i i edl,lard a, i s, · edl,lard a, 6arvey henry shatll i,iallace s, broecker taro takahashi...
TRANSCRIPT
PROPOSED EXXONHELP ASSESS TtlE
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RESEARCH PROGRAlvl TOGREENHOUSE EFFECT.
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EDl,lARD A, 6ARVEYHENRY SHAtll
I,IALLACE S, BROECKERTARO TAKAHASHI
PRESENTED TO:
DR. LESTER I{ACHTARESOURCES LABORATORY
IC AND AT}1 OSPHERIC ADIVI I
lI
STRATtJNATIONAL
AIROCEAN NI ION
IvlARCH 26, 1g7g
,d
PRO6RAI'I 6OAL
DETERIVIINE THE LIKELIIlOOD
USE EXXON EXPERTISE AND FACILITIES TO llELP
OF A GLOBAL GREEN-llOUSE EFFECT
v
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RATIOl'lALE FOR EXXON INVOLVE14ENT
I DEVELOP EXPERTISE TO ASSESS TtlE POSSIBLEIIVI PACT OF TllE GREENHOUSE EFFECT ON EXXONBUSINESS
O FORPI RESPONSIBLE TEAI'1 THAT CAN CREDIBLYCARRY BAD NEl^lS, IF ANY, TO THE CORPORATION
I PROVIDE THE GOVERNl'lENT l^lITH HIGrl OUALITYINFORIViATION TO REDUCE TllE BUSINESS RISK OFINADECIUATE GOVERNtvlENT POLICY
O GENERATE IrlPORTANT SCIENTIFIC INFORtvlATION THATl,{ILL ENHANCE THE EXXON IlvlACE AND PROVIDE PUBLICRELATIONS VALUE
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The Carbon Cycl e
1 978
Fluxes in Gt/aPool sizes in Gt
/Photosynthes i s
56
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FuelCombus t i on
5
Terrestrial Biosphere
,III{ri'liI,l
4:i;
Decompos i ti on25
Res pi ratlon31
Gas Exchange90 90
12,000(7,300 recoverabl e)
L{vi ng0rganl c
800
Dead0rganic(Humus )
I 000-3000
Surface l^later0issolved Carbon
580Thermocl lne
0issolved Carbon6 ,600 Aquat i c
Deep lrlaterDissolved Carbon
3l ,900Reacti veSediments
400
Fossil Fuels and Shale 0ceans
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PROPOSED PROGRAlvlS
OCEAf'l SAtvlPL I NG PROGRAIVI
TANKER SAt'lPLINC SYSTEtvl
DRILLINC SHIP STATION
LAND BIOTA SAfvlPLING PROGRAlvl
.P.ROGRAlvlS FUt'lDING
D O E / EX X O N
EXXON
EXXON
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C-T3 AND C-1'I SAlvlPLING
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OBJECTIVES OF OCEAN SAIlPLING
0 DETER14 INE
FLUX =
COZ FLUX BET}lEEN AND OCEANAIR
ENT)(TRANSFER COEFFICI X (DRIVINC FORCE)
,-l DRIVIN€ FORCE DETERlvlINED FROII TANKERS AS A
FUNCTI0N 0F c0r ,LOCATIOI{, ETC.-ATM
COc 'tsw
STUDY AS A FUNCT
TEIqPERATURE,
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT DETERIVIIl'lEDSHIPS BY TRACERSEA-STATE, ETC I
FROf'l DRION OF
ILLINGl^lEATlJER,
t cR0sscllEcK RATE 0F C0z EXCHANGE ACR0SS TllE AIR-SEA INTERFACE USIN6 C-14 RELEASED DURING ATOIi ICBO14B TESTS AS TRACER
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TANKER PROGRAivl
c TANKERS !\lILL SAl/lPLE CONTINUOUSLYATlvl 0SPtl ERIC C0Z T0 t 0,5 pprlv0 CEAN C0Z T0 t 0,5 ppMVSEA AND AIR TEI\lPERATURE TORELATIVE HUIVI IDITYBAROllETRIC PRESSURESALINITYSEAl^lATER pH
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TANKER l,lILL ALSO SAII PLE SURFACEC-1II ON A PERIODIC BASIS
SEAl^lATER FOR
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DEPTH THERIVIOf'4ETERS t.lILL BE USED PERIODICALLYTO DETERf'IINE THE TElvlPERATURE PROFILE OF THEOCEAN ALONG THE TANKER ROUTE
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TANKER PROGRA14 (CONTINUED)
3 TANKER l^lILL BE ABLEA PARTICULAR ROUTEPER YEAR DEPENDINCDEIl AND
TO REPEAT lvlEASUREIVIENTS ALONGANYl^lHERE FROf\l 1O TO qO TI14ESON ROUTE LENGTrl AND PETROLEUlv!,/
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TANKER PROGRA[I l^l
DURING THE FIRSTLL BE EXPANDED FROlvlYEAR TO FIVE BY THE
ONE ROUTETHIRD YEAR
SOI'1E TANKER ROUTESCROSS AREAS hIII EREl^lORK HAS BEEN DONE
PROPOSED IRELATIVELY
N TllIS PROGRAIILITTLE OCEANOGRAPHIC
t.f.ir
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0 TllE DATA COLLECTED !^I ILL BE USED TO DETERlnlILEVELS ON A REGIONAL AND SEASONAL BASIS INTHE ATlvlOSP11ERE AND THE OCEANS
NE PC02BOTH
DEEP WATER I,IELLINGS ANO TANKER ROUTES
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Tanker SamplingTracks
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pcoz 'I 0 - atm. IN THE SURFACE WATER OF
JULY 1972 - MARCH '1973THE ATLAI''ITIC 0CEAN
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AlI Exxon Atlantic tanker routes.
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pCOe l0-b atm. I}I THE SURFACE WATERS OF THE PACiFiC OCEAN
AUGUST 1973 . JUNE ]974
<3 Xtr
Exxon routes(
Pacific tanker rou tes .0ther tanker routes*-(:
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DRILLING SHIP PROGRAI'I
0 EXXON CONTRACTED DRILLING SHIPS ARE PRESENTLYEXPLORING lvlANY DEEP l4lATER AREAS AROUND THEI^IORLD
DRILL IN OCEAN DEPTHS l-lELL OVERlOOO FEET, SOlnlETIIVlES AS I'IUCH AS5OOO FEETRElvlAIN IN ONE LOCATION FOR ThlOTO THREE 14ONTHS
AT THESE DEPTHS, THE OCEAN IS USUALLY WELLSTRATIFIED, AND IS SUITABLE FOR TRACER GASSTUDY
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DRILLINC SllIP PROGRAfVI (COl'lTII.|UED)
O t{EASURElvlENT OF SURFACE l^lATER RADON-222 PROFILESAND l,lEATHER DATA CAN BE USED TO DETERII INE THERATE OF GAS EXCI.IANGE AS A FUNCTION OF l^lIND SPEEDAND SEA STATE
O DEEP l,{ATER SAI'lPLINC CAN ALSO BE PERFOR14ED TOENHANCE OUR UNDERSTANDINC OF DEEP OCEAN IXCHANGE0F c0z, RAD0N-222, AND 0THER cHEtl IcAL TRAcERs
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INFORIVlATION YIELDS (COllTINUED)
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ATII OS P HE R I C C I RCU LAT I ON+ Tl.lE VARIATIONS l,lILL HELP DETERfVI INE
CLOBAL AIR CIRCULATION PATTERNS ANDCOULD BE A USEFUL CONTRIBUTION TOTHE TRANSIENT TRACES PROGRAlvl NOl^lBEGINNING UNDER DOE FUNDINC
0CEAN I C PC0Z+ ltlILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH GLOBAL
SEAl^lATER CIRCULATION PATTERNS+ BY CROSSIlrlG UPl.lARD AND DOl,{Nl^lARD
ADVECTION ZONES THE SEASONAL ANDYEARLY EXCHANCE OF SURFACE ANDDEEP hlATER l,lILL BE 14ONITORED
0CEANIC AND ATPl0SPHERIc eC02+ 1,{ILL BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE
CONCENTRAT-ION GRADIENT ACROSSTHE INTERFACE
INFORI'IATION YIELDS (CONTINUED)
\dr'
+ THE CONCENTRATION VARIATIONSACCORDING TO SEASON AND REGIONhlILL BE USED TO CENERATE I,I OREACCURATE C0z EXCHANGE IvI0DELS
OCEAN TEIVIPERATURE PROFI LFS+ }lILL BE USED TO DETERlvlINE TtlETHICKNESS OF THE SURFACE l.lATERLAYER AND ITS VARIATION ACCORDINGTO SEASON AND REGION
+ TII IS l,lILL PROVIDE ADDITIONALINFORII ATION ON OCEAN CIRCULATIONPATTERNS AND l,lIND EFFECTS ONOCEAN II IXING
SALINITY+ t.lILL BE UsED TO DEFINE OcEAN
l^lATER IVIASSES+ IT IS ALsO USED TO cORREcT
THE RAl^l rC02 lvltASUREtt'lENTS
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PROGRA14 RESULTS AND BENEFITS
II EANS OF P
ON YEARLYAND OCEAN I
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A RELATHIGHLYAND REG
SAlvlPLISCIENTOF THE
IVELY INEXPENSIVEUSEFUL INFORII ATIONIONAL ATl{OSPHERIC
INFORllATRCULATION
ON ON BOTHPATTERNS
ON THE FINDINGSAND OTHER PART
ROVIDIl\lG, SEASONALC PROCESSES
ATMOSPHERIC AND
ISSUED JOINTLYICIPATIN6 INSTI-
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REPORTS FROI'I EXXONl^lITH LAf4ONT-DOHERTYTUTIONS
G VESSELS l^lILL BEFIC IVIEASURE14ENTSCARBON BUDGET OR
AVAILABLE FORTO ENHANCE OURRELATED AREAS
ADDITIONALUNDERSTANDING
THEORY OF LAND B I OTA SAlvlPLING
INCREASE INFOSSIL FUEL
ATI\1OSPI-IERICCOlvlBUSTION
coz t\lAY BE DUE ToOR FOREST CLEARINC
t,o S0URCE 0F
ISOTOPESc - I3AND P
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O IVIEASURING RELATIVE CHANGE OF C-13 AND C-14IN STORED BIOlulASS CAN YIELD INFORlllATION ONTHE S0URcE 0F THE C0z THA'T lrlAS pREsENTDURING PLANT GROl^lTH
Global Carbon Isotope Di stri buti on
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Year
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PROPOSED PROGRA14 SCllEDULE (CONTINUED)
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PHASE II (FIVE-YEAR PROGRAlvl)
IlvlPLEfvlENT FULL-SCALEUP TO FIVE DIFFERENTIVlENT)
I4
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f{EASUREI{ENT l^lIr$/n B0 EXX0N
TANKERROUTES
PRO6RA14(t ll $/n
NG
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c CONTINUE DRILLINC Sl{IP PRO6RAlvl ATL0CATI0NS (r$/n 50 EXX0N)
CONTINUE LAND BIOTADI'FFTRENT SOURCES (
SUITABLE
GEOGRAPt{ICALLY0 TH)
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6.
Develop background
Oevelop research program
Obtain ER&E management approval
Advise Exxon Corp. & affiliatesAdvise DOE of program
Plan program with affiliates( Exxon International, EUSA, etc.)Arrange universi ty partnersh.ip
0esignate program manager
0rder and assemb'le i nstrumentatl on
Begin Phase I- Tanker No. I- Drilling Ship
Land biota measurements
l. Prepare and submit proposals to DOE
2, Publ ish initiai results3. 0rder additionai equipment
1. Begin Phase II- 5 tankers- 9 drilling ships- 2 different land biota sources
5. Awareness anq corporatedissemination of i nformati onon overa lI prob lem
Fundi ng
$ Source
20 K ER&E
30 K ER&E
GBL Units
IP'l P
1PIP'I P
IP
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5k
5k
50k
125 k
ER&E
ER&E
ER&E
ER&E
DOEER&EER&E
ER&E
iP1.3 P
IP
6P
275 k ER&E25 k ER&E75 k ER&E
30 k ER&E
30 K ER&E
425 k DoE
6.8225160
70
Mkk
k 0.1 P
I