I. Harding and 20s politicsWeak President;

“amiable boob”Hoover and Mellon

policies: tax cuts, credit buying for consumer goods

High tariff, weak ICC

Bad side of Harding yearsUnions membership

down; Farmers lost war markets, gained debt

Scandal: Attorney General Daugherty sold liquor permits

Interior Sec. Fall bribed sold oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

Post war treaties

Kellogg – Briand Pact – agreement not to make war.

DescribeHardingEconomic advisorsEconomic policiesUnionsFarmers4 power5 power9 powerscandals

I. CoolidgeHarding died 1923

of pneumonia, stress?

“Silent” Calvin Coolidge – rural Vermont; old virtues

“America’s business is business; man who builds a factory builds a temple”

Election of 1924GOP – “Keep Cool with

Coolidge” wonDemo divisions –

urban/rural, wet/dry, n/s, immigrants/racists – corporate lawyer John Davis

Progressives – Fighting Bob Lafollette of Wisconsin – govt rr, aid for farmers, prolabor antimonopoly

Foreign policyIsolationism and LatinUS owed $16b after

WWIAllies demanded

reparations, $32b; Germany printed money, loaf of bread $120m

US loaned $ to Germany

reviewWhat happened to Harding?Who was the next President? What kind of

fella?What problems did Democrats have in 1924?

Whom did they nominate?Did anyone else run? What party?How would you describe 20s foreign policy?What was odd about debt repayments?

II. Hoover1928 Coolidge: “I

choose not to run.”GOP nominated

Hoover: humanitarian, rags to riches, shy, rugged individualism

Demos nominated wet NY Irish Catholic Al Smith, the “Happy Warrior” : vote for Smith is vote for pope

prosperityAgricultural

Marketing Act – lend money to support cooperatives

Hawley-Smoot Tariff – highest in history – 60%, hurt world trade

CrashCauses:

speculation, buying on margin

Black Tuesday Oct 29, 1929

$40b lost in two months

12m unemployed, 5,000 bank failures: “for sleeping or jumping”

reviewWhat kind of guy was Hoover? Smith?What hurt Smith in the campaign?What was Hoover’s politics?Who was struggling in the 20s?What did Hoover do for farmers?What the heck happened with the tariff?When did the Stock Market Crash? Why?

III. DepressionCauses: world trade,

inequality, crash, credit buying, (ticc)

Soup kitchens, breadlines, apple sellers, Hoovervilles, bank runs

¼ unemployment, 60% malnutrition, 5000 banks closed

Penny auctions

Hoover’s responseQuoted Cleveland:

“people support govt…”

State/local/charities overwhelmed; Hoover tried to help business – RFC; fed pigs not people

Hoover Dam on Colorado River

End of HooverBonus (BEF) army, 2

days of riots attacked by MacArthur with bayonets and tear gas

Japan attacked Manchuria, no Open Door

League didn’t act; no US

reviewName 4 causes of the DepressionDescribe life in the DepressionWhat did Hoover do about the Depression?

Why?Who did Hoover help?What did Japan invade?What did the League of Nations do? Why?

IV. FDR’s New DealFDR’s polio – strong

and compassionate, smooth-talking “traitor to his class.”

Eleanor – his conscience; straddled aisle at segregated meeting

Convention speech: “I pledge a new deal for the American people”

His ideasBrain trust wrote

speeches“Happy Days are

Here Again” – more optimistic than Hoover, who only got 6 states

Blacks to DemocratsInaugural “only

thing we have to fear is fear itself”

3 r’s of the New DealBanking Holiday –

stop runsHundred Days –

many laws/try anything, usually progressive

1. relief – ease suffering

2. recovery – end Depression

3. reform – no more Depressions

reviewWhat sort of guy was Roosevelt?What role did Eleanor play?What did FDR promise at the convention?How was he better than Hoover?How did the black vote change?What should we fear?What were the 3 r’s of the New Deal?How fast were many laws passed?

I. lawsGlass-Steagall FDIC

– insures bank deposits

No gold standard – inflation, gold used internationally later

CCC – young men conservation – reforestation, firefighting, flood control, swamp drainage

More lawsFERA – Harry Hopkins

- $3b to statesAAA – pay farmers not

to farm; declared unconstitutional; 2nd 1938

HOLC – Home Owners Loan Corporation

CWA – temporary jobs, make-work; boondoggling

demagoguesFather Coughlin –

social justice, anti-semitic

Huey Long – “Share Our Wealth,” “Every Man a King;” assassinated 1935

Charles Townsend – pensions, $200/month, gotta spend

reviewFDICCCCFERAHarry HopkinsAAAHOLCCWAHuey LongFather CouglinFrancis Townsend

II. More lawsWPA – Hopkins; public

works: bridges, buildings, roads, art and writing projects– 9m jobs

NRA – National Recovery Administration – min. wage, max hrs, collective bargaining, blue eagle; declared unconst. In Schecter case

And more lawsPWA – public works

act; Interior Sec. Harold Ickes – recovery

34,000 buildings, highways, parkways

21st amendment – tax $, good Demo politics

Impersonal forcesDust Bowl – Dust

Storms; Okies/Arkies, Grapes of Wrath; Soil conservation Act – plant soybeans or nothing

Indian Reorg Act 1934 – bring back tribes

SEC – Securities and Exchange Commission – regulate stock market

Whole buncha lawsFDICCCCFERAHOLCCWA3 demagoguesNRAAAA

WPAPWASoil Conservation

ActIndian Reorg. ActSEC

III. And more laws TVA – Tennessee

Valley Authority – cheap power and jobs in SE;

FHA – Federal Housing Administration – loans for housing; still exists

SSA – Social Security – pensions, unemployment, disability

Labor friendly governmentWagner Act (NLRA) set

up the NLRB – protected collective bargaining.

John Lewis led CIO – Congress of Industrial Organization – used sit-down strike for unskilled workers; no scabs

Fair Labor Standards Act – 40 hr week, 40 cents/hr, no child labor, for most

A little Social Security humor

politicsFDR dominated Alf

Landon, 1936, 523 to 8 (MN and VT), took office in Jan (20th am.); Literary Digest mistake

Court-packing – FDR proposed adding 6 justices, to help those over 70: “switch in time that saved 9” – Owen Roberts

reviewTVASSAFHACIOWagner ActNLRANLRBFair Labor Standards Act1936 electionCourt-packing“switch in time that saved 9

I. End of New DealUnemployment still 15% after

much pump primingKeynesianism – deficit

spending to stimulate economy

1937 inaugural (don’t write): “I see 1/3 of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad, ill-nourished…The test of our progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little.”

A little Keynsian humor

criticismCondemned as

“alphabet soup” and Jewish.

Federal government the largest business in U.S.

Debt doubledUndermined work

ethicStill a depressionNo civil rights

FDR’s defenseGovt prevented mass

hunger and starvation

More equalitySelf-respect for

those helpedSaved free

enterpriseHamiltonian means

for Jeffersonian ends

reviewHow much unemployment?John Maynard KeynesKeynesianismPump-primingCriticismsDefensesExplain: “Hamiltonian means for Jeffersonian

ends”

I. FDR’s foreign policyUS withdrew from

London conference, fearing loss of control over currency

Tydings-McDuffie Act 1934: Phillipine independence in 12 years

Recognized Soviet Union

Improving relationsGood Neighbor

policy to Latin America: troops out of Haiti, stayed out of Cuba, didn’t retaliate for Mexican oil nationalization.

Reciprocal trade agreement: lowered tariff on 21 countries who did the same.

Ignoring DictatorsNazi Germany

rearmed, Japan built up navy, and Italy invaded Ethiopia without consequence.

Neutrality Acts: No American could sail on belligerent ship, sell munitions or make loan to belligerent.

reviewLondon ConferenceGood neighborHaitiCubaMexicoTydings McDuffieSoviet UnionReciprocal tradeNazisFascistsJapanNeutrality Acts

II. AppeasementFrancisco Franco’s

Fascists defeated Spanish Loyalists because he got more help from outside forces.

Japan invaded ChinaGermany armed

Rhineland, began Holocaust, and occupied Austria.

MunichHitler demanded

Sudetenland; meeting at Munich.

Britain’s Chamberlain: “peace in our time” when Hitler promised Sudetenland “is the last territorial claim” and invaded Czechoslovakia 6 months later.

WWIIAug 1939 Nazi-

Soviet Nonaggression Pact.

Britain and France declared war when Nazis invaded Poland Sep 1., 1939.

US aided Britain thru “cash and carry” policy.

FDR and HolocaustUS allowed in more

Jews than any other country prior to war.

Jews hit quota; nativists might have shut down immigration altogether.

US wouldn’t bomb rail lines or Auschwitz itself in 1944 prior to D-Day.

reviewSpanish Civil WarChinaRhinelandAustriaSudetenlandAppeasement/MunichCzechoslovakiaNazi-Soviet nonaggression PactCash and carryUS complicity in Holocaust

III. The fightingPoland fell to

German “Blitzkrieg” in three months, followed by “sitzkrieg” – no action.

Hitler then took France in less than a month; British soldiers escaped at Dunkirk

Preparing for war$37b to mobilize, 2m

man conscription.Isolationists, led by

Lindbergh, battled interventionists during the Battle of Britain between R.A.F. and Luftwaffe

Unneutral FDR destroyer deal: 50 old destroyers for Br. Bases, no Cong. approval

Big changesFDR beat liberal

Republican Wendell Wilkie for a 3rd term in 1940, 449-82.

Lend-lease – war bill 1776; “garden hose,” “guns not sons,” “billions not bodies,” US as “arsenal of democracy” $50b.

reviewBlitzkriegSitzkriegDunkirkConscriptionDestroyer dealThird termLend-lease

IV. 1941 Germany attacked

USSR June 1941; $11b lend-lease sent; army and winter stopped Hitler.

Atlantic Charter – Churchill and FDR – self-determination, self-government, collective security; supported by Stalin but not isolationists

convoysUS destroyers

convoyed lend-lease ships as far as Iceland.

Nazis shot at Kearny; sunk the Reuben James

Congress ended neutrality 1939

Pearl HarborTo get Japan out of China,

US embargo on steel, scrap iron, oil, jet fuel; knew war was coming.

Expected attack in Philippines or Malaya, not Pearl Harbor.

PH December 7, 1941, “date which will live in infamy:” 3000 casualties, 8 battleships, but no aircraft carriers

reviewUSSRLend-leaseAtlantic CharterConvoyKearny, Reuben JamesEmbargoPearl Harbor

I. Fighting the warGet Germany First,

then combine forces against Japan.

US race to mobilize before Br and USSR lost, and to develop bomb before Germans.

unityWell-settled

immigrants were firmly behind the war effort.

Japanese-Americans put in internment camps; upheld in Korematsu v. U.S.

Reparations 1988

War productionWar ended New Deal

and Depression; income doubled but inflation feared

War cost $330b; 2x federal spending since 1776

Maximum tax rate 90%; debt went up 500%

reviewWhy Germany first?What two things did the US have to hurry to

do?Which immigrants did well and struggled?What was set up for Japanese? What court

case?What was done in 1988 for Japanese

descendants?How did the war affect the Depression and

the New Deal?Why did the United Mine Workers strike?

II. Americans during the war15m men - GIs,

216,000 women – WAACS

Braceros – Mexican farm workers

6m women factory workers – “Rosie the Riveter” – but less than in GBR and USSR – baby boom after war

Civil rightsA. Phillip Randolph

march FDR executive order

defense industriesDouble V – victory

over dictators abroad and racism at home

Mechanical cotton picker; by 1970 ½ of blacks lived outside South

othersNatives left

reservationsNavajo and

Comanche Code talkers

Zoot Suit riotsUnited Mine

Workers struck against wage ceilings, but few other strikes

match1. WAACs2. 15 million3. Rosie the Riveter4. Braceros5. Zoot Suit riots6. A. Philip Randolph7. FDR executive order8. Double V9. Code Talkers10. United Mine

Workers

1. strike ag. Wage ceilings2. Mexicans v. sailors3. women in army4. Navajo, Comanche5. women factory worker6. march on Washington7. Gis8. no defense

discrimination9. victory over dictators

and racism10. Mexican farm workers

III. FightingJapan took Malaya,

Guam, the Phillipines, and Corregidor

MacArthur: “I shall return;” Bataan Death March

Coral Sea first US win; fought by aircraft carriers

winningMidway – turning

point against Japan – Admiral Nimitz

MacArthur island hopping strategy after Guadalcanal; 10:1 casualty ratio

Capture of Marianas allowed bombing runs of Japan

Fighting HitlerSub “wolfpacks”

sank ships faster than construction; radar helped defeat.

Rommel defeated in North Africa

Soviets won at Stalingrad

Second Front came through Italy

Beating HitlerCasablanca:

unconditional surrender; Italy did but Germany kept fighting.

Teheran – D-day planned

June 6, 1944 – D-Day planned by Eisenhower

“Blood and Guts” Patton pushed across France

match1. Bataan death march2. Coral Sea3. Midway4. Island hopping5. MacArthur6. Wolfpacks7. Rommel8. Italy9. D-day10. Eisenhower11. Patton

1. crazy American general2. planned D-Day3. Pacific American general4. 1st defeat of Japan5. turning point against Japan6. defeated by sonar7. German defeated in N.

Africa8. “soft underbelly,”

surrendered first9. June 6, 1944 2nd Front10. Americans captured in

Phillipines11. strategy against Japan

IV. Ending the war1944 FDR dropped

Henry Wallace for Truman

Defeated 42 year old NY Gov. Dewey 432-99; CIO support & was winning the war

VE DayBattle of Bulge:

Hitler’s last attack: “Nuts” at surrender command.

US/USSR troops met, discovered extent of Holocaust

FDR dead April 12, 1945; Hitler suicide April 30, 1945

May 8 VE Day

VJ Day – Sep 2, 1945Tokyo firebombed –

83,000 deathsIwo Jima and Okinawa –

esp. bloody fighting; kamikazes

Potsdam: Truman Stalin, ultimatum, a-bomb

Manhattan project $2b in New Mexico

Truman: atomic bomb saved lives; Hirohito stayed

match1. Harry Truman2. Gov. Dewey3. Battle of Bulge4. 2 deaths5. VE Day6. Tokyo7. Iwo Jima, Okinawa8. Manhattan Project9. Potsdam10. Atomic bomb rationale11. VJ Day

1. Victory in Europe2. Victory in Japan3. defeated by FDR in

19444. FDR’s new VP5. firebombed6. bloody island fighting7. save American lives8. ultimatum to Japan9. Hitler’s last stand10. a-bomb secret project11. FDR and Hitler

I. PostwarFears of unemployed

GIs, unions.Taft-Hartley Act

outlawed closed shop, required noncommunist oath.

GI Bill paid for veterans’ college, created VA for home, business loans

Ec. boomIncome doubled in

50s and almost again in 60s; 6% pop, 40% wealth.

60% middle class in 50s, a doubling. 60% owned homes; 90% tvs

Many new service jobs for women.

Why the boom?1. military spending –

10% of GNP2. cheap oil from Middle

East.3. rising productivity,

esp. farmers4. rising education 90%

kids in school; ½ in 1900(more or mope – military

oil productivity education)

reviewWhat two groups were feared after the war?What did Taft-Hartley do?What did the GI Bill do?Describe economic gains.Give 4 reasons for the boom (more or mope)

II. changes30m people moving

per year; Dr. Spock and other advice books instead of Grandma.

Sunbelt (S/SW) boomed – climate, jobs, low taxes, mil. spending; 35m in California today

Suburbs and white flightFHA and VA loans,

interstate helped people to mass produced tract house suburbs; Levittown first; car boom.

Businesses fled cities; loans denied minorities; builders and real estate followed racial composition rule

Baby boomMarriage boom 1st;

50m babies in 50s, followed by birth dearth; immigration replaces population today

Schools built, then hippies, yuppies, retirement

reviewHow many moved per year? To where?Who was Dr. Spock?Explain marriage boom baby boom birth

dearth pattern?What policies encouraged the rise of the

suburbs?What was white flight?How were the cities impacted? How did the baby boom affect society

through the years?

III. Truman and the Cold WarBig 3 at Yalta: 1. German occupation

zones2. free elections in

Poland, Bulgaria, Romania

3. Chinese concessions to USSR

“moon and the stars,” “Give’em Hell Harry,” “the buck stops here.”

Cold War: US-USSR stand-off, 1945-1990US USSRfreedomDemocracyCapitalistExpansionist: wanted

open worldWary after appeasement

equalityDictatorshipCommunistExpansionist: wanted

“sphere of influence” or world revolution

Resented slow second front

eventsIMF, World Bank,

and UN created (Senate approved 89-2)

UN Security Council – Big 5 get veto

Israel created

reviewDescribe TrumanList 3 agreements made at YaltaWhat was the Cold WarList 5 differences between the US and Soviet

Union.Explain 3 world institutions created after

WWII.How did the Security Council appeal to

strong nations?What country was created?

IV. Cold War eventsNuremburg Trials –

12 Nazis hungBerlin blockade and

airliftIron curtain –

Churchill speech – E. and W. Germany

Containment: 1947George Kennan –

prevent spread of communism

Truman Doctrine - $400m to Greece and Turkey to “resist armed subjugation.”

Marshall Plan - $14b to W. Europe, offered conditionally to USSR

Military strategyDefense Dept.

created 1947 with Pentagon headquarters.

NSC, CIANATO – North

Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949

matchNuremburgBerlinIron curtainContainmentTruman DoctrineMarshall PlanDefense Dept.NSCCIANATO

V. Asia7 Japanese war

criminals hungMacArthur created

Japan’s constitution; no military, ec. Miracle

1949 Mao Zedong and Chinese Communists defeated Jiang Jieshi and Nationalists, who fled to Taiwan

Arms race1949 Soviet A-bombTruman pushed h-

bomb, over opposition of Einstein, Oppenheimer

1952-US; 1953-USSR

Dennis v. U.S. – 11 communists convicted of violating antisedition law

Cold War politicsHouse Un-American

Activities Committee – HUAC – Nixon sent Hiss to prison

Rosenburgs executed for espionage 1953

Election of 1948: Southerners and Progressives abandoned Truman, who won by attacking “ do-nothing Republican Congress.”

Korean War, 1950-19531. N. Korea attacked2. UN (US) pushed

back, Inchon landing3. China pushed

back, Yalu River; MacArthur fired

4. stalemateNSC 68 – military

spending quadrupled

matchJapanese

constitutionMao ZedongH-bombRosenburgsNixon v. HissDewey beats

TrumanKorean War

StalemateNo military1948 mistaken

headlineEinstein objectedHouse Un-American

Affairs CommitteeChinese CommunistExecuted for

espionage