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Name _______________________

I. Heredity – pgs. 3-12

II. DNA & Genetics – pgs. 13-28

III. Genetic Technology – pgs. 29-38

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Genetics Vocabulary

Heredity • Genes • Alleles • Traits • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Genotype • Phenotype • Dominant • Recessive • Independent assortment • Gene linkage • Sex chromosomes • Sex linked traits • Carrier • Gene expression

DNA & Genetics • DNA • Nitrogenous bases (A,T, G, C) • Base pairing • DNA Replication • Protein synthesis • Amino Acids • Transcription • RNA (mRNA, tRNA) • Translation • Codons • Ribosomes • Mutations

Biotechnology

• Selective breeding • Genetic engineering • Gene splicing • Cloning • Gel electrophoresis • DNA Banding pattern

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Heredity

Heredity – __________________________________________________ Genes – _____________________________________________________ • Alleles – ___________________________________________________

• Traits – ___________________________________________________

Pea Plant Traits Dominant Recessive Plant height

Seed color

Seed shape

Flower color

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DOMINANT & recessive Alleles Dominant – ____________________________________________________________ Ex: Recessive – ___________________________________________________________ Ex: 1. Perform a test cross of TT & tt in the Punnett Square below to show the

possible inheritance patterns in the offspring.

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Homozygous - _______________________________________________ Ex:

• _______________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________ Heterozygous - ______________________________________________ Ex:

• _______________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________

Genotype vs. Phenotype Genotype – ____________________________________________________________

Ex: Phenotype – ___________________________________________________________

Ex: n Note: genotype cannot always be determined by phenotype

Ex: tall plant could be _______ or ________

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Practice Problems

1. If 2 heterozygous tall pea plants are crossed, what will the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring be?

2. Brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). If dad has blue eyes and mom

is heterozygous. a) What are the parent’s genotypes and phenotypes?

Mother Father Genotype

Phenotype

b) Complete the test cross of the parents in the Punnett Square below c) What is the probability of having a child with blue eyes?

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Codominance & Incomplete Dominance 1. Codominance - 2 different alleles are both equally expressed

Ex:

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

• ______________________________________________________

2. Incomplete Dominance - 2 different alleles are partially expressed creating

a blending of both traits

Ex: ______________________________________________________

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Factors Influencing Inheritance 1. Independent Assortment – _____________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2. Gene Linkage – ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Ex: ______________________________________________________

• Identify the genes in diagram below that are linked. Explain you answer

• _________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

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• Determine if the pictures below show linked or unlinked genes. a) _______________ b) ________________ c) ______________ • Crossing Over - ____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

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Sex Determination v Sex Chromosomes - _________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

a) Sex Linked Traits - _________________________________________

_________________________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________

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Genetic Carrier Carrier – ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________ • Label each possible offspring (healthy or affected) and (male or female)

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Environment & Gene Expression • Environmental factors may influence the expression of a trait.

Environmental Factor Gene Expression

Ex: Himalayan Rabbit

• Above 35o C - ____________________________________________

• Below 35o C - ____________________________________________

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DNA & Genetics DNA - _____________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________

• Building blocks - ______________________________

Drawing:

Nitrogenous bases – ___________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________ • Genes - ________________________________________________

• Base pairing - _____________________________________________

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Create a DNA molecule • Label each sugar molecule (S), phosphate group (P), and draw the bonds • Color code each base (A=blue, T=yellow, G=green, C=red). • Draw the complementary strand and repeat the directions above.

A

T

G

C

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DNA Replication - ____________________________________________

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DNA Quick Review 1. All living things on Earth have genetic material known as _____________.

2. In what way is the DNA of all organisms on Earth similar?

3. In what way is the DNA of all organisms on Earth different?

4. In simplest terms, what does DNA replication mean?

5. When does DNA replication occur and why?

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Protein Synthesis Proteins - ____________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

• Ex: ____________________________________________________

IMPORTANT PROTEIN FACTS: • _________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________

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• There are 20 different types of essential amino acids

Amino Acid Abbreviation Amino Acid Abbreviation 1. Alanine Ala 11. Leucine Leu 2. Arginine Arg 12. Lysine Lys 3. Aspartic Acid Asp 13. Methionine Met 4. Asparagine Asn 14. Phenylalanine Phe 5. Cysteine Cys 15. Proline Pro 6. Glutamine Gln 16. Serine Ser 7. Glutamic Acid Glu 17. Threonine Thr 8. Glycine Gly 18. Tryptophan Trp 9. Histidine His 19. Tyrosine Tyr 10. Isoleucine Ile 20. Valine Val

Protein A

Protein B

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DNA & RNA DNA - ______________________________________________________

Q: Where in the cell does protein synthesis occur? _____________________ Q: Where are ribosomes located within the cell? _______________________ RNA – ______________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________

3 Types of RNA 1) mRNA – ___________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

2) tRNA - ____________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

3) rRNA – ___________________________________________________

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RNA & DNA

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HOW A PROTEIN IS MADE

1) Transcription - ______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________ 2) Translation - _______________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________

• _______________________________________________________

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Protein Synthesis Review Sequence of ______________________________________________ ↓ determines Sequence of ______________________________________________

↓ determines Sequence of _____________________________________________ ↓ determines

_______________________________ ↓ determines

_______________________________

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Do Now 1: Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below of two processes involved in the synthesis of proteins, and on your knowledge of biology.

1. What molecule serves as the original set of instructions to build a protein?

2. Where does process A occur?

3. Where does process B occur?

4. If DNA does not leave the nucleus, and proteins are made by the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, how are the instructions to build the proteins delivered from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

5. What is tRNA’s role in protein synthesis?

Process A Process B

One DNA molecule produces one

mRNA molecule.

One mRNA + many tRNA’s produce

one Polypeptide (protein).

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Do Now 2: For each gene listed below, fill in the corresponding mRNA codons and amino acid sequences. Use the Universal Genetic Code Chart to determine the amino acid sequence. Normal Gene:

DNA AAT CGA GGC

mRNA _________________

Amino Acid Sequence _________________

Gene Mutation 1:

DNA AAC CGG GGT

mRNA _________________

Amino Acid Sequence _________________

Gene Mutation 2:

DNA AAT CAA GGC

mRNA _________________

Amino Acid Sequence _________________ Which mutation is more likely to cause a problem? Why?

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Mutations Mutation - ___________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________

Mutations & Heredity • Gametes - _________________________________________________

Ex: ______________________________________________________

• Body Cells - ________________________________________________

Ex: ______________________________________________________

Types of Mutations

1. Point Mutations – ___________________________________________

a. Addition - _______________________________________________

b. Deletion - _______________________________________________

c. Substitution - ____________________________________________

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PRACTICE: • Identify the following types of mutations as either Addition, Deletion or

Substitution. • Circle the base on the sequence where the mutation occurred

Normal DNA

sequence

GTCAAGCTA

Mutation 1 GTCGAGCTA

Mutation 2 GTCAAGCTTA

Mutation 3 GTCAAGTA

Mutagenic Agents - ____________________________________________ Ex: ________________________________________________________

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Genetic Technology - Applying different techniques to manipulate or study the DNA of an organism 1. Selective Breeding – _______________________________________

_________________________________________________________

a) Purebreds - ________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Ex: ________________________________________________________

Disadvantages - _______________________________________________

b) Hybrids - __________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Ex: ________________________________________________________

Advantages - _________________________________________________

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Selective Breeding of Dogs

Desirable Traits in Dogs

• _______________________________________________________

Desirable Traits in Livestock

• Cows - ____________________________________________________

• Chickens - _________________________________________________

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Selective Breeding of Plants

Farmers try to increase certain traits in crop plants such as:

a) Yield - ____________________________________________________

b) Quality - __________________________________________________

c) Resistance - ________________________________________________

• Temperature - ____________________________________________

• Insects - ________________________________________________

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Selective Breeding of CORN

Corn (or maize) originated in Central America thousands of years ago. The first ears of maize were a few inches long and had only eight rows of kernels.

Over the next several thousand years, through selective breeding, the corn cob grew in length & size.

v GMO Crops - genes for resistance to insects and herbicides have been inserted into the DNA of corn and other crop plants.

v GMOs - __________________________________________________

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2. Genetic Engineering - ______________________________________ • ________________________________________________________

Ex: ________________________________________________________

Purpose:

Can be used to _____________________________ such as:

Ø __________________________________________

Ø __________________________________________

Ø __________________________________________

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Steps for Gene Splicing

Step 1: Cutting the DNA - _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Step 2: Inserting the DNA - _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Step 3: Recombining - __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Step 4: Gene expression - _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Medicinal Application - __________________________________________

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3. Cloning - _________________________________________________

Cloning Process Illustration

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Cloning a Sheep

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4. Gel Electrophoresis - _______________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Gel Electrophoresis Procedure 1) Cutting the DNA - ___________________________________________

2) Gel - _____________________________________________________

3) Electricity - ________________________________________________

4) Banding pattern - ____________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Uses of DNA fingerprints:

• Paternity test - _____________________________________________

• Forensics - _________________________________________________

• Evolution - _________________________________________________

• Genetic screening - __________________________________________

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Gel Electrophoresis