports. On the other hand, airport area and more generally the Terminal Aerodrome Zone is the bottleneck of Air Traffic System. The maximum capacity of Air Space is limited by the capacity of the airports. Therefore, the optimization of such operations is recognized as a challenge that aims at finding the best trade-off solution in order to maximize the airport capacity and minimize both pollution and noise. Modelling and simulation are the most powerful tools to study such an optimization problem. To help the evaluation of the model performances, a synthetic environment able to faithfully represent the airport area and its players (aircraft, helicopters, ground vehicles, etc.) is presented in this paper as an analysis tool. An experimental scenario that simulates Rome Fiumicino airport has been developed. In it aircraft are modelled as single material points and they are moved by an external


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simulation model implemented in Matlab/Simulink. The simulation model accepts as input variables the waypoints’ list to be visited by the aircraft and the aircraft speed. It gives as output the shortest path on the available taxi ways. The aircraft position at each time step is sent through an UDP protocol to the visualization environment and processed in order to obtain a fluent animation.

Keywords: Synthetic environment, Optimization algorithms, Virtual Reality

Corresponding Author: Sara Bagassi

Tel.:0543 - 374445

Fax.:0543 - 374444


Address: via Fontanelle 40, Forlì, Italy.

Design Of Simulation Experiments method

for Injection Molding process optimization

A. O. Andrisano (a), F. Gherardini (a), F. Leali (a), M. Pellicciari (a), A. Vergnano (a)


Abstract:

Purpose: Many studies demonstrate that DOE, CAE and optimization tools can be very effective in product and process development, however their integration is still under investigation, hampering the applicability of such engineering methods in Industry. This paper presents a Design Of Simulation Experiments (DOSE) method, developed to determine the optimal set of process parameters (factors) for given product requirements (responses). Method: The method is developed performing an original selection and integration of engineering procedures and techniques based on DOE, CAE and multi-objective optimization, chosen according to the following criteria: ease of application, time-saving and use of reduced resources. Result: The developed method consists of two main steps: a first screening of factors based on a fractional DOE is followed by a systematic experimental plan based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM), in which only key factors are investigated. A regression model is finally developed to describe the responses as functions of key factors and a multi-objective optimization is proposed to obtain optimal responses by tuning the process factors in their variability range. The DOSE method is finally validated on the design of an injection molded housing for a biomedical application. This thin shell component has dimension 45mmx37mmx16mm, wall thickness from 2mm to 0,5mm and is made of polyphenylsulfone (PPSU), a high performance thermoplastic. Discussion & Conclusion:


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The design method achieves good responses in terms of dimensional and geometrical requirements (e.g. warpage, shrinkage, sink marks), and improves the shell moldability. The DOSE method can be easily adopted in industrial product/process development to define the optimal process parameters for a better final quality of the products.

Keywords: Design Of Experiments (DOE), Simulation experiments, Computer Aided

Engineering (CAE), Integrated Design, Injection Molding (IM)

Corresponding Author: Francesco Gherardini

Tel.: +39 059.205.6278

Fax.: +39 059.205.6126


Address: via Vignolese 905/B –41125, Modena (Italy)

Virtual prototype development

for comfort assessment of occupational footwear sole

P. Franciosa (a), S. Gerbino (a), A. Lanzotti (b), S. Patalano (b),

V. Rufrano (b), M. Trotta (b), L. Silvestri (c), L. Frattari (c)

(a) University of Molise, School of Engineering

(b) University of Naples, Federico II, School of Engineering

(c) SAFE WAY s.r.l

Abstract:

Purpose: The present paper focuses on the parametric analysis of the sole of occupational footwear in order to improve the perceived human comfort. By combining real experimental tests and virtual simulations, the sensitivity of both geometric and material design factors, on comfort degree, was investigated. Method: The correlation among perceived human comfort and physical parameters, such as plantar pressures, was estimated by conducting real tests. Experimenters were asked to wear three commercial shoes and to express their perceived comfort degree. A bar-foot test was also performed. By adopting plantar sensors, plantar pressures were also monitored. Once given such a correlation, a parametric FE model of the footwear was developed. In order to better simulate the contact at plantar surface, a detailed FE model of the foot was also generated starting from CT scan images. A fractional factorial design array was, finally, used to study the sensitivity of different sets of design factors on comfort degree. In the present study only a static standing-up configuration was analyzed. Result: Findings of this research showed that sole thickness and its material highly influence perceived comfort. In particular, softer materials and thicker sole designs contribute to increase comfort degree.


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Discussion & Conclusion: Despite all simplifications and limitations, the proposed methodology may be successfully adopted in other industrial applications, in which the design (or re-design) of new products is driven by the satisfaction or the sensations of users.

Keywords: occupational footwear, comfort assessment, numerical-physical correlation,

virtual prototyping, pressure map.

Corresponding Author: Salvatore Gerbino

Tel.: +39 0874 404593

Fax.: +39 0874 404978


Address: Via Duca degli Abruzzi - 86039 Termoli (CB) - Italy.

89 June 15

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GEOMETRIC PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND TOLERANCING

Geometric Product Specification and Tolerancing

91 June 15

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An Extracting Points Strategy

for Flatness Measurement on Components by means of CMM

R. Rosa (a), S. Rizzuti (a)

(a) Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Calabria, Italy

Abstract:

The paper presents a semiautomatic procedure able to evaluate flatness error on real components by means of Coordinate Measuring Machine. The main problem in digital metrology is related to the dimension of the sample point size to be used in order to measure form errors with sufficient accuracy. The recent GPS rules establish a set of steps in which the measurement must be made. extraction is the step in which metrologists are urged to trade-off between small sample sizes (related to reduced costs and time) and accuracy (which should require a higher number of points). The best choice is to use the smallest sample size able to limit the uncertainty in measurements. These points should be extracted in the zones of maximum heights and valley. The paper discusses a procedure that has been tested introducing in the pre-analysis the qualitative methodology generally used for flatness evaluation by means of Prussian blue. This treatment shows the zones with peaks and valleys in a quick and easy way and the Metrologist is therefore able to extract points from these selected areas. The paper presents the results obtained about the flatness measurement on a matrix for injection moulding.

Keywords: Flatness, measurement, GPS, CMM, Point extraction, Prussian blue

Corresponding Author: Raffaele Rosa

Tel.:+390984494601


Address:Cubo 45 C, via Pietro Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende (CS) Italy.

Integration of tolerances in the mechanical product process

M. Tlija (a), B. Louhichi (a), A. Benamara (a)

(a) Laboratoire de Génie Mécanique LGM, École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Monastir.

Abstract:

In the design process, minimizing differences between the numerical model and the manufactured product is the subject of several researches. It guarantees a better optimization of the mechanical product. Tolerance is one of the most used tools in the design model to illustrate functional requirements of mechanical systems. However,


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tolerances are represented in the dressing form in the digital model (drawing form) and are not considered in the geometric model. Thus, the subject of this paper is to propose a model of integration tolerances in the CAD model. Indeed, assemblies modelling on configurations with defects are deduced from the tolerances. Thus, detection of the impact of tolerances on assembling and operating constraints, at an early step of product life cycle management, has become possible.

Keywords: CAD model, Geometric tolerancing, Dimensional tolerancing, Assembly with

defects.

Corresponding Author: Mehdi Tlija

Tel.: (+216) 97449055


Address: LGM, ENIM, université de Monastir, 5 Av. Ibn Eljazzar, 5019 Monastir, Tunisie.

The geometrical specification in concurrent product design

L. López (a), J. Cerqueiro (a), J. Pose (a)

(a) Universidade de Vigo (Spain)

Abstract:

In this paper, in the first place an analysis on the usual practices for the specification of acceptable geometrical variability in functional geometrical features of parts is carried out, and an interpretation on the ‘geometrical variability specification’ concept as introduced by ISO standards is established. In the second place, a wider and more integrative proposal for geometric specification is made, conceived as a concurrent process inside the product design and development process itself, where all problems referring to tolerancing-related information handling along the product life cycle are dealt with.

Keywords: Geometrical variability, Concurrent product design, ISO standards,

Tolerancing, Geometrical specification.

Corresponding Author: Luís López

Tel.: + 34 986 813942

Fax.: + 34 986 813644


Address: C/ Torrecedeira, nº86 - 36208 Vigo (Spain).


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Influence of form errors in plane surfaces assemblies

J. Grandjean (a), Y. Ledoux (b), S. Samper (a)

(a) SYMME, Polytech'Savoie, BP 80439, FRANCE

(b) Université de Bordeaux, I2M UMR 5295, FRANCE

Abstract:

In tolerancing activity, surfaces are usually considered without any defects (i.e. no waviness and no rugosity). Consequently, only size and position defects of surfaces are taken into account. The focus of this paper is to show the importance of these surface defects on assembly; it is highlighted that even if the real surface respects the geometrical specifications, it is possible to have a non-conform assembly. The developed method is applied on an assembly which uses two carters composed in parallel of a ball and cylinder pair and of a planar pair.

Keywords: 3D assembly, Form errors, Modal analysis, Positioning force, Non conformity

rate.

Corresponding Author: Julien Grandjean

Tel.:+33 (0) 450 096 597

e-mail:

[email protected]

Address: SYMME, Polytech'Savoie, BP 80439, 74944 ANNECY LE VIEUX Cedex, FRANCE.

Algorithm to calculate the Minkowski sums

of 3-polytopes dedicated to tolerance analysis

D. Teissandier (a), V. Delos (b)

(a) University of Bordeaux, I2M - France

(b) University Paris Descartes, MAP5 - France

Abstract:

Prompted by the development of algorithms for analysing geometric tolerancing, this article describes a method to determine the Minkowski sum for 3-dimension polytopes. This purposed method is based exclusively on intersection operations on normal cones, using the properties of the normal fan of a Minkowski sum obtained by common refinement of the normal fans of the operands. It can be used to determine from which vertices of the operands the vertices of the Minkowski sum derive. It is also possible to determine to which facets of the operands each facet of the Minkowski sum is oriented. First, the main properties of the duality of normal cones and primal cones associated with the vertices of a polytope are described. Next, the properties of normal fans are applied to define the vertices and facets of the Minkowski sum of two polytopes.


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An algorithm is proposed which generalises the method. An example shows the application of the method on an assembly made up of two parts. Lastly, there is a discussion of the features of this algorithm, developed using the OpenCascade environment.

Keywords: Geometric tolerancing, Minkowski sum, Polytope, Normal fan

Corresponding Author: Denis Teissandier

Tel.: +33 5 4000 6222

Fax.:+33 5 4000 6964


Address: University of Bordeaux, I2M – UMR CNRS 5295, 351 cours de la liberation, F-33405 Talence

cedex - France.

Experimental evaluation of convex difference surface

for planar joint study

H. N. Lê (a), Y. Ledoux (a), P. Darnis (a), A. Ballu (a)

(a) Université de Bordeaux – UMR 5295 CNRS - I2M Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux

Abstract:

In tolerancing, numerous works deal with the theory of tolerance analysis and synthesis of mechanisms, others deal with verification of isolated parts, but no study has focused specifically on the metrology of mechanisms. Nowaday, the metrology of mechanisms begins to be a key parameter for validating the theoretical model of joint. At first, a measuring system is presented; it allows to determine experimentally joint behaviours. This device is based on a set of displacement sensors, located outside the joint, to capture every spatial displacement. From the measures, the three rotations and three translations of displacement are computed. The originality of the system is to allow the visualization of the gap hull of the joint. Moreover, the distribution of the local form defects of the surfaces in contact inside the joint may be determined. In parallel, the surfaces in contact are measured with an area surface texture measuring instrument. From these measurements, it is proposed to compute theoretically the gap hull. Finally, a comparison of both hulls is presented.

Keywords: Gap hull, Difference surface, Joint behaviour, Form defect, Tolerancing

Corresponding Author: Alex Ballu

Tel.: (33)5 4000 66 13


Address: 351 Cours de la libération, 33400 TALENCE.


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Assembly analysis for spot-welded compliant assembly:

Guidelines for formalizing the plasticity contribution

to tolerance analysis

S. Moos (a), E. Vezzetti (a), A. Zompì (a)

(a) Politecnico di Torino – Dipartimento di Sistemi di Produzione ed Economia dell’Azienda

Abstract:

The aim of the paper is to define guidelines for integrating the effects of plastic deformations into a tolerance analysis model so to better describe the dimensional quality of compliant assemblies, in which sheet metal parts are subjected to tolerances and are joined by resistance spot welding. It is developed a FEM computational model that considers the plastic effects of the complete spot welding process. Two worst cases were analysed for a butt joint, the first with parts mismatching with a gap and the second with parts mismatching for loading interference. The analysis results show an important role of material plasticity: the fixture clamping, the electrode closure on flanges and the welding thermal cycle cause permanent deformation on the parts and affect the assembly dimensional quality. In conclusion, to improve the result of tolerance stack-up analysis for compliant assemblies it is advisable to consider: isotropic plastic behaviour of material, two distinct solution models for gap and interference geometrical conditions, the loading sequence, contact surfaces, fixture locator position and dimensions.

Keywords: Compliant assembly analysis, Tolerance analysis, Quality, Resistance spot

welding, Plasticity

Corresponding Author: Sandro Moos

Tel.: 011 564 7294

Fax.: 011 564 7299


Address: Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino.


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Form errors estimation in free-form 2D and 3D geometries

A. Cerardi (a), R. Meneghello (a), G. Concheri (a), G. Savio (a)

(a) Università di Padova

Abstract:

Purpose: The aim of this work is to present a method for the verification of form tolerances in free-form geometries. Method: New free-form error parameters, in accordance with ISO GPS standards are defined. Geometrical errors in 2D e 3D geometries are calculated using a new fitting method consisting in an association operation where nominal profile/surface is resized (with an offset), located and oriented on the non-ideal geometry. Form tolerance is estimated using peak-to-valley deviation after the best fit. Result: Automatic algorithms are implemented to analyse 2D free-form profiles of moulds for ophthalmic lenses obtained with grinding and polishing operations and to analyse 3D free-form surfaces of an injection moulded lamp lens for automotive industry. Discussion & Conclusion: The comparison between results obtained using this approach and using traditional fitting methods shows differences on the fitting and errors parameters estimation. In particular in the traditional fitting there is a repartition of the size error contribution in the translation and form errors. The differences increase proportionally to the offset value estimated. The calculation of offset parameter allows the separation of size from geometric errors in free-form profiles/surfaces and the “true” form error estimation.

Keywords: Geometric Product Specification, Free-form inspection, Profile tolerancing,

Product verification, Verification method

Corresponding Author: Andrea Cerardi

Tel.: +39 049 8276734

Fax.: +39 049 8276738


Address: via Venezia, 1, 35131 Padova Italy.

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DESIGN METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

Design Methods and Applications

98 June 15

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Redesign of an auto-levelling base

for submarine seismic sensor

M. D’Anna (a), T. Ingrassia (a), G. Mangano (b), V. Nigrelli (a)

(a) Università degli Studi di Palermo

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica e Meccanica

(b) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica - Osservatorio Geofisico di Gibilmanna

Abstract:

The OBS (acronym of Ocean Bottom Seismometer) is a system to monitor the submarine seismic activity. To properly work, an OBS system needs a suitable auto-levelling base to maintain a fixed (horizontal) position during the measurement phases. In this work a new auto-levelling base for submarine seismic sensors has been designed. During the redesign process a preliminary phase of analysis of the state of art has been made. Afterwards, the technological solutions chosen by different manufactures have been critically analysed, and a full description of their functionalities, working principles and system performances has been carried out. Later, some innovative concepts have been proposed. Among these ones, the most interesting are the auto-levelling bases with spherical joint, based on: air bearings, ball bearings and magnetic levitation systems. The concept scoring method has been used to identify. as best concept, the auto-levelling base with spherical joint and air bearings system. Successively, the chosen concept has been implemented: the technical working principles have been studied to choose the best solutions in terms of dimensions, shapes, materials of all base components. A full parametric CAD model of the auto-levelling base has been also created. The new designed base, by using a very innovative auto-levelling system, allows to obtain very good results as regards the accuracy of positioning, so ensuring a remarkable improvement of the performances of the ocean bottom seismometers.

Keywords: Auto-levelling base, Redesign, OBS, Submarine seismic sensor, Air bearings

Corresponding Author: Vincenzo Nigrelli

Tel.: 0039 091 6657148

Fax.: 0039 091 484334




99 June 15

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Measuring dynamical parameters for spherical objects:

Application for sports training

E. Lluna (a), V. Santiago Praderas (a), F. Brusola (a), B. Defez (a), I. Lengua Lengua (a)

(a) Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.

Abstract:

Measurement of dynamical parameters like velocity or spin of spherical objects in movement is important for different purposes in areas like sports training, ballistic, games, aerospace applications, etc. To obtain these data, many different non contact measurement techniques have been applied. Common techniques include image processing, radar, ultrasound or optical devices. Most of the mentioned methods have important drawbacks to be used in real applications. The paper describe a developed device to measure dynamical parameters of moving objects based on electro-optical sensors and its application to sports training .The device avoids most of the drawbacks and can be used on the field or in industrial environments.

Keywords: Electro-optical device, Non contact measurement, Velocity measurement

Corresponding Author: Victor Santiago

Tel.: +34 96 387 95 18

Fax.: +34 96 387 95 19

e-mail: [email protected].

Structural and Topological Optimization in Robot Design

S. M. Oliveri (a), M. Calì (a), G. Sequenzia (a), G. Fatuzzo (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e Meccanica - Università degli Studi di Catania

Abstract:

This work focuses on implementing and applying procedures to optimize the structure of a robot. This research addresses the problem of determining the optimal topology which maximizes the rigidity of bodies subject to local stress by uniting structures with different densities and materials. This methodology provides a functional analysis of the robot in operation from a three-dimensional elastic perspective with a view to deriving the best configuration. After a description and an analysis of current optimization techniques, topological and geometrical methods, SKO (Soft Kill Option) are implemented in a FEM code to appraise the robot’s components and to allow multiple dynamic loading conditions. We discuss about some solutions obtained by the classical approach of scaling the stress maximum associated only by assigning weights and dimensions, and then the results obtained with the new methodology.


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The proposed methodology was applied to studying a ‘Tribot’ robot (fig. 1). The Tribot has three parts: two split driving parts and a manipulator with modular behaviour. Topological optimization includes aspects such as redrawing size and shape of component. By using the methodology of rapid prototyping (RP) the solutions were assessed quickly and particularly lightweight. Reliable modular structures were built.

Keywords: lightweight design, biological structures, strength, SKO, Rapid prototyping.

Corresponding Author: S. Massimo Oliveri

Tel.: +39 095 7382404

Fax.: +39 095 337994


Address: Viale A. Doria, 6 Catania.

Preliminary Design of a New Bridge System

for a Modern Mine Hunter Vessel

D. Boddi (a), M. Vezzani (b)

(a) Naval Academy, Dipartimento di Informatica - LIVORNO (ITALY)

(b) Naval Academy, Dipartimento del Genio Navale - LIVORNO (ITALY)

Abstract:

The present work summarises some of the most relevant aspects of an activity for a preliminary design of a new bridge system for a modern Italian Navy mine hunter vessel. The authors have contributed to such activity as a naval consultant and a CAD consultant respectively. The solution proposed by the authors is an integrated bridge system, which is an original solution for Italian Navy. The first part of the work defines the optimum instrumentation for the implementation of operational tasks and analyses the correct positioning for each and every console within the integrated bridge. The second part of the work describes the design activity through the use of 2D and 3D CAD software, taking into consideration the functional, operative, dimensional and ergonomical aspects of the instrumentation. As a result of the activity, an operative methodology is proposed, aimed to reduce the design time. It is not possible to provide a complete design description as far as part of the information is confidential.

Keywords: mine hunter, integrated bridge, 3D CAD

Corresponding Author: Marco Vezzani

Tel.: ++39586238296


Address: Accademia Navale, Viale Italia 72 - 57127 LIVORNO (ITALY).


101 June 15

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Study of the impact of a bomb on the side of a vessel

and validation by comparing the original sheet

with numerical simulation

G. García (a), A. Álvarez (a), C. Anido (b), B. Álvarez (b)

(a) Departamento de Construcciones Navales, E.U. Politécnica, Universidad de La Coruña.

(b) Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Universidad de La Coruña.

Abstract:

The present work shows the comparison between the results of simulating the impact of a bomb in the side of the destroyer “Marqués de la Ensenada” structure and the outcomes obtained by digitalizing the original sheet that suffered the crash. On the 2nd of October 1981 an explosive device was placed against the dock of the city of Santander very close to the destroyer, which was in the port collaborating on the surveillance of the borderland. The vessel was then towed to the Santander shipyards with the help of four tugs and moved into dry dock to be urgently repaired. However, the final repair took place later on at the National Company Bazan dockyards, in Ferrol. When the damaged elements were substituted, they were handed over to the Naval Museum of Ferrol for exhibition. This material was used to simulate the explosion by means of the finite element method and compare these results with the digital photograph of the real sheet.

Keywords: Bomb, Vessel, Numerical simulation, Finite element method.

Corresponding Author: Ana Álvarez García

Tel.: 34981337400/Ext.3097

Fax.: 34981337301


Address: Avda. 19 de febrero s/n, 15405 La Coruña (Spain).


102 June 15

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Mathematical modelling and simulation

of an adjustable-stiffness spring

J. M. Chacón (a), A. González Rodríguez (b), A. Donoso (c), A. G. González Rodríguez (d)

(a) ETSII, Institute of Applied Mathematics in Science and Engineering,

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

(b) ETSII, Department of Applied Mechanics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

(c) ETSII, Department of Mathematics, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

(d) ETSII, Department of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Universidad de Jaén, Spain.

Abstract:

An adjustable-stiffness actuator composed of two antagonistic non-linear springs is proposed in this paper. The elastic device consists of two pairs of leaf springs working in pure bending under large displacement hypothesis. Owing to this geometric non-linearity, the global stiffness of the actuator can be adjusted by modifying the shape of the leaf springs. A mathematical model has been developed in order to predict the mechanical behaviour of our proposal. The non-linear differential equation derived from the model is solved, obtaining large stiffness variations.

Keywords: Compliant-actuators, Adjustable-stiffness, Large displacements, Leaf spring.

Corresponding Author: J.M. Chacón

Tel.: +34 926 29 53 00

Fax.:+34 926 29 53 61


Address: Edificio Politécnico s/n 13171, Ciudad Real, Spain.

Design of physical prototypes to analyze aerodynamic effects

J. L. Santolaya (a), R. Miralbés (a), V. Navarro (b), J. A. García (b), E. Calvo (b)

(a) Design and Manufacturing Engineering Department. University of Zaragoza (Spain)

(b) Fluid Mechanics Department. University of Zaragoza (Spain)

Abstract:

The testing of physical prototypes is a critical step in the product design process since it allows detecting ignored faults and establishing actual manufacturing costs. By means of tests in experimental facilities, it is possible to obtain clarification on complex problems, to improve mechanical systems operation and to compare empirical results with theoretical models and numerical simulations data. This work was aimed at designing of two different physical prototypes for specific purposes: a device to achieve the efficient atomization of a bulk liquid and vortex


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generators units to reduce drag in heavy trucks. In both cases, the involved aerodynamic phenomena will be comprehensively characterized in laboratory. Special emphasis was put in the development of prototypes which were able to allow us making a wide number of distinct alternatives with low building costs. Thus, modular designs based on the quick exchange between parts, were carried out. In addition, simple geometry components and basic mechanical systems were proposed. In the two cases, up to 400 different configurations of study were obtained.

Keywords: Physical prototype, Modular design, Alternatives of study, Aerodynamic

phenomena

Corresponding Author: José Luis Santolaya

Tel.:+34 976 761900

Fax.: +34 976 762235


Address: C/ María de Luna, 3 - (50018) Zaragoza - Spain.

Design optimization based on eco-design

and mechanical analysis

I. Lopez (a), R. Miralbes (a)

(a) Design and Manufacture Engineering Department. University of Zaragoza (Spain)

Abstract:

The work presented here attempts to show the advantages of relating design tools and methods that impact on improvement methodology and outcome of product design, in this case eco-design and the mechanical analysis are related in order to optimize the design to generate a lower environmental impact without loss of functional performance. The methodology proposes a market survey to select the objects to analyze, in which observe the environmental impact analysis with a specific tool so the ranges of optimal values in production, use and disposal of values and objectives and as the use of eco-design strategies are set. At the same time, a mechanical study using reverse engineering, loads and stress analysis, by means of finite elements that just results in a number of conditions and values to be taken into account in future design. Once the research and analysis raises the design stage in which proposals are made, those are analyzed using the same tools, in terms of environmental impact and structural strength, to establish more robust design from a series of alternative proposals according to predetermined design criteria. This work aims to link the findings of both analysis so as to enable optimum results and compatible design specifications and thus show the current need to develop hybrid methods that relate to the different techniques and tools.


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Keywords: Design methods, Eco-design, Mechanical analysis, Hybrid projects, Design

specifications.

Corresponding Author: Ramon Miralbes

Tel.:+347976761888

Fax.:+34/976762670


Address: Dept. Ing. Diseño. y Fabricación, Ed. Torres Quevedo, C/ María de Luna s/n, 50018

Zaragoza (Spain).

Development of a trade-off function

for robust optimization problems in design engineering

T. Quirante (a), P. Sebastian (a), Y. Ledoux (a)

(a) Université de Bordeaux, I2M, UMR CNRS 5295, Esplanade des Arts et Métiers, FRANCE

Abstract:

In industrial design processes, engineers and designers always need to perform compromises between many different design objectives. In particular, trades-off between nominal performance and design sensitivity have received increasing interests in the past few years. Robust design optimization methods focus on such conflicting issues in design engineering. Specific functions dedicated to the RDO framework, expressing the admissible compromises expected between nominal performance and design sensitivity have not yet stimulated much developments. The main purpose of this research work aims to develop a trade-off function to select among a set of alternatives, solutions which achieve rational compromises between design objectives. The design optimization model, composed by a model of the system behavior and a knowledge-based model, is formulated through observation, interpretation and aggregation functions. Such a procedure enables first to model preferences, provides a quality indicator for design solutions and finally turns the initial multiobjective optimization problem into a mono-objective problem which is solved stochastically by genetic algorithm. As an illustration of the trade-off approach, the method is used to achieve robust solutions for a side-impact crashworthiness problem.

Keywords: Robust design, Trade-off, Preference modeling, Multiobjective optimization,

Genetic algorithm.

Corresponding Author: Thomas Quirante

Tel.: +33 (0) 556 845 414

Fax.: +33 (0) 556 845 436


Address: Université de Bordeaux, IMS, UMR CNRS 5295, Esplanade des Arts et Métiers, 33405


105 June 15

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Talence Cedex, FRANCE.

Design of a device for stability control system,

to decouple loads,

for an optimised maintenance in hostile environment

R. Ambu (a), C. Falchi (a), A. Manuello Bertetto (a)

(a) Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: Among the primary objectives in future space missions, the building of lunar bases has a growing attention. For this reason, beside the lunar rovers allocated to the exploration missions, lunar vehicles assigned to working missions have to be considered. In this paper the design of a particular device developed for the lifting mechanism of a worker rover, is reported. The main task of this rover is to clear areas of the lunar soil allocated to the building of lunar bases. Method: Parametric modelling and numerical simulations were used to obtain compact geometries of the components and assess the structural behaviour of the most significant under extreme operating conditions. Result: The components of the device, relative in particular to the transmission mechanism, were developed for an optimal operating of the vehicle as concerns the stability control and the correct operating of the linear actuator under load, keeping into account at the same time the peculiar characteristics of the hostile lunar environment. Discussion & Conclusion: The optimally designed device, thanks to replaceable components, allows to recover an efficient system after long working periods. The introduction of the device in a prototype rover will allow to define the performance of the proposed arrangement.

Keywords: design, worker rover, hostile environment

Corresponding Author: Rita Ambu

Tel.:+396755709

Fax.:+396755717


Address: Piazza d’Armi, 09123 Cagliari, Italy.


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Design optimization:

management of large solution spaces

and optimization algorithm selection

A. Collignan (a), J. Pailhes (b), P. Sebastian (a)

(a) Université de Bordeaux, I2M departement IMC; Esplanade des Arts & Métiers, FRANCE

(b) Arts et Métiers Paristech, I2M departement IMC; Esplanade des Arts & Métiers, FRANCE

Abstract:

Context: In aeronautical industry, iterations between design department and simulation department - named "trial-and-error process" - are time and money consuming. Design and modelling of a fastened junction is a design problem often encountered, with a high complexity level. Modelling:

from a finite element model to simulate the stress in each fastener of the junction. Several criterion are calculated. Actually, the software cannot perform any optimization process. Design variables of this problem are numerous. Optimization: In order to solve the trial-and-error process and decrease the number of iterations, it is proposed to use a global optimization algorithm. Four stochastic algorithms inspired by nature are investigated: genetic algorithms, particle swarms, artificial immune systems and ant systems. Confronted to six benchmarks, an algorithm is selected and applied to the junction problem through three design scenarios, which illustrate the formalization of designer preferences.

Keywords: Multi-criteria, Mechanical design, Optimization algorithms, Large design space,

Riveted junction.

Corresponding Author: Arnaud Collignan

Tel.: +33 556 845 414

Fax.: +33 556 845 436


Address: Laboratoire TREFLE, Esplanade des Arts & Métiers, 33405 TALENCE Cedex, FRANCE.


107 June 15

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A CAD toolbox for Composite Materials Modelling and Drawing

A. Ceruti (a), D. Francia (a), A. Liverani (a), G. Caligiana (a)

(a) Department DIEM, University of Bologna

Abstract:

The importance of composite materials in industrial applications in growing mainly due to a very advantageous strength/weight ratio and to the capability of modelling complex geometric shapes. Thus, the handling of composite materials within CAD systems requires a different approach with respect to classic metallic materials. As a matter of fact, only advanced and expensive CAD systems provide dedicated modules for composite materials modelling, drawing and manufacturing. This paper presents the development of an add-on toolbox for general purpose CAD systems, designed to help a CAD designer to operate with composite materials. The toolbox provides an integrated environment whose main capabilities are: laminate properties dynamic link with digital model, automatic computation of laminate orthotropic properties, automated generation of materials bill for suppliers, assisted 2D drawing. The add-on has been developed keeping into account the European standardization related to composite drawing. Results obtained confirm the usefulness of this simple add-on, even if the integration with more functions would increase the capabilities. This paper presents some preliminary results; in the following, this tools will be improved to handle variable thickness composites and complex shapes.

Keywords: Computer Aided Design, Composite Materials, Modelling, Man Machine

Interface, Drawing.

Corresponding Author: Alessandro Ceruti

Tel.:+39 051 2093452

Fax.:+39 051 2093412


Address: University of Bologna, Department of Mechanical, Nuclear, Aeronautical Engineering and

Metallurgy, V.le del Risorgimento 2, Bologna.

Improving Helicopter Flight Simulation with Rotor Vibrations

A. Ceruti (a), A. Liverani (a), L. Recanatesi (a)

(a) University of Bologna, DIEM Department

Abstract:

Helicopters are complicated flying machines, whose lift is obtained by a main rotor, made by a variable number of blades. The large amount of rotating mass (rotors, engine, gearboxes) is responsible of high level vibrations over the helicopter structure: their amplitude is highly coupled with manoeuvring, so that pilots can feel flight phases not only by noise and external view, but also by vibrations intensity. An experimental


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campaign has been carried out to acquire vibration data over helicopters. The paper describes the implementation of a simulator which provides also the reproduction of vibration felt in flight by pilot. The attention is focused on the conceptual and preliminary design, CAD modelling, FEM analysis, manufacturing and testing of the device conceived to reproduce vibrations over the pilot’s seat. Only the first frequency of the rotor is reproduced since it is the most important excitations and it is variable, depending on the flight phase. The shaker has been built and installed on a simulator. The final result shows that such a simulator can improve the realism involving not only the senses of sight and hearing, but also providing a more “physical” feedback due to vibrations perception.

Keywords: Simulation, Computer Aided Design, Design Methodology, Vibrations, Finite

Element Analysis.


Tel.:+39 051 2093452

Fax.:+39 051 2093412


Address: University of Bologna, Department of Mechanical, Nuclear, Aeronautical Engineering and

Metallurgy.

Optimization by Particle Swarm Algorithms

of an UAV performed by Hot Wire Cutting Techniques

A. Ceruti (a), G. Caligiana (a), F. Persiani (a)

(a) University of Bologna, DIEM Department

Abstract:

This paper describes an original application of unconventional optimization techniques by Particle Swarm Algorithms. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle performed by Hot Wire Cutting is designed for a typical civil mission defining geometry and aerodynamics with a Particle Swarm Algorithm. The tailless configuration of the vehicle requires an accurate design to gain the satisfaction of all the requirements and to obtain a low cost solution. Only an unconventional technique can be applied because of the high non linearity of the problem and the high number of parameters to be defined. A first preliminary series of tests have been carried out to define the best values for inertia and acceleration coefficients of the Particle Swarm algorithm; in the following the algorithm results have been compared with those obtained by other two techniques like Genetic Algorithms and Monte Carlo Simulations. The result of this study shows how the Rapid Prototyping techniques can be applied to the performing of small lots of UAV: the required optimal design is gained applying the Particle Swarm Algorithm. The conclusion of this work confirms the suitability of non conventional optimization methods to non linear problems: Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm optimization provide similar results in term of fitness maximization, while Monte Carlo algorithm presents a lower efficiency. The Particle Swarm and Monte


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Carlo algorithms are simple to implement within a software code with respect to the Genetic Algorithms which are quite difficult to code.

Keywords: Rapid Prototyping, Particle Swarm Algorithm, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,

Conceptual Design, Optimization.


Tel.: 051/2093452 – 0543/374448

Fax.: 0543/374477


Address: University of Bologna - DIEM Department, V.le del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna ; II

Faculty of Engineering, Via Fontanelle 40, 47100 Forlì.

Decision support system to design autonomous microsystems

V. Dupé (a, b), R. Briand (a), X. Fischer (a, b), P. Sébastian (b)

(a) ESTIA

(b) I2M UMR CNRS 5295

Abstract:

Purpose: This article deals with modelling and design of embedded autonomous microsystems able to harvest energy from their close environment. Due to their numerous functionalities, progress in electronics and the development of wireless applications, microsystems are used in a wide range of applications. Moreover, they require a large autonomy to ensure reliability and avoid maintenance operations. We focus on energy harvesting to power them to replace the conventional energy source with an energy harvester. Different sources can be used but one difficulty is to select the most adapted to a specific application and choose the energy harvester architecture to get an efficient system. Method: A decision support to design autonomous microsystems working by harvesting energy is proposed. It aims to support designer’s decisions from qualitative representation to physical models. Our approach is based on the identification, analysis, modelling and minimization of antagonist flows and effects through a system-level model to estimate the energy that can be harvested. Result: The method is illustrated through a validation case dealing with the displacement and deformation measurement of a cantilever beam with an accelerometer. The aim is to choose the energy source and the architecture of the energy harvester to satisfy the requirements. Discussion & Conclusion:


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Through the application, this paper demonstrates the relevance of our tool in aiding the design of the energetic part of an autonomous embedded microsystem. We can also note that our top-down approach can be use as a decision tool.

Keywords: autonomous microsystems, energy harvesting, decision support,

multidisciplinary approach, system-level modelling.

Corresponding Author: Valérie Dupé

Tel.:+33559438476

Fax.: +33559438405


Address: Technopôle Izarbel, 64210 Bidart, France.

3D CAD and multi-domain simulation integration

for Energy Scavenger design

S. Tornincasa (a), E. Bonisoli (a), F. Di Monaco (a)

(a) Department of Production Systems and Business Economics, Politecnico di Torino, ITALY

Abstract:

This paper presents an example of integration between 3D CAD models and multi-domain simulation applied to the optimization of an energy scavenger device. A MATLAB® framework controls a block-oriented Simulink® model of the energy scavenger, drives the FEMM finite element magnetic simulation of the device and manages the updating of the SolidWorks® CAD models. All the model parameters are stored in a unique data file from which data for all simulations and models are extracted. This leads to a reduction in both the number of errors produced and the time required at the design stage. Moreover constructive drawings are automatically updated and are immediately suitable for tolerance and design constraints checks and also for the effective prototyping of the device. Constructed prototypes are suitable for experimental tests and model performance validations.

Keywords: Virtual Prototyping, CAD-CAE integration, Multi-domain Simulation, Energy Harvester

Corresponding Author: Stefano Tornincasa

Tel.: +39 011 090 7274

Fax.: +39 011 090 7299


Address: C.so Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 Torino, ITALY.

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ENGINEERING METHODS IN MEDICINE

Engineering Methods in Medicine

112 June 15

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An integrated methodology

for functional simulation of dental prosthesis

R. Meneghello (a), M. Turchetto (a), G. Savio (a), A. Cerardi (a), R. Raffaeli (b), L. Planchenstainer (a)

(a) Università di Padova - DAUR - Laboratorio di Disegno e Metodi dell’Ingegneria Industriale

(b) Università Politecnica delle Marche - Dipartimento di Meccanica - Design Tools and Methods Group

Abstract:

Studies and implementations of virtual and physical prototyping on dental prosthesis can be found in literature, together with experimental studies on forces generated during chewing due to occlusal geometry. In this work it is proposed an integrated methodology for the functional simulation of dental prosthesis. This methodology develops in three phases: virtual and physical prototyping, contact forces and areas analysis and functional optimization of teeth and arches geometry. A virtual environment for the modeling of the prosthesis (NM - Tooth) was developed: it includes a database of 3D CAD models of artificial teeth and allows to simulate the fabrication techniques used in dentistry. In particular, it is possible to create a full denture virtual model by a semi - automatic procedure, where a preliminary occlusal configuration is set up. By using rapid-prototyping techniques, a physical model of the prosthesis is manufactured which is utilized for the experimental analysis. The analysis phase includes the study of the occlusion forces in relation to the identification of contact areas. A multi - axial force measuring system allows the detection of forces acting on the physical model. Simultaneously with a reverse engineering procedure the relevant contact areas in the virtual model are related with the load configuration. According to the experimental output, it is possible to modify the preliminary geometry both of the arches and of the individual tooth. This integrated methodology is an original instrument to study the dental prosthesis and acquire information for its functional improvement.

Keywords: Simulation, Prototyping, CAD 3D, Occlusion force, Dental prosthesis.

Corresponding Author: Roberto Meneghello

Tel.:+39 049 827 6736

Fax.: +39 049 827 6738


Address: via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova Italy.


113 June 15

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Design of a new tibial intramedullary nail

T. Ingrassia (a), A. Mancuso (a)

(a) Università degli Studi di Palermo,


Abstract:

Aim of this work is designing a new intramedullary nail able to reduce the drawbacks of the distal locking, ensuring the axial stability, so enabling a speedy recovery of the fracture and a time-reduced immobilization of the limb. During the first phases of the design process, the parametric CAD model has been carried out and, successively, several numerical analyses have been set up to verify the nail behaviour under the usual post-operation loading conditions. In particular, non linear FEM analyses have been performed to define the right nail positioning, the average and maximum values of stress and contact pressure, and the stability of the joining by means of the new nail. The obtained results have shown a not uniform contact pressure distribution at the nail-tibia interface due to the irregularity of the inner surfaces of the tibia. Moreover, no longitudinal or rotational sliding has been observed during the numerical simulations, then demonstrating the effectiveness of the distal locking by the expansion of the flanges nail. The new designed nail, besides simplifying the distal locking procedure and reducing the operation time, it is able to assure a reliable distal fixation and ensuring the stability of the system.

Keywords: Intramedullary nail, FEM analyses, Redesign.

Corresponding Author: Antonio Mancuso

Tel.: 0039 091 6657145

Fax.: 0039 091 484334



A Novel Method of Removing Artifacts in Dental CT Images

M. Martorelli (a)

(a) University of Naples, Federico II, School of Engineering

Abstract:

The artifacts that appear on maxillofacial X-ray computed tomography (CT) images are mainly caused by the presence of metallic prosthetic appliances (such as amalgam or gold fillings). They cause problems in the three dimensional virtual reconstruction and in the eventual physical reproduction by Rapid Prototyping systems.


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At present the classification of different artifact types, metallic presences or artifacts induced by them, is left to the experience and sensitivity of the operator. In this paper an innovative methodology to automatically remove the artifacts in CT data is presented. An expert system based on fuzzy logic was used to process the CT images and to clean them automatically leaving the decisional phase to the computer. Decisional networks were created, using the Hounsfield scale values of each CT image pixel. for the membership functions.

Keywords: CT Images, Metallic Artifacts, Expert System, Fuzzy Logic.

Corresponding Author: Massimo Martorelli

Tel./Fax: +39 081 7682470


Address: P. le Tecchio, 80, 80125, Naples - Italy.

3D facial symmetry evaluation from high-density scanned data

L. Di Angelo (a), P. Di Stefano (a), A. Spezzaneve (a)

(a) D.I.M.E.G, Faculty of Engineering, L'Aquila

Abstract:

Purpose: This paper proposes a new method for the identification of the symmetry plane of the human face, starting from a 3D high – density scanned data. This plane is used to evaluate the local and mean asymmetries of the face. Method: The proposed method evaluates the symmetry plane taking into consideration the initial estimation of the symmetry plane performed by an iterative mirroring and registration-based method. Once the mirroring of the original data is carried out with respect to the symmetry plane which has been previously estimated, the source point cloud and the mirrored data are registered by the ICP algorithm that minimises a new weighted function. The final symmetry plane obtained approximates in the least-squares sense the midpoints of the lines connecting homologous points randomly chosen. Result: This method is validated by analysing some specifically-designed test cases. The obtained results show that the method is insensitive to local asymmetries, whether they be near or far from the symmetry plane, and is also repeatable and slightly conditioned by the acquisition process. Discussion & Conclusion: This method offers promising applications not just in the medical field but also in the face recognition field. Future work should address how to improve the performance of the


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method in terms of timing costs and how to use the symmetry plane for face feature segmentation and for facial authentication and recognition.

Keywords: rasterstereography, registration, mirroring, symmetry plane, asymmetry.


Tel: 00390862434310

e-mail: luca.diangelo @univaq.it

Address: Via G. Gronchi 18, L’Aquila, Italy.

Methods and tools dedicated to shoes customization

for people with diabetes

M. Germani (a), M. Mandolini (a), M. Mengoni (a), R. Raffaeli (a) , E. Montiel (b), M. Davia(b)

(a) Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di Meccanica

(b) INESCOP, Instituto Tecnológico del Calzado y Conexas

Abstract:

Purpose: Study and development of innovative tools in order to support the design and manufacturing of customised shoes for people with diabetes. Method: The approach is based on the identification of main critical stages of footwear customisation when patient parameters have to be properly used; medical knowledge formalisation is translated in new software design tools that interest the footwear shape and the suitable materials. Result: Rapid customisation of preventive shoes for people with diabetes Discussion & Conclusion: “Diabetic foot” in one the main effects of diabetes; it is important to develop shoes able to prevent this kind of complication. This paper reports an approach and related design tools that allow customising shoes on the basis of patient features. Rapid manufacturing technologies have to be still analysed in order to complete the whole process.

Keywords: Footwear, CAD, Biomechanics, Diabetes

Corresponding Author: Michele Germani

Tel.: +39-71-2204969

Fax.:+39-71-2204801


Address: Via Brecce Bianche, 12, Dipartimento di Meccanica, 60131 Ancona.


116 June 15

th – 17


Structural analysis

of a posterior stability total knee joint replacement

T. Ingrassia (a), L. Nalbone (b), V. Nigrelli (a), D. Tumino (c), V. Ricotta (a)

(a) Università degli Studi di Palermo,


(b) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone di Palermo,

Ambulatorio di Ortopedia e Traumatologia

(c) Università degli Studi di Enna Kore – Facoltà di Ingegneria ed Architettura

Abstract:

Aim of this work is to compare two different total knee prostheses that differ in the shape of the Polyethylene (PE) insert, trying to optimize the shape of the best one, in order to reduce the stress peaks. The study procedure has been divided into the following steps. First step has been the three-dimensional shape acquisition of the two prostheses by means of a COMET5 3D scanner. The morphology of two prototypes of the prostheses has been acquired by elaborating multiple Moirè fringe pattern projected on their surfaces. Second step consisted of the manipulation of these data in a CAD module, that is the interpolation of raw data into parametric surfaces, reducing singularities due to the typical scattering of the acquiring system. Third step has been the setting up of FEM simulations to evaluate the prostheses behaviour under typical loading conditions. The CAD model of the prostheses has been meshed into solid finite elements. Different flexion angles configurations have been analysed, the load being applied along the femoral axis. FEM analyses have returned stress fields in the PE insert and, in particular, in the stabilizing cam which function is to avoid dislocation. Last step has been the integrated use of CAD-FEM to modify the shape of the stabilizing cam of the best prosthesis, in order to reduce the stress peaks in the original prosthesis without compromising the kinematics of the joint. Good results have been obtained both in terms of stress and contact pressure peaks reduction.

Keywords: Total knee replacement, FEM simulation, Contact analysis.

Corresponding Author: Davide Tumino

Tel: (+39) 0935536491

Fax.: (+39) 091484334


Address: Facoltà di Ingegneria e Architettura, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100, Enna.


117 June 15

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Studying the influence of thread features

in osseo-integrated implants

P. Franciosa(a), M. Martorelli(b)

(a) University of Molise, School of Engineering

(b) University of Naples, Federico II, School of Engineering

Abstract:

Purpose: The present paper investigates the influence of implant design factors in terms of bone integrity and implant stability. Method: First of all, a 3D parametric CAD model was developed. Then, by defining domain settings and boundary conditions, a 3D FE model was created, accordingly. In order to simulate as well as possible the physical interaction at bone-implant interface, identity pairs were introduced. After generating different design scenarios with a DOE approach, the most significant design factors were obtained. Result: Finding of this research showed that the geometry of the screw-thread highly influences the implant stability. More specifically, thread-width and -tick assume a crucial role to reduce bone induced stresses and bone damage. Discussion & Conclusion: Starting from these preliminary results, future improvements will focus on investigating also two-factor and higher interactions to better understand the implant loading mechanism.

Keywords: Thread parameterisation, Osseo-integration, FE modelling, DOE design, Bone-

stress distribution

Corresponding Author: Massimo Martorelli

Tel.: +39 081 7682470

Fax.: +39 081 7682470


Address: P. le Tecchio, 80, 80125, Naples - Italy


118 June 15

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Analysis and design of a thrombectomy device

by using simulation techniques

G. Romero (a), M. L. Martinez (a), J. Felez (a), G. Pearce (b), G. Romero (a), M. L. Martinez (a), J. Felez

(a), G. Pearce (b), N. D. Perkinson (c)

(a) ETS Industrial Engineering, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. Spain

(b) Wolverhampton University. United Kingdom.

(c) Whatangamata, Waikato. New Zealand.

Abstract:

Purpose: In this work, we present the analysis, design and optimization of one experimental device recently developed in the UK, called the 'GP' Thrombus Aspiration Device (GPTAD). This device has been designed to remove blood clots without the need to make contact with the clot itself thereby potentially reducing the risk of problems such as downstream embolisation. Method: To obtain the minimum pressure necessary to extract the clot and to optimize the device, we have simulated the performance of the GPTAD analysing the resistances, compliances and inertances effects. We model a range of diameters for the GPTAD considering different forces of adhesion of the blood clot to the artery wall, and different lengths of blood clot. In each case we determine the optimum pressure required to extract the blood clot from the artery using the GPTAD, which is attached at its proximal end to a suction pump. Result: We then compare the results of our mathematical modelling to measurements made in laboratory using plastic tube models of arteries of comparable diameter. We use abattoir porcine blood clots that are extracted using the GPTAD. The suction pressures required for such clot extraction in the plastic tube models compare favourably with those predicted by the mathematical modelling. Discussion & Conclusion: We conclude therefore that the mathematical modelling is a useful technique in predicting the performance of the GPTAD and may potentially be used in optimising the design of the device.

Keywords: Biomedical engineering, Thrombectomy Device, Stroke, Simulation techniques.

Corresponding Author: Gregorio Romero

Tel.: +34 91 336 3115

Fax.: +34 91 336 3212


Address: C\ Jose Gutierrez Abascal Nº 2. 28006. Madrid. Spain.


119 June 15

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Innovative design of customized surgical devices

for mandibular rehabilitation

M. Fantini (a), F. De Crescenzio (a), L. Ciocca (b)


(b) Department of Oral Science, University of Bologna

Abstract:

Purpose: Design and manufacturing of a customized surgical device composed by a cutting guide and a bone plate to guide osteotomies according to virtual pre-operative planning and support the following mandibular reconstruction. Method: Pre-operative computed tomography (CT) scan data of the pilot study (mandible affected by ameloblastoma) are elaborated to produce a virtual surgical plan including osteotomy sites, entity of bone resection and therefore reconstruction. STL files are produced for a cutting guide and a bone plate. The cutting guide and the bone plate of the device are finally constructed by Direct Metal Laser Sintering. Result: An innovative customized surgical device (cutting guide + bone plate) is finally developed to assist the two steps mandibular rehabilitation (resection and reconstruction). The surgical device is ready to use for surgery and do not need any further manual operations intraoperatively. Discussion & Conclusion: This pilot study using CAD-CAM customized cutting guides and reconstructive bone plates for mandibular rehabilitation may represent an innovative viable way to better reproduce the patient’s anatomical contour of the mandible.

Keywords: Computed Tomography, 3D Reconstruction, Computer Aided Design, Rapid

Prototyping, Direct Metal Laser Sintering.

Corresponding Author: Massimiliano Fantini

Tel.: +39 0543 374437

Fax.: +39 0543 374444


Address: Università di Bologna, Seconda Facoltà di Ingegneria, via Fontanelle 40, 47121 Forlì (FC).


120 June 15

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Analysis of TMJ replacement using a finite element model

M. Mesnard (a), A. Ramos (b), Y. Nyashin (c), M. Aoun (a), J. A. Simoes (b), V. A. Lokhov (c)

(a) Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Mécanique et d’Ingénierie, CNRS UMR 5295, Bordeaux, Fr.

(b) University of Aveiro, Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Aveiro, Po.

(c) Technical University of Perm, Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Perm, Ru.

Abstract:

Purpose Prosthetic materials and bone present quite different mechanical properties. Consequently, the condyle reconstruction with metallic materials modifies the physiological behaviour of the mandible. Method A validated finite element model (FEM) was used to evaluate the natural mandible strains and the condyle displacements. Modifications of strains and displacements were then assessed for two different temporomandibular joint implants. Result FEM made it possible to verify the worst loading configuration for the mandibular condyle. Replacing the natural condyle by one of the two implants, the results also demonstrated the importance of the implant geometry concerning the mandible behavior. The implant geometry and stiffness influence mainly the strain distribution. Discussion & Conclusion The different forces applied to the mandible by the elevator muscles, the teeth and the joint loads, point out that the FEM constitutes a relevant tool to optimize implant geometry or to choose a more suitable distribution of the surgical screws.

Keywords: Temporomandibular Joint, Prosthesis, Finite element analysis, Strain pattern,

Condyle displacements

Corresponding Author: Mesnard Michel

Tel.: ++ 33 6 07 68 80 92

Fax.: ++ 33 5 40 00 69 64

[email protected]

Address: I2M, CNRS UMR 5295 (Bt.A4), 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence cedex, Fr.

A CA system for RGP contact lens design

L. D’Angelo (a), M. Rizzi (a)

(a) University of Ferrara, Engineering Dept. (ENDIF), Italy

Abstract:

Purpose:


121 June 15

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Development of procedures aimed at assisting lens designer when RGP lenses are to be prescribed to a patient. Method: Procedures have been partly developed and partly adapted, (i) to choose the most suitable lens shape category for a specific visual defect, and (ii) for determining lens geometrical parameters. In some cases lens designer is asked to choose among two alternatives. Result: The program covers all the more widespread lens categories and is ready for testing by the potential users. Discussion & Conclusion: This work originates from the objective of reducing the number of trials before the definitive lens is produced. The initial idea to develop a dedicated CAD/CAM system is at the moment in standby, as lens manufacturers distrust optician solutions.

Keywords: DSS, contact lens design, RGP contact lenses

Corresponding Author: Luciano D’Angelo

Tel.: +39 0532 974885

Fax.: +39 0532 974870


Address: via Saragat 1 Ferrara.

Shape modeling and analysis of a human eye based

on individual experimental data

S. Giovanzana (a), G. Savio (a), R. Meneghello (a), G. Concheri (a)

(a) DAUR – Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Italy

Abstract:

Purpose: The aim of this work is to develop a virtual environment for modeling and analysis an individual virtual eye which is able to integrate the modern imaging techniques as input data. Method: The virtual environment is developed in a 3D CAD by means of specific plug-ins due to the ability of this software to manage freeform surfaces and to the simplicity in the scripts implementation. Result: Spot of confusion analysis has been performed on two virtual eyes, with data derived from literature and by topography measurements. Discussion & Conclusion:


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Experimental measurements and literature data provide expected results in the spot of confusion analysis.

Keywords: Geometric modeling, Ray tracing, Spot of confusion, Virtual eye, Topography.

Corresponding Author: Stefano Giovanzana

Tel.: +39 049 8276734

Fax.: +39 049 8276739


Address: Via Venezia, 1 - 35131 Padova.

123 June 15

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REPRESENTATION TECHNIQUES

Representation Techniques

124 June 15

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Main axonometric system related views as tilt

of the coordinate planes

L. Gimena (a), P. Gonzaga (a), F. N. Gimena (a)

(a) Department of Projects Engineering. Public University of Navarra

Abstract:

In this communication we start both from a trirectangular trihedral defined by the three coordinate planes and a fourth plane, called the chart or projection, which contains the vertex of the trihedral above. Later we define the main related views or trihedral views as those produced by the tilt of the three coordinate planes to the outside of their trihedral on the chart plane. For each projection plane there are some unique main related views, regardless of the projection direction. In turn, from the trihedral views we can obtain the axonometric perspective from which they come. These properties can simplify some graphic constructions of the axonometric system, for example, determine the projections of the axes from the main related views or determine the axonometric scales from the axes. It is considered that this new definition of trihedral views allows a simplification as to the understanding of the systems of representation and is intended to be suitable for teaching purposes.

Keywords: Axonometric, Related views, Coordinate planes

Corresponding Author: Faustino N. Gimena

Tel.: +34 948 169 225


Address: Campus de Arrosadía, s/n. 31006 Pamplona. Spain.

Parameter Combinatorial Diagram.

Application to the study and analysis

of Hydrological Simulation Models.

M. Goñi (a), J. Javier López (a), F. N. Gimena (a)

(a) Department of Projects Engineering. Public University of Navarre.

Abstract:

In this paper we define Parameter Combinatorial Diagram as the joint graphical representation of all box plots related to the adjustment between real and simulated data, by setting and / or changing the parameters of the simulation model. To do this, first we start with a box plot representing the values of an objective adjustment function, achieving these results when varying all the parameters of the simulation model. Then we


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draw the box plot when setting all the parameters of the model, for example using the median or average. Later we get all the box plots when carrying out simulations combining fixed or variable values of the model parameters. Finally all box plots obtained are represented neatly in a single graph. Besides being able to represent the box plots associated with an objective function it is possible to represent the diagrams associated with the variation of each parameter. It is intended that the new Parameter Combinatorial Diagram is used to examine and analyze simulation models useful in practice. This paper presents combinatorial diagrams of different examples of application as in the case of hydrological models of one, two, three, and five parameters.

Keywords: Combinatorial Diagram, Simulation Model, Graphical representation, Box plot


Tel.: +34 948 169 225



Heaven in the stone

A. Pagliano (a)

(a) University of Naples "Federico II", Dipartimento di Configurazione e attuazione dell’architettura

Abstract:

For centuries crystallized in the adamantine drawings preserved in the National Library of France, the perfect sphere of the Cenotaph, designed by Louis E. Boullèe in honor of Isaac Newton in about 1780, and the Temple of the Earth of Jean-Jacques Lequeu are cited by historians and critics of architecture as the utopian dream of bending the stone and the force of gravity towards the pure form of a complete sphere. The historical formal equivalence between the architectural dome vault and the sky, assume in our case a deeper meaning. From the words of Boullèe, it is crystal clear the intention of celebrating the greatness of Newton, subtracting his burial from the darkness by placing it in the largest ever builted sky, a majestic stone dome, reversing the natural order of day and night by creating with daylight, in the interior space, the image of the constellations seen in the starry skies. First in the history of planetary science, Lequeu and Boullèe’s stone architecture carried out the plan by drilling the outer surface of the dome to let the sunlight in, directly piercing the darkness and simulating in the inside space the intense stellar glow. The geometric study conducted on the holes in both architectures, made along the stone surface of the spheres, reveals a studied convergence of solar rays, in the Cenotaph, towards the eye of the privileged observer, the one able to stand on the slender platform above Newton’s tomb, thereby creating the sensation of a Ganzfeld , which sets Newton’s Cenotaph in the field of art installations rather than scientific ones.


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The Lequeu’s Temple instead is designed with a perfect convergence of those rays towards the centre of the sphere, as the most part of modern planetarian, but it is also more visual than scientific in character. 3D virtual models, and simple conical projections, have allowed us to draw the star maps referred to Boullèe and Lequeu’s architectures which, however, show deep differences compared with the contemporary ones.

Keywords: Planetarian, Boullèe, Cenotaph, Lequeu, star map

Corresponding Author: Alessandra Pagliano

Tel.: 0812538430

Fax.: 0812538406


Address: Via Tarsia 31, Napoli.

The CGI production in San Francesco’s church in Padova

I. Friso (a)

(a) University of Study of Padova,Faculty of Engineering,

DAUR- Architectural, Urbanistic and Survey Department

Abstract:

The digital simulation process has actively joined the representation phase of projects, becoming an integral and essential part for the complete understanding of an architectural object. It is interesting to notice how the CGI – Computer Generated Imagery –, which is the process of producing images with the help of specialized software, does not deviate much from the production stages involved in the film making industry. This argument is supported by the fact that currently the major international film productions share much information with the digital world since generated almost entirely in virtual space and whose vision on screen is permitted only through the use of appropriate eyewear, which restore the sharpness of the objects that appear to float in real space. Moreover, to support this thesis, it is proposed in this article that the work carried out and developed on the Church of San Francesco of Padua, whose purpose is the study of the surfaces that form the vaulting system.

Keywords: preproduction, production, postproduction, model,Simulation

Corresponding Author: Isabella Friso

Tel.: +393479768750


Address: Via Venezia, 1 - 35131 Padova.

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TEACHING PRODUCT DESIGN AND DRAWING HISTORY

Teaching Product Design and Drawing History

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“Let's take a look to the project”

A. Giordano (a), L. Bifulco (a), F. Chiementin (a)

(a) Dip. di Architettura, Urbanistica e Rilevamento - University of Padova

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of the research is the evaluation of new tools for the representation of the architectural project and the impact they have for teaching students (architects and engineers). Method, Result, Discussion & Conclusion: Through the comparison of operational methods of architecture firms and the latest developments, in the market, for the architecture, we can understand and underline the importance of geometry not only as way to communicate the mere shape of a buildinga, but also as an opportunity to comprehend and to communicate each architecture that, as such, is made of space. So the understanding of space becomes fundamental and foundational training to the project of architecture, which certainly includes other factors, but that makes it possible through its own space component.

Keywords: Geometry, Representation, Photomontage, Space

Corresponding Author: Andrea Giordano

Tel.: +39 3389187496, Fax.: +39 0498276738


Address: Daur via venezia 1, Padova.

Parametric Cad in the teaching of drawing

for Mechanical Engineer

G. Defranco (a), L. Fuertes (a), S. Gavino (a), L. Lopresti (a), A. Ristevich (a)

(a) Cátedra de Gráfica para Ingeniería y Sistemas de Representación “C”, Facultad de Ingeniería, UID GIGA

Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Argentina

Abstract:

For more than two decades, Computer Aided Design (CAD) has been increasingly taking part in the teaching of drawing for mechanical engineers and similar areas. The number of papers and communications presented by teachers of this area has increased in the last three decades, in different specialized and general events such as engineering, and the teaching of engineering congresses. 1 From the teaching point of view, the innovation has been centered in the increasingly use of the most spread CAD software in the world. 2 The use of it has tended to replace in a complete or parcial way the precision drawings, that


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were traditionaly made on boards by hand. In recent times a new inflection appears on the stage when the programs with an analytical parametric design philosophy and characteristics were introduced. The emergence of this kind of software impacts again on the traditional teaching of engineering drawing, putting in the hands of students and from the early stages of their studies a tool that necessarily leads them to get involved in aspects of design, even in the case when the expected goal is just to get a drawing. At the same time, the representations under international drawing standards became so simple as we could never have imagined before. This paper tells how the decisions were made to move towards a new paradigm of computer aided representation and how it was integrated to the concepts already present in the syllabus of the subject by means of tasks that imply the analysis of a mechanical system, its representation, the proposal of modifications on it, and the development of a technical report.

Keywords: Teaching of engineering, Drawing, Parametric CAD, 3D model, Monge

Corresponding Author: Gabriel Defranco

Tel.: +542214258911 int. 173


Address: Av. 1 y 47 – La Plata 1900 Argentina.

From Research to Sustainable Innovation

and Entrepreneurship: Which Competences?

From Research to Sustainable Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Which Competences?

A. Riel (a), S. Tichkiewitch (a)

(a) EMIRAcle and Grenoble Institute of Technology

Abstract:

The research and development of modern products and systems is coined by the increasingly important requirement to create sustainable innovation. Innovation is intimately linked with entrepreneurship. Research, Innovation and Entrepreneur¬ship are considered the keys to a wealthy and sustainable economy. The best way to turn research into innovations is to consider key innovation factors from the earliest phases of research all along the way to products and services. Existing entrepreneurship study and training programs, however, do not take into account these early phases, but rather focus on the process of creating a new enterprise. This paper presents key results of ResEUr, a European Project that has conceived and implemented a unique e-Learning enabled training and EU-wide certification program to sensitize young researchers for innovation and entrepreneurship in our modern environment.

Keywords: Innovation, Innovation Transfer, Entrepreneurship, Lifelong Learning

Corresponding Author: Andreas Riel


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Tel.:+33 4 76825156


Address: 46, av. Félix Viallet.

Safety signage made easy

using parametric CAD-based software

C. García Hernández (a), P. Ubieto Artur (a),

A. Finneran (b), A. G. F. Gibb (b), P. Bust (b), J. C. Rubio Romero (c)

(a) Idergo (I3A) - Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Spain

(b) Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough University, United Kingdom

(c) Cátedra de Prevención y Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, University of Málaga, Spain

Abstract:

As a result of current legislation safety signs are increasingly common in public places. The purpose of safety signs is to guide people to a final location in a limited amount of time. But is sign location always effective? Do users have an adequate viewing range or cognitive ability to interpret the information on signs? Is the number of safety signs adequate for their areas of influence? Is there an excessive amount or is there just enough? Are these questions always answered? The authors noted that the choice of safety sign location is often not an easy one for professionals such as architects and engineers. It was felt that a graphical tool that could be easily integrated with AutoCAD, a tool commonly used by design professionals could be helpful. As a starting point to the research and development process the authors analysed the basic aspects of safety signalling such as sign sizes and perception distances. The main purpose of the tool is to aid the placement of graphical symbols on architectural plans. However, the tool also allows for analysis of their areas of influence and the adaption of those areas to different places in the building. Orientation of signs is also important. The tool takes pathways into account which reduces errors in sign orientation, especially where arrows are included. This paper describes tool development with particular focus on development stages and difficulties.

Keywords: CAD, Safety, Sign, Warning, SignCirCAD.

Corresponding Author: César García-Hernández

Tel.: (+34) 976761000

Fax.: (+34) 976762620


Address: Idergo (I3A) - Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of

Zaragoza, María de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza (Spain).


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Engineering designer curricula and creativity development

F. Rosa (a), E. Rovida (a), R. Viganò (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Meccanica - Politecnico di Milano (Italy)

Abstract:

Product eco-sustainability and cheapness are two of the main strategies adopted in the contemporary market to exit from the current economical crisis, as testified by the adoption of several ideas of the green-economy. The design of product according to these new requisites will entail new challenges for engineers: their creativity will gain more and more importance to find out new design “starting points” and to conceive new industrial products. These considerations are the basis of the proposed curricula modifications. Since we believe that at least an embryo of creativity could be found in everyone, the main goal of our curricula proposal is to start the growth of this embryo, showing to the students how to study also old problems from different points of view. The described proposal, conceived to achieve this goal, comprises the upgrading of the curricula, by including some topics concerning technical history and nature observation as sources of innovative technical solutions.

Keywords: Creativity, Methodic design, Design for X (DfX), TRIZ, Technical history.

Corresponding Author: Francesco Rosa

Tel.: +39 02 2399 8275

Fax.: +39 02 2399 8282


Address: via La Masa, 34 I-20156, Milano – ITALY.

Graphical formulary of statically determinate

and indeterminate beams

P. Gonzaga (a), L. Gimena (a), M. Crespo (a), F. N. Gimena (a)

(a) Department of Projects Engineering. Public University of Navarra

Abstract:

From the intrinsic graphic resolution shown by the authors in the IXth International Congress of Graphic Engineering in Málaga in 1998, in this communication are made graphical chips for calculating beams with different types of support, whether they are statically determinate or indeterminate. It is shown the analogy that exists between the graphical approach, analytical and numerical. The procedure developed to make the graphical form can be extended beyond the field of structural analysis to other fields of technical application. It is intended that the presented graphical procedure serve to examine and analyze structural problems and that their use is appropriate for education.


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Keywords: Graphic formulary, Beams, Statically determinate or indeterminate, Education,

teaching


Tel.: +34 948 169 225



Leonardo’s Civil Bridges

J. Alonso Trigueros (a), A. L. Romera Zarza (a), G. Fernández San Elías (a)

(a) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Infraestructura del Transporte.

(b) Universidad de León. Departamento de Expresión Gráfica.

Abstract:

Within both aesthetic and history fields, civil engineering occupies a privileged place among arts whose manifestations are based on drawing. In this work, Leonardo’s creativity concerned with civil bridges proyects, have been studied. Leonardo designed ten bridges: eight of them intended for military porposes and only two were purely planned for civil functionaly - “Ponte sul corno d’oro”, infolio 66, manuscript L; and “Ponte a due piani”, represented in the Manuscript B at the Institute of France, infolio 23. There can be no doubt about Leonardo’s intentions when he started on designing these two bridges: his genious for creativy focused on providing both singulary and functionaly to the structures: they should be admired and utilized at the same time, a monument for civil society to be used.The work presented here attemps to make an scientist-historical trip along these Leonardo’s bridges, highlighting their technical, geometrical and aesthetic characteristics, as well as emphasizing Leonardo’s human, scientist and artistic nature.

Keywords: Civi Engineering, Bridges, History of Engineering, Aesthetic of Engineering

Corresponding Author: Jesús Alonso Trigueros

Tel.:913367737

Fax.:913367744


Address: E.U.I.T. de Obras Públicas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). C/ Alfonso XII, 3 y 5. 28014

Madrid.


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Improving a CAD tool to simplify the design process

of electrical schematics oriented to industrial-machine control

P. Ubieto Artur (a), C. García Hernández (a), A. Fernández Sora (b)

(a) Idergo (I3A), Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza,

Zaragoza, Spain

(b) Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

Abstract:

Electrical circuits are graphically described most of the times and the use of some kind of computer-aided design (CAD) to do it is more than usual. Electrical engineers can be highly helped in this process with a library of symbols to represent the different components of a circuit and, wouldn’t be interesting if they could simulate the circuits that they had graphically represented? We thought so. For the previous reasons, a tool with just a good library of electrical symbols would be useful but, if it made possible to test the circuits it could have a great value, both for professional and educational purposes. This tool is really helpful in the learning process of our students in Technical Office. In this subject, the Electrical Engineering Degree students must work on an electrical project which always includes the design of some kind of circuit. The tool makes possible to simulate those circuits within the CAD software, so it is easy, fast and safe to try different designs by changing the graphical symbols and/or their connections. Those features make the tool interesting in an educational environment, but not only. Professional engineers can also find this tool interesting because it can be used in the design process and as a tool for graphical representation. The improvements in the tool included, e.g., the wire simulation within the electrical box, making the circuit safer and cheaper.

Keywords: Electrical diagrams, Simulator, CAD, Software.

Corresponding Author: Pedro Ubieto Artur

Tel.: (+34) 976761000

Fax.: (+34) 976762620

[email protected]

Idergo (I3A) - Department of Design and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Zaragoza, María

de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza (Spain).


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CAD, BIM, GIS and other tricks of the computer science

in the education of the Building Engineer

G. N. Massai (a), M. M. Bocconcino (a)

(a) Politecnico di Torino – I Facoltà di Ingegneria

Abstract:

Purpose: The paper aims to develop some thoughts on the upgrade implemented in the disciplines of drawing from the latest forms of digital representation, commenting on the experiences under way in some university courses included in the learning curriculum provided to engineering students with regard to the course of study in Ingegneria Edile (Building Engineering, also known as Architectural or Construction Engineering) at the Politecnico di Torino. It’s a matter of reasoning on what and how to suggest knowledge and practises in the experience of teaching that result as an improvement of skills and abilities appropriate for future commitments required by the job world. Method: Methodological reasons, subject contents and experiences positively carried out during the activities of the course of Representation Techniques and Data Management (in the post graduate “Laurea Magistrale”) are treated, focusing on all the resources needed to conduct profitable operations training and first clarifying the specific skills and experience required for the teaching staff, essential qualities to ensure good results: all the activities organized to achieve the training objectives are based on the belief that early training is needed to trigger virtuous review processes for engineering practice and that opportunities to practice through simulations in the academic curriculum for future engineers can produce effects of greater permanence and enable an enhancement of learning outcomes. Result: The analysis, which is addressed primarily to illustrate the result of some of the outcomes of exercise activities leaded by students, brings attention to a solicitation that seems to be constraining and that concerns the system of relations required between operators of the design and construction process, which are requested to enter into shared aims while operating in the specificity of the various technical fields; in this sense, the tricks of the CAD, which is at the service of a geometric knowledge, measured and fulfilled by its attributes, the attention demanded by BIM, which builds a widespread and open network of relationship, the cunnings of the GIS, which has to gather dynamic information and alternative choices, appear to address areas of operational testing following a single purpose directed towards a better characterization of the process of conceptual development and a more advantageous control of the working method. Discussion & Conclusion: So, with the design and over the usual representations, we speak of computer tricks to say that to be understood as the necessary infrastructure to solicit and investigate the reasons of doing and how to solve the complexity of operating on the field, upon which students must impractical themselves to identify qualities and limits, whether they are exploring


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the reasons of the survey or the reasons bound with the design; certainly a renewal for the most usual ways of designing useful to produce different levels of knowledge and a new shared place for the exchange and discussion of the hypotheses, with what results?

Keywords: Teaching experience, Representation techniques, Data management, Building

engineering

Corresponding Author: Giuseppa Novello Massai

Tel.: 011 564 5306

Fax.: 011 564 5399


Address: Politecnico di Torino – Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Sistemi Edilizi e Territoriali, corso

Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 TORINO.

Teaching Methods for Concept Design and Prototyping

F. De Crescenzio (a), M. Fantini (a), F. Lucchi (a)


Abstract:

In a product development process, the definition of an adequate design methodology allows to reduce the Time to Market (TTM) and to create new products meeting user’s requirements. The design of industrial products starts from the Mission Statement, which gives a brief description of the product and its goals, underling target market and stakeholders, assumptions and constrains that guide product development. Hence, in the early steps of the development process, alternative concepts of new products are generated, evaluated and then selected for further development and testing. In this phase, the first activities consist in identifying customer needs and establishing target specifications. Following actions regard concepts generation and selection. In this context, new technologies, such as knowledge based engineering and rapid prototyping have a significant impact on the reduction of the time and costs needed to verify the technical and functional aspects of the project. This paper reports the teaching experience carried out in the course of “Project Methodologies for Industrial Engineering” of the MSc in Mechanical Engineering at the Second Faculty of Engineering at the University of Bologna. The aim of this course is to supply students with design methodologies and all the related activities that are at the basis of concept development and prototyping. Therefore, students are directly involved, through a design experience, in the creation of a new product from some defined topics and issues. In addition to the conceptual design methods and the Computer Aided Industrial Design tools, students experience the Rapid Prototyping of the designed shape by means of a FDM (Fused Deposition Modelling) technique. In 2008, students, working in groups up to 4 persons, were requested to design a helmet, with an advanced level of customization. Following the phases of the design process, their ideas evolved into new products, which addressed latent needs defined in


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accordance with the typology and functions of the helmet chosen by each team and compared to similar existing products. Therefore, each project resulted in significant different products concerning several markets in spite of the few same guiding indications and workflow. By this teaching approach, it is possible to transmit course’s contents through students’ direct experience and applying product design concepts and innovative technologies on a specific case study. In this way, the final step of the paper is to compare the different projects, and underline in each of them the workflow of each product design and how each team developed the ideas of future engineers.

Keywords: Design Methods, Product Development, Concepts Generation, Rapid

Prototyping.

Corresponding Author: Francesca De Crescenzio

Tel.: +39 0543 374447

Fax.: +39 0543 374444


Address: Università di Bologna, Seconda Facoltà di Ingegneria, via Fontanelle 40, 47121 Forlì (FC).

Designing an interactive web manager

applied to the development of spatial abilities

C. Melgosa (a), B. Ramos (a), E. Baños (a), E. García (a), A. Román (a)

(a) Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Departamento de Expresión Gráfica (Spain)

Abstract:

The removal of contents (such as Descriptive Geometry) in the syllabi of graphic expression subjects, partially in some cases and totally others, which had proved to develop the spatial vision ability, have resulted in our students being lacking in this capacity. Despite efforts to reduce these gaps, like the introduction of computers in the learning process, the authors of this paper believe that researching into tools helping to improve students' spatial vision is needed. That´s why we suggest the use of a learning/educational platform tailored to Graphic Engineering, which manages and evaluates the learning process, taking into account the development of capacity for spatial vision, from the earliest stages of this development and in the most deprived pupils. As a first step we have designed and developed an interactive open web manager of learning in Graphic Engineering focused on developing the capacity for spatial vision for components as well as its standard representation. One aim of this paper is to describe this manager, whose main features are: three profiles of access, a database to manage all the information, monitoring and evaluation of


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learning, ability to create and assign exercises and a 3D viewer that allows students to manipulate 3D objects and make easier learning. We also explain how the content and users management system has been designed, being adapted to the basic contents of Graphic Engineering as well as an evaluation of the monitoring system of student learning. Finally, the results of a satisfaction survey show that students positively value the manager and highlight its 3D viewer as an element of great help in solving exercises.

Keywords: Web based teaching and learning, Engineering graphics, Spatial ability,

Interactive graphics, Monitoring of learning

Corresponding Author: Carlos Melgosa

Tel.:+34 947 258 926

Fax.: +34 947 258 910


Address: Universidad de Burgos, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Avda. Cantabria s/n.

Evolution of graphic representation applied

to chemical engineering

I. Sentana (a), E. Sentana (a), N. Sesse (a)

(a) University of Alicante

Abstract:

The present research analyzes the development of Graphics representation applied to chemical engineering through the years. This evolution throughout history is not due to the influence of a single discipline, but it was due to a variety of them, all in the field of Chemistry. This research starts since antiquity, going through the Renaissance, the industrial revolution until the new Century, showing the Graphics representation of specific drawings of the chemical engineering throughout history until the last progress of CAD systems. This research highlights the influence of chemistry in the history through the graphical expression in the first prehistoric paintings, through representation used in Greek alchemy, reaching the new Century with the development of new standards in order to reach a fine interpretation of complex drawings such as petrochemical structures. Chemistry in its development, has been partly linked to the graphical drawing, the compounds are represented by graphics symbols, creating an universal language allowing Communications regardless of language. Now, CAD Systems have improved the design and further development of chemical industries, with complexity in the number of components and auxiliary Systems have led


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to the development of more specific CAD Systems that helped the design task of Chemical Engineering.

Keywords: Graphic representation, chemical engineering, history

Corresponding Author: Irene Sentana

Tel.: (+0034)965903654


Address: Department of Graphic Expression and Cartography. University of Alicante P.O. Box 99.

03080, Spain.

Use of an Open-Source PLM solution

to improve teamwork performance in product design courses

P. Sanin (a), R. Mejia-Gutierrez (b)

(a) Department of Product Design Engineering, Universidad EAFIT

(b) Department of Product Design Engineering, Universidad EAFIT

Abstract:

As Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) strategies are getting more and more common worldwide, developing countries have the increasing industrial need of engineers trained on these technologies. This is motivating academic institutions to tackle this issue by integrating PLM in their curriculums. This paper describes a pilot implementation of a PLM strategy in a Product Design Project Course at EAFIT University. The PLM strategy is used to support the development of the design process and teamwork performed by students. During two consecutive academic periods the course was analyzed, a PLM strategy was prepared and executed, and monitoring was carried out to obtain comparative data on the success of the implementation. An evaluation was performed on the role this implementations can have in improving drawbacks that usually arise during the development of collaborative design projects amongst students. Open-Source PLM Software was employed to facilitate future application of these tools by the students themselves in their future employments.

Keywords: Collaborative Design, Open-Source, Product Lifecycle Management, Project-

based learning, Teamwork.

Corresponding Author: Pedro Sanin

Tel.: (+57)3006144188


Address: Cr.48-7No.186 Medellin, Colombia.


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Teaching the rules of the space:

the Olympic Theater in Sabbioneta

C. Monteleone (a)

(a) University of Study of Padova, Faculty of Engeneering,

DAUR-Architectural, Urbanistic and Survey Department

Abstract:

Purpose: Visual perception is a phenomenological interpretation but it is unable to return exactly the essence of reality, the sight returns some apparent and exterior qualities of things as shape and chromatic features, the only way to bend the space and to create views of apparent worlds is to know the intimate truth of perception. Method: The conscious utilization of geometric optics is a valuable tool to disseminate the scientific and intellectual aspects of the building art, but it is essential to confront not only geometric theory but also practical examples, possibly following the most distinguished architects. Result: snatching space deformation process and taking a further step towards self-interpretation and design. Discussion & Conclusion: student training to the comprehension of the space and its geometric rules; the space control can generate an illusory, but not for this reason less realistic, landscape.

Keywords: perspective, sabbioneta, design, scamozzi, theater

Corresponding Author: Cosimo Monteleone

Tel.: +393283654999


Address: Via Venezia, 1 - 35131 Padova

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SURVEYING, MAPPING AND GIS TECHNIQUES

Surveying, Mapping and GIS Techniques

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Virtual reconstruction of the door of the Apostles

of the Insigne Collegiate Church of Santa María

of Gandia Spain

I. Lengua Lengua (a), G. Peris Fajarnés (a), T. Magal Royo (a), L. Dunai (a), J. L. Giménez López (a)

(a) Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas, Universitat Politècnica de València

Abstract:

On the occasion of the restoration of Insigne Collegiate in Gandia and continuing the research work carried out by Sanchez Piris reconstruction of the original front door of the Apostles of the Collegiate, begins a second phase of research that has aim to generate a virtual image of what could have been the door of the Apostles dating from the XVI century. Although the door did not have images or historical references or recorded, it does have data on the architectural style and the time it was built. It is believed that the author could have been Pere Comte or any member of his school, who is credited with the Valencia Marketplace, a World Heritage listed. Since there is no historical reference to what might have been the original facade, with the supervision of the architect responsible for the restoration of the Collegiate Dr. D. Architect Peñin Alberto Ibáñez, we proceed to conduct a research study that aims to make a virtual projection on the door of the Apostles in a non-invasive technique that simulates what might have been the main gate of the Collegiate.

Keywords: Screening, virtual, research, simulation, graphics

Corresponding Author: Ismael Lengua Lengua

Tel.:+34 963879518

Fax.: +34 963879519


Address: Camino de Vera s/n Ed. 8L 46022 Valencia (Spain)

Landform of Alicante province by using GIS

A. P. Merina (a), C. C. Perucho (a), M. A. Ruiz (b), I. C. Guerrero (a)

(a) Polytechnic University of Madrid

(b) Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid

Abstract:

Purpose: It is proposed a methodology to get landform of an area by using GIS techniques and a verification afterwards by photographs taken from several highways and motorways.


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Method: Within the catalog of geographic features that serve to define a specific landscape of an area, this paper proposes the study of the landform. It is about mapping by using Geographic Information Systems, specifically the ArcGIS 9.3 (ArcMap and ArcCatalog). To do this, it is necessary to use both raster and feature formats. The methodology using of various coverage of the Alicante province, extending from the contour, vertices surveying, dimensional points, administrative boundaries of the province to rivers and reservoirs. All this information has been provided by the National Center for Geographic Information. In this manner, we obtain a Digital Terrain Model corrected hydrogeologically to 1:25000. Starting off of this digital terrain model - which has been calculated through the actions explained above- we used several tools of ArcGIS 9.3, including: neighborhood focal statistcs, reclassify, slope, clip, intersect, dissolve, etc. in order to calculate relative relief, slope and neighbourhood analysis radius. With these parameters we obtain a Landform Classification of Alicante province (Spain). Afterward, we contrast the landform result with a pictures taking from several highways and motorways in Alicante in order to identify if this classification is correspond with the reality. Result: As a result, we obtain an Automatic Landform Classification of Alicante in 1:25000, and properly methodology to do this delimitation because it has been contracted with the real landform by pictures. Discussion & Conclusion: After the verification with the reality, the result map is be able to extrapolate the methodology applied to others places with similar or different superficies and also with another type of topography. It is only necessary to adapt some parameters depending of the project scale.

Keywords: GIS, Landscape, Landform, Highways

Corresponding Author: Ana Pou Merina

Tel.: 0034913665767 - 0034667408993


Address: Avd. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 (Spain)

Survey and graphic interpretation of underground cellars

F. R. Mazarrón (a), J. A. Flores Soto (a), J. Cid Falceto (a), C. Porras Amores (a), Ignacio Cañas (a)

(a) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Research group: “Heritage, landscape, graphic representation

and agroforestry construction”

Abstract:

Purpose:


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This work is framed within a reuse project of traditional underground cellars. Underground wine cellars are singular elements of the architectonic and cultural Spanish heritage. The goal is to have for the reuse and intervention analysis valid documents which represent the reality of the object being studied as closely as possible, understanding the level of abstraction of the graphic representation. Method: To establish the proposed reuse and intervention measures the mapping of the cellars is necessary. First of all it was necessary to clean and recondition the cellars. Then a topographical survey of the cellars was carried out. Given the irregular geometry and characteristics of the constructions under study, the conducted survey data have required a graphic interpretation, completing these data with the information obtained in subsequent visits to the cellars. Result: The result plans are as complete as possible to understand the shape, interior volume and state of the cellars: location, framework, details and singular points, pathologies, cross sections, longitudinal sections, images, necessary intervention measures and reuse proposal. Discussion & Conclusion: We propose a methodology for conducting the mapping of underground constructions, through a topographic survey and graphic interpretation of the results. The result plans offers a geometric definition of the wine cellars, being the support for the analysis and diagnosis of the conservation state. The plans are instrument to know with acceptable error the real surface, geometry and length of the cellars. This methodology based on total stations could be a reference for similar studies.

Keywords: topographic survey, graphic interpretation, cellar, underground

Corresponding Author: Fernando R. Mazarrón

Tel.:+34913365767

Fax.:+34913363688


Address:E.T.S.I.Agrónomos. Departamento de Construcción y Vías Rurales. Avenida Complutense

s/n. 28040 Madrid.


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Analysis of the geometry of nature.

Particular case of traditional underground cellars

C. Porras-Amores (a), A. Adán-Oliver (b), J.L. Benito (c), F. R. Mazarrón (a), Ignacio Cañas (a)



(b) Universidad Castilla y la Mancha. Escuela Superior de Informática. Department: Electrical,

Electronic and Automation Engineering.

(c) Universidad Castilla y la Mancha. Escuela Superior de Caminos. Department:

Mechanic applied and Project engineering.

Abstract:

Purpose: Traditional underground cellars are singular elements of Architectonic and Cultural Heritage of Spain. Branched plan, irregular sections and rough surfaces complicate the survey and geometry analysis of these constructions. The purpose of this research is to set a data capture technique that documents efficiently and accurately the underground Architectonic Heritage. Method: We propose a methodology based on 3D scanner to study and analyze the traditional underground constructions. This methodology offers the possibility of a large data acquisition in a short period of time, obtaining a detailed study of the volume of this type of traditional construction, and their distribution in space. Result: The 3D scanner shows the structure and the details concerning underground construction, capturing roughness or small shape changes in the walls. 3D scanner accurately distinguishes the texture of walls and elements of the cellar. Also different materials can be identified. The approximate time needed in each shot is 4 minutes for scanning and 10 minutes for image capture. Discussion & Conclusion: We can conclude that the 3D scanner technique efficiently and accurately characterize and represent underground constructions. 3D images have high quality and clarity, enabling to analyze visual elements (texture, color, lighting and shape).

Keywords: 3D scanner, Geometry, Underground cellar, Traditional construction, Cultural

heritage

Corresponding Author: Cesar Porras Amores

Tel.: +34913365767

Fax.:+34913363688


Address: E.T.S.I. Agrónomos. Departamento de Construcción y Vías Rurales. Avenida Complutense

s/n. 28040 Madrid


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The artesonado of the hunters' lounge.

Palace of the infantado of guadalajara

A. M. Trallero Sanz (a), A. Marín Palma (a), A. López-Tercero (a),

G. de los Galanes (a), E. García Martínez

(a) Departamento de Arquitectura. Universidad de Alcalá

Abstract:

The Infantado Duke´s Palace was considered one of the best Gothic palaces of Spain. Its owners, the diverse Infantado Dukes, devoted themselves for centuries to enriching it, adapting it to the needs and likings of the moment, including panelworks in all the rooms, mural paintings, ceramic paintings, tapestries collections of confectioners and of weapons, carpets, etc. The beginning of the XXth century sees the start of a long period of decay and its closure when it stopped being the private residence of the Dukes while keeping intact all its real estate. Finally it was in the XXth century, that a fire produced by the fall of a bomb destroyed it almost completely. This article shows how magnificent the ceiling panelwork that convered the Hunters' Lounge of the Palace was, returning to the historical documentary sources and to the remaining fragmentary pieces that still survive in building´s cellar, which were classified and catalogued and which according to the room dimensions, allowed us to trace their development and, with the help of current graphical tools, enabled us to take one more step and recreate an image of what these spaces might have looked like.

Keywords: Infantado

Corresponding Author: Antonio Miguel Trallero Sanz

Tel.: +34 949 209 633

Fax.: +34 949 209 682


Address: Escuela de Arquitectura Técnica. Edificio Multidepartamental C/ Cifuentes 28 19002-

GUADALAJARA (ESPAÑA)


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Architectural survey and Robotics:

new frontiers in study, preservation

and restoration of historical sites

M. Cigola (a)

(a) Laboratorio di Documentazione, Analisi, Rilievo dell’Architettura e del Territorio, DiMSAT,

Università di Cassino

Abstract:

In this work a study of feasibility is illustrated to design and build a mobile robot for inspection and analysis of historical sites of architectonic interest. This novel application for robotic systems can be considered of great interest because nowadays the need of more and more accurate and efficient survey activity requires enhancement and even development of procedures with more reliable, innovative, and advanced characteristics. Within this expectation robots and robotic systems seem to be suitable solutions even with the purposes of: operating in environments that cannot be reached by human operators. The study of feasibility concerns with the analysis and simulation of a robotic system that can be used for operating in historical sites. Basic features of such mobile robots, either legged or wheeled, are well known, but specific requirements should be considered for the proposed applications in archaeological/architectural sites, which can be considered as a novelty in the field of Robotics. Basic features of the proposed robotic system can be summarized as follows: the robot should be able to move inside the archaeological and/or architectural sites by carrying surveying devices and by avoiding damage of the surface and other parts of the site. In Cassino preliminary design considerations have been developed and a suitable simulation has been carried out in order to test a designed robotic system acting on a simulated pavement, for several operating conditions. The simulation process is of basic importance, since it is not possible to test in advance the robot on site and there are not precise information about the preservation of pavement under-study. A simulation has been carried out with different conditions and it has been also useful to test the operation of the design of a robotic system with hexapod structure. At this moment, the research in Cassino is in a final phase concerning with first applications of a robot prototype. However, a continuous review of the design work is undergoing to formulate a general problem in which the design of a suitable low-cost easy-operation robotic system is properly defined also for not expert users in the field of robotics. The prototype activity is performed with the aim to design a specific test-bed through which verifies the identified design requirements and feasible solutions even for the operation of the system.

Keywords: Architecture, Restoration, Survey, Robotics

Corresponding Author: Michela Cigola

Tel.: +39 0776 2993609

Fax.: +39 0776 2994305


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Address: Via G. Di Biasio, 43.

03043 Cassino, Italia

Hydrologic moment of a watershed area

M. Goñi (a), J. J. López (a), F. N. Gimena (a)

(a) Department of Projects Engineering. Public University of Navarre.

Abstract:

Hydrologic moment of the watershed area is defined as the static moment with respect to the outlet of the watershed. In this paper we show two different ways to get the hydrologic moment through GIS tools: by dividing the watershed into sub-watersheds from the drainage network, or by dividing the watershed into areas related to the distance to the watershed’s outlet. The Reservoir Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph is determined for each value of hydrologic moment previously obtained, and these hydrographs are applied to two watershed events. The results are analysed in order to show an appropriate and accurate way to determine the hydrologic moment.

Keywords: Hydrologic moment, Gis, sub-watersheds and iso-distances, Unit Hydrograph.


Tel.: +34 948 169 225


Address: Campus de Arrosadía, s/n. 31006 Pamplona. Spain

A GIS approach to monitor territorial transformations:

digital assessment of the cycle paths in Paestum

B. Messina (a), P. D’Agostino (a)

(a) Salerno University (Italy), Faculty of Engineering

Abstract:

Purpose: The study intends to develop a digital procedure to ‘automatically’ create cycle paths compatible with regional requirements. Method: To achieve this goal a GIS will be used as a graphic tool to identify and assess the routes. Result: The results validate the proposed digital approach, highlighting the substantial overlapping between the design route and the automatically generated route.


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Discussion & Conclusion: This paper intends to provide a simple, consultable tool that can efficiently and easily produce the information required to support the design options specifically analysed and integrated in the system.

Keywords: GIS, environmental transformations, digital representation, cycle paths

Corresponding Author: Barbara Messina

Tel.: +3989963465

Fax.:+3989964045


Address: Dip. Ing. Civile, via Ponte don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (SA)

BAECULA battle Geographic Information System

I. Cárdenas Anguita (a), F. Mozas Martínez (b), J. M. Valderrama Zafra (b)

(a) Centro Andaluz de Arqueología Ibérica. Universidad de Jaén

(b) Universidad de Jaén

Abstract:

Purpose: This contribution explains the procedure followed for the construction of GIS applied to the study of the archaeological scene of a battle. It is about the Baecula Battle, that took place in 208 b.C.in the frame of the second Punic War, near to the village of Santo Tomé (Jaén), that faced the Carthaginian army commanded by Asdrubal Barca, with the roman Army commanded by Publio Cornelio Escipion “the African”. The CAAI (Iberic Archaeological Andalusian Center), along five field works stage, since 2006 until now, have made a job of investigation based on the low level prospection of the artifacts located in the battle area. Method: The methodology used has a land survey phase, consistent in a surface scanning based in a 106 transect system, divided in 3453 square parcels, which cover 40 hectares. In this area was registered the ceramics artifacts detected in each square parcel and then the 6123 metallic rests found with magnetic prospection was geolocated by GPS. During the laboratory phase, took place the identification and classification of the materials. All of this archaeological and geographical information has been integrated to make up a geographical database, been those register the one that link with the battle, implementing with all the available cartography to help the analysis tasks. Result: The operation of the GIS and it application to cartographic analysis techniques has improved the knowledge of the battle development, from the movements of troops through the areas with mayor tacks concentration (that cover the sole of the roman shoe),


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to the zones where took place the different stages (the assembly of the roman army, fight face to face, etc…). By the way have been done another study of the density of Iberic ceramic artifacts, that together with the presence of nails of the shelter tents, has provide an important indication to locate the zones where the roman and the Carthaginian army placed their camps. Discussion & Conclusion: In any case, it confirms that the application of the GIS in the battle scene of Baecula, bring us positives results.

Keywords: Archaeology, G.I.S., Baecula, Battle

Corresponding Author: Inmaculada Cardenas Anguita

Tel.: + 34 953 213510


Address: Paraje las lagunillas, Jaén (España)

Methodology for the metric restoration

of the historical cartography

applied to Francisco Coello´s cartografic series

of the Royal Site of Aranjuez

J. C. Asenjo (a), C. San Antonio (a), R. García (a)

(a) Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) Madrid/España

Abstract:

This study presents a process for restoring part of the 1860s cartographic series known as Hojas Kilométricas (Kilometric Sheets). Specifically, the study focuses on those sheets referring to the city centre and surrounding area of the Royal Site of Aranjuez, a town in the south of the Province of Madrid. The aim of this study is to restore the actual size and measurements of scanned images of the Hojas Kilométricas. This would allow us, among other things, to reestablish both the format and scale of the original plans. To achieve this goal it is necessary to rectify and then georeference these images, i.e. assign them a geographic reference system. This procedure is essential in the overlaying and comparison of the Hojas Kilométricas of the Royal Site with other historical cartography as well as other sources related to the same area from different time periods. Subsequent research would allow us, for example, to reconstruct the time-evolution of the urban area, to spot new construction and to pinpoint the locations of any altered or missing buildings or architectural features. In addition, this would allow us to develop and integrate databases for GIS models applicable to the management of our cultural heritage.


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Keywords: Metric restoration, Historical cartography, ”Hojas Kilométricas”,

Georeferencing

Corresponding Author: Juan Carlos Asenjo

Tel.:+34913365427


Address: E.U.I.T. Agrícola, Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040-Madrid

Determination of orthometric heights from LiDAR data

J. L. Pérez (a), A. T. Mozas (a), A. López (a),

F. Aguilar (b), J. Delgado (a), I. Fernández (b), M. A. Aguilar (b)

(a) Dept. of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, University of Jaén, Spain

(b) Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, Spain.

Abstract:

Mapping mission is to obtain an accurate representation of the form and the elements that exist in a particular area or region. Therefore, mapping projects often use a large number of points, which in recent years has increased with the use of LiDAR systems. The orthometric height determination can be done from a local geoid model determining the undulations with respect to the reference ellipsoid for each of them. The use of this methodology for all points may not be necessary in many cases, because of the accuracy of the acquisition system (~ 15cm) and the geoid model. So, we can minimize the number of points needed to determine the undulation and interpolate it in the rest of LiDAR point cloud. This paper shows the results of the analysis of various simplifications applied to the number and location of points with the geoid undulation known for determining the orthometric heights of points acquired through LiDAR system.

Keywords: LIDAR, Ortometric height

Corresponding Author: Andrés López

Tel.: +34 953 212480

Fax.: +34 953 212855


Address: Campus Las Lagunillas sn. Edificio A3. 23071. Jaén (Spain)


152 June 15

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Geometric processing of GeoEye-1 satellite imagery

for coastal mapping applications

M. Ángel Aguilar (a), F. J. Aguilar (a), A. Fernández (b), I. Fernández (a), M. del Mar Saldaña (a),

A. M. García Lorca (c), J. G. Negreiros (d), A. Viciana (e), E. González (b)

(a) Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain

(b) Dept. of Engineering Design, Universidad de Vigo, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial,

Campus Universitario, Spain

(c) Dept. Geography and History of the Art, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain

(d) ISEGI, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

(e) Dept. Geographical Regional Analysis, UNED, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

Abstract:

In 2008 and with the cooperation of the U.S. Department of Defence, it was launched a new commercial very high resolution (VHR) satellite named GeoEye-1 (GeoEye, Inc.) which, nowadays, is the commercial satellite with the best geometric resolution, so much in panchromatic (0.41m) as in multispectral (1.65m). More recently, on January 4, 2010, DigitalGlobe have begun to commercialize imagery of the last of the VHR satellites launched: WorldView-2. Its most relevant technical innovation includes the radiometric accuracy improvement, since the number of bands that compose its multispectral image has increased to 8, instead of the 4 classic bands (R, G, B, NIR) of the previous VHR satellites. These new VHR satellites offer important improvements closely related to spatial and spectral resolution. Therefore, an improvement is awaited in: (i) the geometric accuracies obtained in orthoimages and digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from scenes of GeoEye-1 and WorldView-2, as well as, (ii) an increase in the accuracy of the objects classification (urbanizations, buildings, highways, impervious zones, crops). These possible improvements will have to be contrasted with real tests carried out in field conditions, studying the ideal performance procedures in the seeking of accurate geo-referenced information. In this work the geometric accuracy of a single panchromatic image of GeoEye-1 with an off-nadir angle higher than 20 degrees was researched. Rational Polynomial Coefficients refined by a zero order polynomial adjustment (RPC0) was the sensor model that generated the best results. Using a DEM with a vertical accuracy of about 1.34 m, accurate orthoimages (planimetric root mean square error of 0.87 m) can be obtained from GeoEye-1 imagery.

Keywords: Satellite imagery, Orthorectification, Classification, Accuracy, DEM.

Corresponding Author: Manuel Ángel Aguilar

Tel.: 950015950

Fax.: 950015491



153 June 15

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Address: University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain

Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain (1787)

and its Hydrographic Network:

GIS analysis of the “Reyno de Jaen”

C. San Antonio Gómez (a), F. Manzano Agugliaro (b), J. Martínez García (b)

(a) Dept . Ingeniería Cartográfica-Expresión Gráfica, E.T.S.I. Agrónomos,

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España

(b) Dept. Ingeniería Rural Universidad de Almería, Escuela Politécnica Superior, España.

Abstract:

Knowledge of the development of hydrographic networks can be useful for a number of research works in hydraulic engineering. We thus, intend to analyse the cartography regarding the first work that systematically encompasses the entire hydrographic network: Tomas Lopez’s Geographic Atlas of Spain (1787). In order to achieve this goal, we will first analyze –by way of the Geographic Information System (GIS) – both the present and referred historical cartographies. In comparing them, we will use the then-existing population centres that correspond to modern ones. The aim is to compare the following research variables in the hydrographic network: former toponyms, length of riverbeds and distance to population centres. The results of this study will show the variation in the riverbeds and the probable change in their denomination.

Keywords: Accuracy, historical cartography, Tomas Lopez, river, Geographic Atlas of Spain

Corresponding Author: Carlos de San Antonio Gómez


Address: Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-Madrid

Improvements in the determination of extrapolated shorelines

using Elevation Gradient Trend Propagation method.

I. Fernández(a), F. J. Aguilar(a), J. L. Pérez(b), M. A. Aguilar(a), A. Mozas(b), A. López(b)

(a) Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain

(b) Dept. of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, University of Jaén, Spain

Abstract:

Shoreline represents a coastal evolution indicator. Hence there is a necessity to develop new methods of shoreline mapping. Nowadays the most widely used method to compute the shoreline position is the so-called Cross Shore Profile method (CSP), which is based on


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computing a linear regression along different cross-shore profiles to interpolate the corresponding shoreline. However, the Mean Sea Level (MSL) datum makes difficult to get points under the datum elevation due to daily tidal variation, run-ups and waves. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a geometric extrapolation method to estimate the shoreline. The present work aims to validate a shoreline extraction method using the Elevation Gradient Trend Propagation method (EGTP), which extrapolates the local gradient until the desired datum is reached. This validation was also carried out over the CSP method. Due to the lack of reliable vertical data around the MSL datum, the 0.4 m. contour was used as the synthetic MSL because it was the lowest contour level not presenting noise effects. Both extrapolation methods were applied from different reference elevations: 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m. The vertical range needed for CSP adjustment took 0.4 m. above each of the aforementioned reference elevation. Moreover, an additional method was applied to the data consisting of a mixed two steps method: first, the extrapolated Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is computed from EGTP and, second, the final shoreline is extracted by applying CSP on the EGTP extrapolated. The standard deviation of the differences between the supposed shoreline truth and the estimated shoreline over 14 homogeneous sample regions points out the accuracy of the applied method. The results of this work showed the goodness of EGTP shoreline extraction method compared to CSP one since the corresponding extracted shoreline was significantly more accurate. Moreover, the mixed method turned out to be very close to the original EGTP except in a few areas where it was proved the influence of profile orientation in CSP method. Finally, the influence of the starting extrapolation elevation was also proved, showing that the highest errors clearly matched the highest vertical differences between reference datum and starting extrapolation elevation.

Keywords: Shoreline, extrapolation, coastal, LIDAR, DEM

Corresponding Author: Ismael Fernández Luque

Tel.: +34 677 629 407


Address: Escuela Politécnica Superior, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120,

Almería, Spain.


155 June 15

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Robust surface matching

as a rapid technique for terrain change detection

F. J. Aguilar (a), I. Fernández (a), M. A. Aguilar (a), J. Delgado (b), J. G. Negreiros (c), J. L. Pérez (b)

(a) Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, Spain

(b) Department of Cartographic Engineering, Geodesy and Photogrammetry, University of Jaén, Spain

(c) ISEGI, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract:

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are widely used in GIS to predict the impact of coastal flooding and Sea Level Rise in coastal areas. Furthermore, DEM change detection within a certain time period may be also used to automatically quantify the coastal landscape changes. In this sense many researchers have adopted 3D surface matching techniques without control points (GCPs) to automatically co-register multi-temporal DEMs. In this paper a new approach based on robust surface matching for DEM 3D geo-referencing is proposed to avoid the costly and time-consuming necessity of GCPs. The algorithm starts from a coarse orientation of the historical DEM where the stereo model y-parallax is removed by means of an Automatic Relative Orientation. Additionally, it is necessary to manually mark three control points to apply a coarse Helmert 3D transformation, obtaining a preoriented stereo-pair which turned out to be helpful to improve and speed up the subsequent surface matching process. Absolute z-differences between reference and historical DEMs are calculated, allowing for the application of the widely known K-means algorithm to cluster up to four groups of homogeneous absolute differences. The two clusters showing the high values are considered as outliers or areas where terrain has significantly changed. The remaining areas are deemed as potentially matching areas where the robust surface matching can be applied using the M-estimator called Tukey’s Biweight (TB). In this way the diagonal weight matrix, regarding TB function, is introduced in an iterative least square routine to compute the Helmert 3D transformation parameters. The proposed methodology was tested for geo-referencing a historical grid format DEM, comprising a little coastal area of Almeria (South Spain), obtained by digital stereo-photogrammetry from a B&W photogrammetric flight taken in 1977 at an approximated scale of 1:18000. The reference DEM was the 10 m grid-spacing digital elevation model produced by the Andalusia Regional Government (Spain) from a 1:20000 scale B&W photogrammetric flight taken in 2001. As well, we counted on two accurate DEMs based on LiDAR technology (ground truth) taken in 2005 and 2009 respectively. The results obtained from this work may be deemed as very promising, showing a high efficiency and accuracy for historical DEM 3D geo-referencing. After the application of the robust surface matching for non-altered or stable areas, the computed uncertainty, measured as standard deviation of DEM z-differences, turned out to be 1.08 m. That is quite similar to the estimated uncertainty for the reference model (around 1.03 m).


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Keywords: Surface matching, Digital elevation models, Change detection, Geomatic

Engineering.

Corresponding Author: Fernando J. Aguilar

Tel.: +34950015491

Fax.: +34950015491


Address: La Cañada de San urbano s/n 04120 Almería, Spain

Portraits of lost and possible cities

M. P. Iarossi (a), F. Belloni (a)

(a) Architectural Projects Department – Politecnico di Milano

Abstract:

At present the urban representation is largely entrusted to management of cartographic information by the GIS-Geographic Information System, reduced to a simple archive system of the cartography now currently in use. But this procedure is very inadequate, because the cities are the result of the passing of time and stratifications of slow changes and projects of radical reform. Therefore, the urban representation must introduce the time dimension and include also the carto-iconographic historical heritage. A representation system so extended makes it possible to: - describe the changes over time of the whole city or of its single sites, as well as the language with which the city itself has built its portrait and has communicated its identity through time; - favour the preservation and the divulgation of the archival heritage, often scattered in different archives. The research project “Portraits of cities in an interior” (co-ordinated by the Department of Architectural Design of Milan and to which participate the Universities of Bologna and RomaTre) have the objective to build a portal for an online access to the GIS of the heritage of cartography and iconography of Milan, Bologna and Rome. The project, currently in progress, thanks to the versatility of the webGIS - that permits to explore a heritage not homogeneous in terms of aims, representation system and scale - is able to create the conditions for knowledge about urban formation, transmittable to the most varied levels (from the specialist studies to the possibility of creating paths dedicated to school users or even to the planning of personalised museum journeys etc.). Moreover, among the most interesting potentialities there is the application to the definition of the “portraits of lost cities”, that is erased by the urban changes and the “portraits of possible cities”, consisting in the recomposition of the urban frames that could have derived from the realization of projects which remained on paper, as in the section dedicated to the big transformation projects of the Illuminist and Napoleonic Milan.


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Keywords: urban representation, cartographic heritage, iconographic heritage, projects,

Illuministic and Napoleonic Milan

Corresponding Author: Maria Pompeiana Iarossi


Tel.:02.2399 5604

Fax.:02.2399 5638

Address: DPA - Via Durando 10, 20158 Milano

Registration and 3D virtual reconstruction

of the old Carmen's Spa Park (Málaga)

E.B. Blázquez (a), M. L. Ladrón de Guevara (a),

M. C. Ladrón de Guevara (a), F. Hermosilla(a), F. J. Castillo (a)

(a) University of Málaga

Abstract:

For nearly two decades, computer graphics technologies have been employed in several fields for various purposes. The safeguard, the protection and the fruition of the remains of the past have gained a powerful tool, thanks to the potentialities of immersive visualization and 3D reconstruction. Nevertheless, on many occasions, the graphic information handled by people working in the cultural heritage sector is still in two dimensional models. This paper presents the research carried out to fill a gap in the 3D cultural heritage registration of Malaga, in Southern Spain, by virtual recreation techniques. It illustrates a complete methodology to create a virtual exhibition system, based on archaeological finds and graphical-historical information of the Carmen’s Spa Park. The model developed allows the study and displays the historical representation of this cultural heritage.

Keywords: Computer graphics, virtual recreation, historic-graphics documents, cultural

heritage

Corresponding Author: E. Beatriz Blázquez

Tel.:+34 951 952 282


Address: Escuela de Ingenierías, C/ Doctor Ortiz Ramos, s/n, 29071, Málaga (Spain)


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Elaboration of a GIS for the management

of the new building of the engineering’s school

J. R. Andrés (a), E. Molero (a), M. Luz García (a), M. A. Contreras (a)

(a) Málaga University (Spain)

Abstract:

In this paper we present the creation of a GIS with the use of graphical representation as well as a data base with referenced elements of the new building of the Engineering’s School. The objective is to manage the distribution and the efficient use of the building. As parts of the work we will show these different phases: - Introduction of graphical data provided as cad drawings - Development of a data base referring the different areas of the building, their use, persons related to them, timetables, etc.; and the complex relations taken into account, needed to create an efficient system. - Integration of the previously elaborated data in a GIS platform (Geomedia-Intergraph) - Consults development - Publication as web system. The main difference with a traditional GIS is that we are not using geographically referenced data, but just graphical data. We are using a GIS system to support the management of a building. Besides we give access to the system to all the members of the university via internet. We show our results and explore new use of GIS as a management tool.

Keywords: GIS, management, data base, web

Corresponding Author: José R. Andrés

Tel.: +34 951952272


Address: Despacho 2.092 - Proyectos de Ingeniería - Escuela de Ingenierías. C/ Doctor Ortiz Ramos,

s/n - Universidad de Málaga - 29071-Málaga (SPAIN)


159 June 15

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Economic valuation

Hornachuelos Natural Park (Córdoba, Spain),

supported by Geographic Information Techniques

R. E. Hidalgo Fernández (a), M. A. Hidalgo Fernández (b), J. A. Cañas Madueño (b)

(a) Dpto. Ingeniería Gráfica y Geomática, Campus Universitario de Rabanales. Universidad de Córdoba.

(b) Dpto. Economía, sociología y política agrarias, Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas

y Empresariales. Universidad de Córdoba.

Abstract:

The object of this study is the economic evaluation of goods that have no clear market, and to reflect the value that society places on them with regard to their tourist and recreational attraction and the ecological characteristics they possess. The contribution of valuable management and data information could prove useful in decision-making - both on policies relating to environmental protection and to recreational use by visitors. To this end, and with the aim of determining the value of recreational visitors to the Hornachuelos Natural Park (Córdoba), 416 questionnaires were carried out during the period of October 2008 to May 2009, using the Travel Cost Method (TCM), the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), and a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify characteristics of natural beauty. These methods were combined to determine the value of the natural area.

Keywords: Economic value, recreational use, natural area

Corresponding Author: Rafael Enrique Hidalgo Fernández

Tel.:0091957218335


Address: Dpto. Ingeniería gráfica fisiomática, Campus Universitario de Rabanales. Cra. N-IV. Km

396.14071 Córdoba. Universidad de Córdoba

Simulation and virtual approach:

from architecture to landscape

E. Marchis (a), M. Vitali (a)

(a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Sistemi Edilizi e Territoriali, Politecnico di Torino

Abstract:

Purpose: This contribute aim to explore 3D modelling and its practical applications investigating scales of representation and scales of contents from architecture to landscape. Method:


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The goal of this research work was to test the flexibility of modeling tools – in this case AutoCAD 2011® and Rhinoceros 4.8® – to different field of application and to draw shared methods, even if they are applied in so different context. Result: During the research occurred some problems that should be considered as central for future developments. They will drive the mainlines for the refinement of software and application technologies, but it must be remembered that, first of all, the direct experience and the validation with practical case studies must be absolutely taken into account. Discussion & Conclusion: The experience made and the reflections on the achievements allowed to compare digital techniques of representation for architecture and territory. On the basis of the outcomes and of research directions for the future, it has paved the way to thinking useful to the implementation of the method and to the management of the graphic results.

Keywords: Architecture and landscape, Representation, 3D modelling, Integration of

techniques, Solid image.

Corresponding Author: Elena Marchis

Tel.: 0115645315

Fax: 0115645399


Address: corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 – Torino

Methodology for highways network infrastructures´ design

in the landscape

C. C. Perucho (a), A. P. Merina (a), M. A. Ruiz (b), I. C. Guerrero (a)


(b) Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid

Abstract:

Purpose: Landscape evaluation is a graphical approach to the previous study of highway sections which later will be travelled by car. Method: Through maps, diagrams and sketches we can get an idea of what we have found in the journeys, and so make better use of them. The first step is to select the section to analyze. We choose one section of the AP6 highway which runs between Villacastín and Navalcanto, because these villages are very close from our point of origin, Madrid (Spain), as well as being a journey with a variety of landscapes to be analyzed. .


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After selecting the section, we collect the information available on it, aerial photos, maps, kilometric points. With this initial map we went out to the road with a camera and a GPS (geographic position system) device, we travelled through the area and its nearby, in order to extend the visual information about the section. We developed a map of landscape quality from “Spanish Landscape Atlas” and “Cañas´Methodology for Assessing the Landscape”. We use the program ArcGIS to get the view shed from the highway, that is, eliminating from the map the areas from the road that we can´t appreciate.. The visual exposure areas depend on the distance at which objects are observed. From 0 to 30 meters have immediate level, between 30-200 meters the foreground, 200-400 the middle ground, and from there, the background. Result: Rafael Mata’s “Atlas de los Paisajes de España” (Spain’s Landscapes Atlas) recognizes 32 landscape typologies, each one including a variety of subtypes. Our study aims to go one step further in landscape characterization, reducing the scale of the approach (from 1/700000 to 1/25000) and implementing the valuation methodology proposed by Ignacio Cañas. The result of the study will be a map representing the visual landscape. Discussion & Conclusion: A landscape interpretation map is a powerful tool in order to assess the design of future infrastructures, as it complements the information provided by cartography, land usage, topography and population information of a certain area, helping to determine the best tracing choices of a route depending on what we want or don’t want to be observed from it.

Keywords: Landscape, highways network infrastructures, view sheds, ArcGIS, Landscape

quality

Corresponding Author: Cruz Calleja Perucho

Tel.: 0034913665767 - 0034650979039


Address: Avd. Complutense s/n Madrid 28040 (Spain)

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INNOVATIVE METHODS IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Innovative Methods in Architectural Design

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Descriptive models and knowledge management.

Experiences and Perspective

L. M. Papa (a)

(a) University of Naples Federico II

Abstract:

The complexity of reality, both constitutive and interpretation, led the increase, often redundant forms of knowledge benefiting brought the most advanced information and communication technologies whose communicative connotations binds specifically to the needs of rapid interaction and cost content. in recent years have been tested and evaluated many and varied models able to reproduce as closely as possible to real objects, in particular the process of creating a virtual model, namely the graphical representation of a three-dimensional object to 'internal software, it has gradually through explicit modeling techniques are increasingly diverse In the wake of these considerations are exemplified in three significant segments of a research conducted at different scales and in different contexts: urban, architectural and archaeological heritage, in which there are differences in methodology and consistent business practices, recognizing the specific needs and expressive approach.

Keywords: multiresolution modells, validation protocol, communication process

Corresponding Author: Lia Maria Papa

Tel.: 039 0817682331

Fax.: 039 0815937944


Address: Naples, pl. V.Tecchio, 80

Walking through history. A visionary project

for the third-millenium perugia

P. Belardi (a), L. Martini (a)

(a) University of Perugia

Abstract:

Purpose: The ancient Piazza del Sopramuro in Perugia, located in between Corso Vannucci and Via della Rupe, is an area that naturally developed its trade attitude, constituting a geographic cornerstone between the city and countryside. At the same time, it clearly possesses its


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own identifiability, being historic location of important public institutions. The basic objective of the research is to create a pedestrian path that links the Minimetrò terminal, designed by Jean Nouvel, and Piazza del Sopramuro. In particular, the project consists of hollowing the artificial terrace in order to let people walking along the huge travertine blocks of the Etruscan walls that bear the square, as it used to be. The pedestrian path reaches the acropolis heart underneath an innovative roof energy gallery, made of steel and glass. Method: The research concept is characterized by an innovative and experimental approach, that also involved the use of technological advances. These allowed to unveil the exact location of the Etruscan walls as well as designed a sustainable architectural project. The first phase of the research, based on a specific historical investigation, focused on an exhaustive archaeological and architectural survey of the square and its surroundings. Advanced techniques ranges from video-endoscopies to georadar, together with laser scanner and standard surveying techniques. Result: The collected data as well as general purposes and particular needs, suggested two synergic actions: the first one, concerning the town planning, resulted in an underground archaeological gallery designed by a research group in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Perugia. The second action, concerning instead the architectural design, produced a glazed energy roof, designed by Coop Himmelb(l)au from Wien, leaded by Wolf D. Prix, and Heliopolis 21 from Pisa. Discussion & Conclusion: The innovative spatial configuration of the energy roof is the research result on the best performance. Geometric analysis and modeling were applied through scripting design in order to optimize the helical form, for both structural and power generation purposes. A challenging task was in fact to design an energetic self-sufficient complex. Moreover, this advanced and original design process has been fundamental to conceive a virtual “sky”, in a deeply historic centre such as the Perugia’s. In fact, the Wolf D. Prix’s research, carried out since the 1960s, resulted in culturally sustainable project, in spite of its absolutely contemporary character. Or maybe, it was because of that.

Keywords: historic centre, contemporary architecture, environmental and cultural

sustainability.

Corresponding Author: Paolo Belardi

Tel. 0755853782

Fax. 0755853786


Address: Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Perugia

Via Duranti, 93 06125 Perugia


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From Wayfinding to Waysharing:

interaction/information/interactivity for existing hospitals

F. Bianconi (a), S. Andreani (a)

(a) University of Perugia

Abstract:

Purpose: The research aims to improve the wayfinding strategies and the spatial cognition in existing hospitals. Wayfinding has always been a complicated task to deal with, particularly in public places. Common opinion is that finding the way simply concerns the series of artifacts useful for reaching a certain destination. However, to be aware of the right path to follow is a more complex process. This study explores innovative wayfinding strategies in large hospitals, adopting a human-centered approach. Method: The project is the result of an articulated process that originates from the analysis of the current wayfinding systems as well as the psychological aspects concerning emotional stress and orientation problems in hospitals. A specific case study, field visits and interviews are exploit to both have a broader comprehensions of the argument and advance design solutions. Result: The presented research takes San Giovanni Battista Hospital of Foligno (Italy) as a case study for applying innovative solutions to improve the spatial cognition and current wayfinding systems in existing hospitals. The study experiments new systems for creating multi-level interactive networks, involving the relations between hospital users and innovative technologies. The result is an original design, an overlapping of experimental techniques and human relationships. Discussion & Conclusion: The research develops an innovative approach for increasing the identifiability of hospitals as architectural emergences, as well as the wayfinding strategies within them. Interaction design and human relationships are integrated, so as to go over the common wayfinding principles and create a hybrid concept: waysharing.

Keywords: interaction design, wayfinding, healthcare design, complex networks

Corresponding Author: Stefano Andreani

Tel.: +39 075 5853787

Fax.: +39 075 5853786


Address: Via Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia (Italy).


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Design time and time architecture

P. J. Juan Gutiérrez (a)

(a) Universidad de Alicante

Abstract:

Undoubtedly the way in which we inhabit a building is different from the way we use an object, especially as far as timing is concerned. Although we are part of the architecture the same way that objects are our most immediate and artificial extension, they are (usually smaller than that of an architectural construction) those who construct discontinuously our intratemporality. This communication, through the proposed analysis, demonstrates the importance of knowing (and therefore understand) the time scale that defines and enables our objects. Only through the tool that is the consciousness of his reality we will be able to get to optimize our designs in order that our intentions are expressed through our objects.

Keywords: Time, Design, Architecture, SANAA

Corresponding Author: Pablo Jeremías Juan Gutiérrez


New materiality: digital fabrication and open form

Notes on the Arbitrariness of Architectural Form

and Parametric Design.

C. L. Marcos (a)

(a) Departamento de Expresión Gráfica y Cartografía. Escuela Politécnica Superior.

Universidad de Alicante

Abstract:

Digitally conscious architectural design is founded on the assumption that computer tools should modify architecture’s own language, not just the way architects must work. The idea of open form is the result of producing encoded designs, that is: geometry is defined parametrically and codified in a non material language instead of being imposed over materiality –drawings or physical models- as is characteristic to architectural design tradition. A parametric design is open in as much as it defines a topological model where the connectivity between the parts and their relation to the whole generates a typology of possible designs limited by the range of parameters involved. Some parallels can be drawn with Eco’s idea of open form referring to some artistic production of the second half of the XX century. The increased complexity that can be achieved with new design tools has often led to a banal formalism inconsistent with architecture’s own tradition. The baroqueness of recent


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digital designs is confronted with the aesthetics of simplicity established by Modernism derived from its constructive principles. As Tafuri or Moneo pointed out, and recently Eisenman has proved with his own architectural production, there is a certain degree of arbitrariness in architectural form. However, architectural sense must rely on the principles of utility and construction. Thus, arbitrariness of architectural form should not be confused with arbitrariness of architectural design; it just refers to the fact that the complexity inherent to architecture may not optimize the relation between form and function. Thus, a variety of different architectural forms may well suffice the use requirements for each project. Digital tools have improved the potential of architectural design thus broadening architecture’s role and providing the apparatus to explore geometries and constructive systems that would have been unimaginable decades ago. C.A.D./C.A.M. tools are beginning to produce extraordinary synergies in the context of complexity. Digital fabrication is the logical extension to digital design as it relies on the computers’ precision and their potential to manage complexity in varied ways, shifting from construction to manufacturing. The aim of this paper is to analyse the relation of open form and digital fabrication. Conceptually, it will address what has been referred to as new materiality understood as the constructive logic intrinsic to materials and new fabrication techniques. New materiality may articulate an architectural constructive logic as stated by Milizia in the XVIII century and new digital fabrication techniques.

Keywords: New Materiality, Open Form, Parametric Design, Digital Fabrication,

Arbitrariness

Corresponding Author: Carlos L. Marcos

Tel.: (34) 965 903 400 (ext. 3188)


New key factors in drawing up a building

M. Valiente López (a), T. Gil López (a), E. Martínez Borrell (a), I. Anta Fernández (a)


Abstract:

When we draw up a building we are using our personal way of approach to architecture. We are interpreting the building. We must do a detailed study of the object: construction, structure, ... Drawing by computer is widely used in the architect community, more and more the architects’ studio and ateliers demand the professional who collaborates in the tasks of production and drawing of the architectonic planes, with more knowledge in the computer drawing. Lately the introduction of the presentations in three dimensions and multimedia causes the professional to get knowledge on these means and their use.


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Nevertheless, the virtual pads introduce a fundamental concept in drawing up plans or plan survey. But a problem exists, to access to the virtual graphical representation without the necessary maturity in the field of the Architectonic Presentation. We must think that independently of the used technique it is very important to know the aim a priori that is wanted to obtain, since this one is the only mean to obtain it. For that reason, a constructive understanding of the architectonic work is advisable, before realising any representation of it, and based on it, we will choose the more suitable technique of representation. It is for that reason that seems so important to us to make an analysis of the drawing up a building and its problems. From the Madrid Politecnic University, we must begin to stimulate the new forms to express the architecture, imaginary or constructed, and to express with a clear and concise language our work, so that we pruned to show from different points of view our finished work or process of creation. Consequently, we must try to balance the feeling of using such a powerful means for designing as those based on computing techniques with the intrinsic value of the graphic means based on the traditional manual ones. We consider it is the best approach for using the new technologies.

Keywords: Innovative Methods in Design, Representation Systems, Geometric Analysis,

Simulation and Virtual Approaches, Building information modeling

Corresponding Author: Mercedes Valiente López

Tel.: +34696782221

Fax.: +34913367597


Address: General Álvarez de Castro nº 23 - 28010 Madrid. Spain.

Architecture = Design?

The increasingly strong link between 3D modeling

and automated manufacturing

M. Capone (a)

(a) University of Naples Federico II, Architecture, DICATA

Abstract:

3D models have always been used to study and control complex shapes. The Luca Pacioli's vacuous models and Gaudi's funicular polygon are the best way to study geometry and to represent complex architecture. The 3D digital model offers advantages over the traditional material model, in fact it is able to simulate the perceptive dimension, to verify structures, but we can build from it, prototypes or architectural components too. The relationship between digital model and construction is very close, now we can produce


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prototypes, models or elements of construction using CAM technology, CNC systems or rapid prototyping. Development of these tools is increasingly approaching Architecture to Design not only regard on the forms, but regard on the design method. The new tools are profoundly changing the processes of design and construction and the boundaries between architecture, engineering and production methods are increasingly blurred. To examine the relationship between 3D modelling (real or digital models) and production methods, in our research we rebuilt 3D models of some very different study cases in which the relation between the real model, digital model and the construction of building's components are reversed.

Keywords: Free-form geometry, CAD\CAM, Digital fabrication, 3D modeling, Reverse

Modeling.

Corresponding Author: Mara Capone

Mara Capone

Tel.:+39 0812538446

Fax.:+38 0812538406


Address: via Tarsia 31, Naples

Wayfinding on public spaces: the UPV case

J. Gonzalez-del-Rio (a), O. Ampuero-Canellas (a), B. Jorda-Albiñana (a) , J. I. Rojas-Sola (b)

(a) Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías Gráficas. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (Spain).

(b) Universidad de Jaén (Spain).

Abstract:

Purpose: The purposes of this paper is to introduce a wayfinding project developed for the Universidad Politécnica of Valencia and to describe its characteristics based on a literature review. Method: For this, a review of the literature has been carried out and seven requirements of any wayfinding project have been extracted (utility, durability, esthetics, economy, legibility, reproducibility and uniformity). These requirements have been applied to the study of the university’s wayfinding project. Result: The basic principles governing the wayfinding project were analyzed, as well as some of the actions taken. Discussion & Conclusion: The implementation of the requirements for good wayfinding allows a better understanding of the decisions taken and the principles in which a wayfinding program is based.


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Keywords: Wayfinding, Case study, Urbanism, Graphic design.

Corresponding Author: Jimena Gonzalez-del-Rio

Tel.: +34 963877067

Fax.: +34 963877958


Address: Camino de Vera s/n. 46022 Valencia (Spain).

The drawings design realized by parametric computer systems

G.Garzino (a), M. Lo Turco (a), M. Vozzola (a)

(a) Politecnico di Torino, Dept. of Building Engineering and Territorial Systems – D.I.S.E.T.

Abstract:

The parametric computer graphic systems adoption, meant as dialogue and interaction tool among the various operators of the building construction, is based (since the first phases of the preliminary project) on the management of a unique database related to the various actors of the design process. This leads to an able to interact with the various actors of the project according to a deductive logic of it. The virtual model performs both to geometric and to semantic level, operating to interact both the formal knowledge and the technological one. At this regards, great opportunity is therefore given by the chance to build, through the Drawing, a very complex model, susceptible of investigations that go further the cognitive searching traditionally connected to representation's field. This particular feature implies that computer drawing has not only to be considered the communication language but the opportunity and the means to search for the truth and the overall accuracy of the design idea. This is basically the weld between “what” and “how”: and the distinction is not between draw (understood as thing's physiognomy's developer) and project (meant as forecasting of the thing itself), but the draw becomes at the same time a trial and an instrument. The paper includes some professional experiences, aiming to explain the adoption and the implementation of BIM (Building Infomration Modeling) methodology, developed through the cooperation between the Building Service of the Politecnico di Torino and the Department of Building Engineering and Territorial Systems (DISET) of the same university. Other case studies are developed by the same authors of the paper through the collaboration between some Italian professionals and DISET researchers.

Keywords: Building Information Modeling, Representation, Architectural design

Corresponding Author: Giorgio Garzino

Tel.:0039-0110905336

Fax.: 0039-0110905399


Address:corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 – 10129 Torino Italy


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Bioclimatic passive designs rural buildings

I. Cañas (a), P. Núñez (b), S. Martín-Ocaña (a) F. R. Mazarrón (a) J.L.García-Grinda (a)



(b) Universidad de Alcalá de Henares

Abstract:

Purpose: In this paper the evolution of the bioclimatic architecture is explained from the existing relation between climate and construction in the vernacular architecture, happening through the appearance of the term of bioclimatic architecture in the sixties, to the present time. Method: The two bioclimatic charts used by architects appear: Olgyay and Givoni´s, and its use to establish the strategies of design for each climate. Next a review of these strategies of design is done, explaining its operation and the climatic conditions in which its use is just. The explanations come accompanied from images that help to understand the mechanism of performance of each strategy. Result: On the strategies is insisted of design of simple incorporation in the building and low cost because it is to give bases for the bioclimatic construction of rural buildings Discussion & Conclusion: It is known that traditional rural buildings used strategies to take advantage of the factors the climate in which they were located, obtaining the conditions required for their process. Starting off of this hypothesis, it is wanted to transfer these present strategies to rural buildings and to incorporate other that we know after the bioclimatic study from the building and the environment.

Keywords: Architectural desing, Bioclimatic architecture, Design strategies, Traditional

architecture.

Corresponding Author: Ignacio Cañas Guerrero

Tel.:+34913365767

Fax.:+34913363688


Address: E.T.S.I.Agrónomos. Departamento de Construcción y Vías Rurales. Avenida Complutense

s/n. 28040 Madrid.


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Digital modelling and representations:

Design and works by Riccardo Morandi and Sergio Musumeci

G. Curti (a), B. Polimeni (a), S. Raschi (a)

(a) Università degli Studi Mediterranea Reggio Calabria Facoltà di Architettura

Abstract:

Purpose: The purpose of this abstract is as a contribution to research on the representation of flat or variously shaped curves. The study is focused on the ability to model surfaces with traditional CAD systems. Method: The analysis is focused on the possibility of determining the morphological configurations of architectural coverings and other structures by means of the traditional, CAD, instruments. Result: The characteristics of the architecture are highlighted by a process which starts from the ""pure form"" and arrives at the completed, built structure. Discussion & Conclusion: Our approach requires that a special focus be given to the works of R. Morandi and S. Musmeci who used shaped surfaces for particular architectural structures in various ways.

Keywords: Digital modelling, representation techniques, traditional CAD systems, ruled

surfaces, minimal surfaces.

Corresponding Author: Gabriella Curti

Tel.:334-6698169

Fax.:0965-3222235


Address:Contrada Melissari-Feo di Vito (RC).

Computer modeling

to document architecture and for use in design prefiguration

M. R. Cundari (a), G. C. Cundari (a)

(a) Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Salerno

Abstract:

This paper focuses on the use of computer modelling in two cases of design prefiguration. The first involves the possible enhancement and conversion of the old monastery of San Bernardino in L’Aquila, the second the possible renovation of a former ATAC bus depot in


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Rome as part of a more general urban enhancement and conversion project. The first project involves architectural restoration; the second involves the redesign of an interesting industrial building. In both cases the paper focuses on the use of computer modelling in design prefiguration. The first involves the possible enhancement and conversion of the old monastery of San Bernardino in L’Aquila, the second the possible enovation of a former ATAC bus depot in Rome as part of a bigger urban enhancement and conversion project. The first project involves architectural restoration; the second involves the redesign of an interesting industrial building. In both cases modelling involved a survey of the existing structures and only later the 3D restitution of the new design project. This procedure – involving separate modelling for the existing structure and the new design – gives the latter an added value insofar as the ATAC bus depot is currently being demolished, at least partially, as part of the urban enhancement and conversion plan. This underscores the added value of a model in any requalification process of our building heritage.

Keywords: Modelling, Survey, Project

Corresponding Author: Maria Rosaria Cundari

Tel.: 0030.089.964208


Address: Via Ponte di Don Melillo, 00084 Fisciano, Salerno.

Computer modelling based on

integrated survey techniques and to document architecture

C. Cundari (a)

(a) Department of History, Drawing and Restoration of Architecture “Sapienza” University of Rome

Abstract:

Original This paper focuses on two studies documenting two monumental complexes (Verlasce in Venafro and the archaeological complex of San Vincenzo al Volturno, both in the province of Isernia) using several different measuring techniques: direct, topographic, photographic and electronic survey. In both cases the model was created using the acquired measurements and laser scanner “points clouds”. The models were used to verify all the measurements as well as create the most “realistic” “representation” and documentation of the surveyed objects.

Keywords: Survey, Modelling, Representation.

Corresponding Author: Cesare Cundari

Tel.:00.39.6.49916114

Fax.: 00.39.6.49916841


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Address: Via Scarpa, 16 – 00161, Roma, Italy

Digital Modeling in architectural analysis

for training engineers to building design

M. La Mantia (a)


Abstract:

The Architectural Design course at the Faculty of Engineering of the University Sapienza of Rome, has as its goal is learning the methods of graphic representation that the development of analytical skills for understanding and knowledge of architecture. Then through the learning of techniques, procedures and methods of the architectural modeling is the ability to amplify spatial conception of the student. Starting from data metric, infographic from the documentation made available to it and having understood the process of construction of the architecture under investigation in the prior realization of a model material, the student acquires the ability to develop a three-dimensional digital model with which to communicate effectively the different architectural components (formal, historical, structural, functional, etc...). The methodology provides for the joint application in computational steps of the process: 1) Implementation of the geometric model for the analysis of volumes and spaces; 2) Application of textures and materials for a pseudo-realistic visualizzaione 3) Context. Knowledge of three-dimensional modeling results, so in a useful and powerful instrument for market development, representation and communication of the building process and the building itself, with which the engineer may, in the right direction, as well as expand its planning potential.

Keywords: Digital Design, Modelling, Analysis of the architecture, Representation

Corresponding Author: Mariella La Mantia

Tel.: 00.39.6.49916116

Fax.: 0039.6.49916841




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The digital model

in the documentation of architectural elements

L. Carnevali (a)


Abstract:

Among the elements that complement the buildings also include those made of wrought iron that are carrying out different functions: delete, beak, bells, lanterns, etc. . The communication anticipate some results of a study addressed to the documentation of the works in wrought iron to complement the architecture. Considering the evolution of the process over time, based on archival records and the importance of the works themselves, it is possible to produce the corresponding computer models that are useful to document the construction aspects as well as those of perception.

Keywords: Documentation, Survey, Protection heritage, Wrought-iron works

Corresponding Author: Laura Carnevali

"Tel.: 00.39.6.49916894

Fax.: 00.39.6.49916841



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List of Authors

A. A. Ammar ................................... 52 A. Adán-Oliver.............................. 145 A. Álvarez ..................................... 101 A. Angilica ...................................... 28 A. Ballu ........................................... 94 A. Baschiera ................................... 36 A. Bass ............................................ 14 A. Benamara ............................ 50; 91 A. Carofalo ..................................... 44 A. Cerardi ............................... 96; 112 A. Ceruti ......................... 56; 107; 108 A. Collignan .................................. 106 A. Donoso .................................... 102 A. E. Morabito .................... 43; 44; 75 A. E. Uva ................................... 24; 67 A. Fernández ................................ 152 A. Fernández Sora ............ 17; 55; 133 A. Finneran .................................. 130 A. G. F. Gibb ................................. 130 A. G. González Rodríguez ............. 102 A. Giordano .................................. 128 A. González Rodríguez ................. 102 A. L. Romera Zarza ....................... 132 A. Lanzotti ................................ 20; 86 A. Liverani .............................. 56; 107 A. López ............................... 151; 153 A. López-Tercero .......................... 146 A. M. García Lorca ....................... 152 A. M. Manferdini ........................... 19 A. M. Trallero Sanz ....................... 146 A. Mancuso .................................. 113 A. Manuello Bertetto ................... 105 A. Marín Palma ............................ 146 A. Mozas ...................................... 153 A. Naddeo ...................................... 18 A. Nocerino .................................... 62 A. O. Andrisano .................. 54; 59; 85

A. P. Merina ......................... 142; 160 A. Pagliano ................................... 125 A. Paoli ..................................... 69; 74 A. Pellegrino .................................. 62 A. Ramos ...................................... 120 A. Riel........................................... 129 A. Ristevich .................................. 128 A. Robert ....................................... 33 A. Román ..................................... 136 A. Serrano Tierz ............................. 17 A. Spezzaneve .............................. 114 A. T. Mozas .................................. 151 A. V. Razionale ......................... 69; 74 A. Vanacore ................................... 20 A. Vergnano ....................... 54; 59; 85 A. Viciana ..................................... 152 A. Zompì ........................................ 95 B. Álvarez ..................................... 101 B. Callejero Cornao ........................ 55 B. Defez ............................. 24; 71; 99 B. Jorda-Albiñana ........................ 170 B. Louhichi ..................................... 91 B. Messina ................................... 148 B. Motyl ......................................... 57 B. Polimeni .................................. 173 B. Ramos ...................................... 136 B. Vazquez ..................................... 68 B. Yannou ...................................... 50 C. Anido ....................................... 101 C. Bandera ..................................... 57 C. C. Perucho ....................... 142; 160 C. Cundari .................................... 174 C. D’Oria ........................................ 18 C. Falchi ....................................... 105 C. Favi ............................................ 58 C. García Hernández ............ 130; 133 C. L. Marcos ................................. 167

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C. Melgosa ................................... 136 C. Monteleone ............................. 139 C. Porras Amores ......................... 143 C. Porras-Amores ......................... 145 C. Rocco ......................................... 62 C. San Antonio ............................. 150 C. San Antonio Gómez ................. 153 C. Vernier ....................................... 33 C. Zoido .......................................... 71 D. Barattin ...................................... 27 D. Blumenthal ................................ 60 D. Boddi ....................................... 100 D. Francia ......................... 56; 84; 107 D. Gutiérrez ................................... 16 D. Saba ........................................... 74 D. Scaravetti ................................... 52 D. Teissandier ................................ 93 D. Tumino .................................... 116 E. Aliouat ........................................ 60 E. Baños ....................................... 136 E. Bonisoli .................................... 110 E. García ....................................... 136 E. García Martínez ....................... 146 E. González .................................. 152 E. Lluna .......................................... 99 E. Lombardo ................................... 82 E. Manferdini ................................. 19 E. Marchis .................................... 159 E. Martínez Borrell ....................... 168 E. Molero ..................................... 158 E. Montiel .................................... 115 E. Pezzuti ........................................ 26 E. Rovida ...................................... 131 E. Sentana .............................. 15; 137 E. Vezzetti ...................................... 95 E.B. Blázquez .......................... 17; 157 F. Aguilar ...................................... 151 F. Belloni ...................................... 156 F. Bianconi ................................... 166 F. Bruno ................................... 28; 47 F. Brusola ....................................... 99 F. Brusola Simón ............................. 32

F. Chiementin .............................. 128 F. De Crescenzio ............ 77; 119; 135 F. Di Monaco ............................... 110 F. Gherardini .................................. 85 F. Giménez Alcaide ........................ 71 F. Hermosilla ................................ 157 F. I. Cosco ...................................... 28 F. J. Aguilar .................. 152; 153; 155 F. J. Castillo ............................ 17; 157 F. J. Espinach Orús ......................... 17 F. Julián Pérez ................................ 17 F. Leali ................................ 54; 59; 85 F. Lucchi ................................. 77; 135 F. Mandorli .................................... 76 F. Manzano Agugliaro .................. 153 F. Mozas Martínez ....................... 149 F. N. Gimena ................ 124; 131; 148 F. Patiño Barbeito .......................... 28 F. Patiño Cambeiro ........................ 28 F. Persiani .............................. 84; 108 F. Pini ............................................. 59 F. R. Mazarrón ............. 143; 145; 172 F. Rosa ......................................... 131 F. Villecco ...................................... 62 G. C. Cundari ................................ 173 G. Cacopardo ................................. 82 G. Caligiana .................... 56; 107; 108 G. Concheri ................ 36; 40; 96; 121 G. Curti ........................................ 173 G. de los Galanes ......................... 146 G. Defranco ........................... 78; 128 G. Fatuzzo ................................ 82; 99 G. Fernández San Elías ................ 132 G. García ...................................... 101 G. Lo Buglio.................................... 82 G. Mangano ................................... 98 G. Monno ................................ 24; 67 G. N. Massai................................. 134 G. Osorio-Gomez ........................... 51 G. Pearce ..................................... 118 G. Peris Fajarnés ........ 24; 32; 66; 142 G. Peris-Farjarnés .......................... 71

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G. Romero .............................. 71; 118 G. Savio .................... 40; 96; 112; 121 G. Sequenzia ............................ 82; 99 G. Sergio ........................................ 82 G.Garzino ..................................... 171 H. N. Lê .......................................... 94 I. Anta Fernández ......................... 168 I. C. Guerrero ....................... 142; 160 I. Cañas ........................................ 172 I. Cárdenas Anguita ...................... 149 I. Fernández ......... 151; 152; 153; 155 I. Friso .......................................... 126 I. Goicoechea Castaño ................... 28 I. Ladrón de Guevara ..................... 17 I. Lengua Lengua............... 32; 99; 142 I. Lidón López ................................. 17 I. Lopez ......................................... 103 I. Sentana ............................... 15; 137 Ignacio Cañas ....................... 143; 145 J. A. Cañas Madueño ................... 159 J. A. Flores Soto ............................ 143 J. A. Simoes .................................. 120 J. Alonso Trigueros ....................... 132 J. C. Asenjo ................................... 150 J. C. Rubio Romero ....................... 130 J. Cerqueiro .............................. 35; 92 J. Cid Falceto ................................ 143 J. Delgado ............................ 151; 155 J. F. Petiot ...................................... 60 J. Felez.................................... 71; 118 J. G. Negreiros ...................... 152; 155 J. Gimenez López ............................ 32 J. Gonzalez-del-Rio....................... 170 J. Grandjean ................................... 93 J. H. Xin .......................................... 83 J. I. Prieto López ............................. 28 J. I. Rojas ........................................ 16 J. I. Rojas-Sola ........................ 34; 170 J. J. López ..................................... 148 J. Javier López .............................. 124 J. Jiménez ....................................... 17 J. L. Caro Rodríguez ........................ 42

J. L. Giménez López ..................... 142 J. L. Pérez ..................... 151; 153; 155 J. López Soto .................................. 42 J. M. Chacón ................................ 102 J. M. Gomis Martí .......................... 45 J. M. Sanz ....................................... 16 J. M. Sieffermann .......................... 60 J. M. Valderrama Zafra ................ 149 J. Maroto ....................................... 71 J. Martínez García ........................ 153 J. Ortiz ............................................ 68 J. P. Nadeau ................................... 52 J. P. Pernot ..................................... 47 J. Pailhes ...................................... 106 J. Pose ...................................... 35; 92 J. R. Andrés .................................. 158 J. Sánchez Reyes ............................ 46 J. Sancho Val .................................. 55 J. T. Fan .......................................... 83 J.L. Benito .................................... 145 J.L.García-Grinda ......................... 172 K. François Xavier .......................... 52 L. A. Lopresti .................................. 78 L. Barbieri ...................................... 47 L. Bifulco ...................................... 128 L. Carnevali .................................. 176 L. Ciocca ....................................... 119 L. D’Angelo .................................. 120 L. De Napoli ................................... 62 L. Di Angelo ...................... 41; 75; 114 L. Dunai .................................. 24; 142 L. Frattari ....................................... 86 L. Fuertes ..................................... 128 L. Giaccari ...................................... 41 L. Gimena............................. 124; 131 L. Governi ................................ 66; 76 L. López .................................... 35; 92 L. Lopresti .................................... 128 L. M. Papa .................................... 164 L. Martini ..................................... 164 L. Nalbone ................................... 116 L. Planchenstainer ....................... 112

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L. Recanatesi ................................ 107 L. Seccia ......................................... 77 L. Silvestri ....................................... 86 L.Dunai ........................................... 66 M. A. Aguilar ................ 151; 153; 155 M. A. Contreras ............................ 158 M. A. Hidalgo Fernández ............. 159 M. A. Ruiz ............................. 142; 160 M. Ángel Aguilar .......................... 152 M. Ansaloni .................................... 54 M. Aoun ....................................... 120 M. Brodeschi .................................. 28 M. C. Ladrón de Guevara ............. 157 M. Calì ...................................... 82; 99 M. Caneri ....................................... 36 M. Capone ................................... 169 M. Carfagni .................................... 53 M. Castro-García ............................ 34 M. Cigola ...................................... 147 M. Crespo .................................... 131 M. D’Anna ...................................... 98 M. Danzart ..................................... 60 M. Davia ....................................... 115 M. De Giorgi ............................. 43; 44 M. del Mar Espinosa ...................... 16 M. del Mar Saldaña...................... 152 M. Domínguez ............................... 16 M. Fantini ....................... 77; 119; 135 M. Fiorentino ........................... 24; 67 M. Germani .......... 25; 35; 58; 76; 115 M. Giordano ................................... 78 M. Goñi ................................ 124; 148 M. Heredia Conde .......................... 45 M. Jaafarnia ................................... 14 M. L. Gil .......................................... 68 M. L. Ladrón de Guevara ............. 157 M. L. Luchi ...................................... 28 M. L. Martinez ............................. 118 M. La Mantia ................................ 175 M. Lo Turco .................................. 171 M. López ........................................ 15 M. Luz García ............................... 158

M. M. Bocconcino ....................... 134 M. Mandolini ......................... 35; 115 M. Marconi .................................... 58 M. Martorelli ....................... 113; 117 M. Mengoni ............... 25; 58; 76; 115 M. Mesnard ................................. 120 M. Muzzupappa....................... 28; 47 M. Nunziati .................................... 76 M. Olivier ....................................... 52 M. P. Iarossi ................................. 156 M. Palai .......................................... 66 M. Pappalardo ............................... 62 M. Pellicciari ...................... 54; 59; 85 M. Pérez Vázquez .......................... 45 M. Peruzzini ................................... 25 M. R. Cundari ............................... 173 M. Rizzi ........................................ 120 M. Tlija ........................................... 91 M. Toccafondi ................................ 66 M. Trotta ................................. 20; 86 M. Turchetto ............................... 112 M. Valiente López ........................ 168 M. Vezzani ................................... 100 M. Vitali ....................................... 159 M. Vozzola ................................... 171 M. W. Fu ........................................ 61 Mª. P. Carranza-Cañadas ............... 34 N. Cappetti .................................... 18 N. D. Perkinson ............................ 118 N. de la Puente .............................. 16 N. Ortigosa .................................... 66 N. Ortigosa Araque ........................ 24 N. Sesse ....................................... 137 O. Ampuero-Canellas .................. 170 O. D. de Cózar ................................ 17 P. Belardi ..................................... 164 P. Bust .......................................... 130 P. Cicconi ....................................... 35 P. D’Agostino ............................... 148 P. Darnis ........................................ 94 P. Di Stefano .......................... 75; 114 P. Franciosa ..................... 70; 86; 117

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P. Gonzaga ........................... 124; 131 P. Ibáñez Carabantes ..................... 55 P. J. Juan Gutiérrez ...................... 167 P. Kiciak .......................................... 46 P. Manco ........................................ 43 P. Nicolas ....................................... 52 P. Núñez ....................................... 172 P. P. Valentini ................................. 26 P. R. López Para ............................. 42 P. Sanin ........................................ 138 P. Sebastian ......................... 104; 106 P. Sébastian ................................. 109 P. Stephane .................................... 52 P. Ubieto Artur ..................... 130; 133 P. Y. Mok ........................................ 83 R. Ambu ....................................... 105 R. Briand ...................................... 109 R. E. Hidalgo Fernández ............... 159 R. Furferi .................................. 53; 76 R. Gaha........................................... 50 R. García ....................................... 150 R. Mejia-Gutierrez ....................... 138 R. Meneghello .... 36; 40; 96; 112; 121 R. Miralbes ................................... 103 R. Nobile ........................................ 44 R. Prádanos .................................... 16 R. Raffaeli ....................... 76; 112; 115 R. Rebollar Rubio ........................... 17 R. Rosa ........................................... 91 R. Viganò ................................ 51; 131 S. Andreani .................................. 166 S. Bagassi ....................................... 84 S. Barba .......................................... 78 S. Barone ........................................ 69 S. Ceccacci ...................................... 25 S. Filippi .................................... 27; 57 S. Gavino ...................................... 128 S. Gerbino ................................ 70; 86 S. Giancane .................................... 43

S. Giovanzana .............................. 121 S. Gomes ........................................ 33 S. M. Oliveri ............................. 82; 99 S. Martínez .................................... 68 S. Martín-Ocaña .......................... 172 S. Moos .......................................... 95 S. Morillas ...................................... 66 S. Patalano ..................................... 86 S. Raschi ....................................... 173 S. Rizzuti .................................. 62; 91 S. Roth ........................................... 33 S. Samper ....................................... 93 S. Tichkiewitch ............................. 129 S. Tornincasa ............................... 110 T. Boudouh .................................... 33 T. Gil López .................................. 168 T. Ingrassia ............... 82; 98; 113; 116 T. Magal ......................................... 71 T. Magal Royo ........................ 32; 142 T. Quirante .................................. 104 T. Rego ........................................... 68 V. A. Lokhov ................................. 120 V. Dattoma .................................... 43 V. Delos.......................................... 93 V. Dupé ........................................ 109 V. M. Santiago ............................... 66 V. Nigrelli ......................... 82; 98; 116 V. Ricotta ..................................... 116 V. Rufrano ...................................... 86 V. Santiago ..................................... 71 V. Santiago Praderas ............... 24; 99 W. L. Chan ..................................... 61 X. Fischer ..................................... 109 Y. L. Kwok ...................................... 83 Y. Ledoux ......................... 93; 94; 104 Y. Nyashin .................................... 120 Y. Volpe ................................... 53; 66 Y. Y. Wu ......................................... 83

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