I had rather attempt something great and fail, than to attempt nothing at all and succeed!

-Robert Schuller

Chpt. 4

CarbonCarbon and the and the Molecular Molecular

Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life

Water is the Universal Medium for life… &

CARBONCARBON isis thethe universaluniversal elementelement

ofof lifelife … …

C

……how does carbon how does carbon ““getget”” into living into living

organisms??organisms??

How did organic molecules arise?

Can organic molecules form under conditions estimated to stimulate those on the early Earth?

Can organic molecules form under conditions estimated to stimulate those on the early Earth?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JaYWEsT7fU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JaYWEsT7fU

sea flask

atmosphere flask“lightening”

ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

ORGANIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY…CHEMISTRY…Key to the chemical shape &

affinity with other atoms, is in the configuration of the electrons

CarbonCarbon:: Proteins, DNA,

Carbohydrates (molecules of life)

all carbon basedcarbon based…

Carbon:Proteins, DNA, Carbohydrates all carbon based, molecules of Life.

Has tetra valence

Carbon Backbone:BTW: this allows for large, complex

molecules

Importants of Carbon: Uses one or more of it valence electrons to form covalent bonds w/ other atoms (C,H,O,N,)

This allows atoms to link to infinite variety of chains.aka… TONS OF SHAPES!!

Importants of Carbon:

……how does carbon how does carbon ““getget”” into living into living

organisms??organisms??

CarbonCarbon Chains:Chains:

… Form the “skeletons” of most organic compounds

Variations in c-skeletons

contribute to the diversity of organic

molecules:

Isomers

same molecular formula, different structure (different function)

C4H10

C4H10

Isomers also contribute to the diversity of organic molecules-

Isomers

Structural-Cis-Trans-Enantiomers-

Isomers

Structural-

Isomers

Cis-Trans-

Cis-Trans

Double bonds do not permit free rotation of atoms.Cis- both “X’s” on the same sideTrans – “X’s” on the opposite side

IsomersEnantiomers-

Isomers

Cis-Trans

ISOMER QUICK QUIZ:

CIS-TRANS

ISOMER QUICK QUIZ:

STRUCTURAL

ISOMER QUICK QUIZ:

ENANTIOMERS

Functional Groups:

they bond to the

c-skeleton

Can you find the “CARBON SKELETONS”?

What is a characteristic that these hydrocarbons hold in common?

HINT: polarity?

IMPORTANCE OF

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Importance of Functional Groups

KIM KARDASHIAN

estradiol

testosterone

Functional GroupsHydroxyl-Carbonyl-Carboxyl-Amino-Sulfydryl-Phosphate-Methyl-

Functional Groups

HydroxylHydroxyl- makes molecule polar

(dissolves in H2O)

- produces alcohol-OH-OH

Functional Groups

CarbonylCarbonyl-- produces ketones (made when body breaks down fats for energy) &

C-C-CC-C-C||||

OO-C-C

////

//

OO

HHaldehydes

(essen

tial oils in

p

lan

ts)

Confers polarity

Functional Groups

CarboxylCarboxyl-- forms organic acids b/c H+ is commonlydissociated

-C-C////

//OO

OHOH

Functional GroupsAminoAmino-- base

usually acts as a buffer

-N-N//

//HH

HH

-H-H+

Functional Groups

SulfhydralSulfhydral-- stabilizes protein structures, & commonly found in vitamins

-SH-SH

Functional Groups

PhosphatePhosphate-- energy storage / energy transfer

Functional Groups

MethylMethyl-- affects shape & function,

also, affects gene expression-C-C

HH

HH

-H-H//

//

//

Summary• Be able to recognize isomers.

• Know the six functional groups and what properties they give to molecules.