i don’t know give us a clue??. either the information is not available as we have failed to store...
TRANSCRIPT
I don’t know give us a clue??
Either
• The information is not available as we have The information is not available as we have failed to store it …….. Why might this happen?failed to store it …….. Why might this happen?
or• It has decayed from our memory
or• It is stored somewhere but we
cannot find it
Cue-dependent forgetting
Our main theory of forgetting is known as cue-dependent theory. This theory suggests forgetting is simply an accessibility problem.
In other words it is stored somewhere stored somewhere but we cannot find it!
The cue-dependent theory of forgetting (Tulving 1975)
The theory states that forgetting occurs if the right cues are not available for memory
retrieval• Tulving claims that there are two events necessary
for recall:• A memory trace – information which is laid down
and retained in a store as a result of the original perception of an event
• A retrieval cue – information present in the individual’s cognitive environment at the time of retrieval that matches the environment at the time of encoding
Thinking like a psychologist
Talk to the person behind or in front of you
Between you can you come up with a way of finding out if a memory is actually stored even though the person
does not know that they have that
memory?
Cue Dependency
Experiment
Tulving came Tulving came up with a up with a simple but simple but brilliant ideabrilliant idea
Ethics...• This is a mini experiment to look at the effects
of cue-dependency in memory retrieval• You have the right to withdraw at any time • You will not be harmed during this experiment• Put your hands up if you consent to take
part...• Have I forgotton anything?
Instructions
• You will see a number of Countries• Please write down the capital city for each
country• Do NOT confer• You MUST conduct this experiment in
silence• Ready? Then we’ll begin
Germany
Australia
USA
Spain
Netherlands
Greece
China
Japan
Portugal
Cues help
• Give us a clue….what does it begin with?
Instructions
• You will now see the same list of countries but the first letter of each capital city will be given to you as a prompt.
• Have another look and see if you can get any more answers.
• Make sure you note which ones you were able to get when you had the prompt
Germany - B
Australia - C
USA - W
Spain - M
Netherlands - A
Greece - A
China - B
Japan - T
Portugal - L
Now check your answers...
• Germany – Berlin• Australia - Canberra• USA – Washington DC• Spain – Madrid• Netherlands – Amsterdam• Greece – Athens• China – Beijing• Japan – Tokyo• Portugal - Lisbon
Quick test
• What type of research method did Tulving and Pearlstone use?
a.Field Experiment
b.Lab Experiment
c.Natural/Quasi Experiment
d.Questionnaire
Answer
• Can you name two problems with using the experimental method?
Possible Answers...
• It is an artificial situation – people don’t usually have to recall things under lab conditions – therefore low in ecological ecological validityvalidity
• There are more risk of demand demand characteristics characteristics – ppts trying to work out the purpose of the experiment and changing the way they behave
Even with tight control
• There may still be some extraneous variables over which the experimenter has no control such as whether a pp has drunk caffeine prior to the experiment which might affect their recall.
They could be drunk/hungover/sick
• This are called ppt variablesppt variables
Situational variables can be controlled though!
• List as many situational variables situational variables as you can. These are the things you would try to keep the same for all ppts
Practical Applications
• How could you use this theory to help patients with dementia?
• How could you use this theory to help eyewitnesses recall events?
Classic Experiment
Tulving & Pearlstone Tulving & Pearlstone (1966)
When I say ‘turn over’, please turn over the sheet and try to memorise the words on the word list. You have only one
minute to do this
How many words did you recall?
• Swap your sheet with your neighbour for marking
There were 24 words in totalThere were 24 words in total
FruitFruit VegetablesVegetables TreesTrees FlowersFlowers
BananaBanana CarrotsCarrots OakOak LilyLily
AppleApple LeeksLeeks BeechBeech TulipTulip
OrangeOrange PotatoesPotatoes ChestnutChestnut RoseRose
GrapeGrape AuberginesAubergines BirchBirch DaffodilDaffodil
MelonMelon TurnipTurnip PalmPalm BluebellBluebell
I used independent measures
Can you:
Identify the IV
Identify the DV
Write a one tailed hypothesis
Identify one weakness with the
experimental design
Tulving & Pearlstone Tulving & Pearlstone (1966)
• Pps were read lists of words that fell into categories e.g. types of dog, flowers,colours
• In condition one pps recalled the words without cues (free recall)
• In condition two they were given category titles as cues (cued recall)
Results
In the cued recall condition, pps recalled more words
Category titles are a form of ‘semantic cue’
This demonstrates that if we have
access to the category words
we recall more words!
From his research
• Tulving went onto develop a theory based on the
encoding specificity principle encoding specificity principle
Which states thatWhich states that
“the greater the similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval
event, the greater the likelihood of recalling the memory”
HW assignment
prepare a presentation for your first lesson next week
You will be teaching the rest of the class
describe and evaluate one describe and evaluate one
other theory of forgettingother theory of forgetting