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IDOCUIII? MOSE
"VMS P13 II 007 159
NOME Erteschik, Ann M., Comp.; And Others.TZTLE Public Library Construction 1965-1978. The Federal
CottrP:ittien-Through the :Library Services-hatConstruction Act.
INSTITUTION Bureau of School Systems (DHEV/OE), Washington, D.C.Office of Libraries ,and Learning Resources.
.PUBDATE' lig 78NOTE 31p.:AVAILABLE FROM '''Superintendent.of Documents, 0.-S..povernment Printing
Office, Washingtone.D.C. 20402 (260-934/2092 i-3)
IDES PRICE Kr-S0.83 HC -52.06 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Construction Programs; Costs; Facility Improvement;
*Federal Aid; *Federal Legislation; Library Services;Projects; *Public Libraries; Tables (Data); TrendAnalysis
IDENTIFIERS *Library Services and .Construction Act
ABSTRACTThis report analyzes some of the data frog
documentation suWtted by the individual states for federalfinancial assistance, through the Library Services and ConstructionAct to meet-public library construction needs between 1965 and 1978.-The impact of the LSCA library construction program is described interns of the cutting of costs, the population affected, and thenumbers and types of.projects funded: The main goals of .construction -- increased space, seating capacity, and book volumecapacity--azo-dd;scussed in terms of the improved .ibrary services
have-rfostered. The other priorities of LSCA--reaching isolatedrural areas, and meeting special information needs of libraryphtrons--are discussed' in terms of their fulfillment b' construction
.funding. Several Construction projects and their 'resulting service-improvements are included to illustrate this relationship.- Summariesof LSCA program highlights and future trends; are followed by tablespresenting expenditures by state. and funding source, as well as by.population density and type of construction; popdlation servedthrough the projects; ntaber of projects; and affected floor, area,added seating capacity, and added book volume capacity' by state,population density, and type of construction and.library. (EBR)
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PUBLIC LIBRARYCONSTRUCTION1965 - 1978The Federal Contribution Throughthe Library Services andConstruction Act
COMPILED' BY:
Ann M.,ErteschikMichael Buchko, Jr.Julia M. Hirsch
AUGUST 1978
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U.S. Department of Health, Edtkation, and WelfareOFFICE OF EDUCATION.Washington, DC 20202
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PREFACE
- Between the years of 1965 and 1978, participating States andTerritories have had Federal finenci91 assistance in meeting some of thepublic library construction needs of the nation. The major source of thisFederal funding has been the Library 'Services and Construction Act(LSCA); Public. Law 84-597, as amended. This legislation, administered bythe U.S Office of Education through the States' officially designatedState library administrative agenciei helped strengthen the partnership-ofState, local and Federal governments in extending public library servicesto more people.
This report analyzes some, of the to requ ked in the documentationsvbmitted by the States in bot e applicdtion ,prod 'reporting 'process.a.larts, tabulations, aht1 pictures have = n used to help show the impact-of the Federal dollars through LSCA Title II, and other FederalesouTes. Itshould be noted that the charts show cumulative totals' for some items. Ina few instances- the data was not sufficient from aNiailable reports toprovide satisfactory State totals, and the retention date for such recordshad expired for the States.
The narrative sections of the project completion reports were themajor source for examples of significant improvements in servicesresulting from the new and/or remodeled buildings.
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A TABLE OF CONTENTS
Legislative Hi Storyimpact of the LSCA ibrary Construction 173ograin 3
Costs 4Population- -., OOOOOO 5Number and Type of Projects 6Floor Aiea . . . . , ... 8Seating Capacity .. 9'Book Volume , 1 I
The Effect of Library Construction on Other LSCA Priorities I3Program Highlights and Future Directions 16
Appendix
Basic Tables. 18
GRAPHS AND CHARTS
The Construction Dollar . 5Number of New and Other Construction Projects by Type of Libr ry . . . 6Number of Rural Title 11 Constfuction Projects by. Fiscal Year 7
Number of Urban Title 11 Construction Projects by Fiscal Ye 7Seating Capacity by Population Densities . 10Book Volume Capacity Increase by Type of Library . . . . 12
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LEGISLATIVE HISTOR Y
Financial encouragement of publiclibrary building construction in the United
Stafettias- stemmed from-- two majorefforts -- the First, a private philanthropicendeavor; the second, a Federal fundingprogram.
During the-late 19th and early 20thcenturies, very few public libraries wereoperating from buildings designed forlibrary purposes. Instead, they werescattered among various types of houSing,including: an :abandon'ed clapboardschoolhouse, the entrance hall of alawyer's office, under the stairwell 'of aMasonic Lodge, over a meat market, andin the former stables of a local firedepartment. Although these quarterswere ill-suited for libary, use, theyillustrate the resourcefulness anddeftrmination of townspeople to providelibrary services.
Recognizing the value 'of freelibraries and the severe need for separate,functional library buildings, in '1886Andrew Carnegie initiated his privatelibrary building program. Within threedecades Carnegie had donated $56,162,622.for the construction of 2,509 librarybuildings throughout the English-speakingworld. More than $40,000,000 of thisamount was given to' build 1,679 publiclibraries in 1,412 communities in the U.S.I/Carnegie viewed his building program notas philanthropy, but as a "clever stroke ofbusiness" because in return for theconstruction funds, he demanded a pledgethat the city invest its money to furnishrind mnintw:n the librory.2/
The uniform exterior and interiordeignrimony steps leading up to the mainentrli-Ice, first floor for public service,technical: services and other functions onthe basement leve - were a trademark ofthe. Carnegie pr am. Although some ofthe architectur atures hindered thefuture development of ihe library'sservices, with subsequent remodelingnearly 83% of the buildings remainfunctioning as public libraries today.
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When the Carnegie Co orationshifted its emphasis from constr tion to
--library education and -training, la stack-period of approximately forty yearsduration ensued before public I libraryconstruction was given new vigor lirougha Federal funding program.
Despite a dearth of constructionfunds, public library services contirllued todevelop throughout the nation, nd1956, the Library Services Act (LS ) wasenacted to further this growth: Thislegislation played a vital role in ini iatinglibrary services to neglected rural areas,to reach an estimated 26 ruralresidents of 300 counties without publiclibrary services, and helping to improveinadequate services of another two million-rural residents. Providing funds forsalaries, library equipment, books andother materials, and operating expenses,LSA extended services primarily throughbOokmobiles. '1_SA was cited in the Houseof Representatives as "one of the mostworthwhile programs of the Federalgovernment." 3/ Yet, without permanentfacilities, adequate library services couldnot be rendered to many communities andthe maximum dividends of FederalinVestment through LSA could not beclaimed.
The need for new library buildingsand/or renovation of existhg ones wasagain quite severe. By the early 1960's themajority of all public libraries had beenconstructed before the 1940% and thereplacement rate was a low 2% annually.The American librarl building wascharacterized by advanced age, lack ofspace, and lack of modern equipment.
the Library Services andConstruction Act (LSCA) was signed intolaw by President JohnSon on February I I,1964. Its overall purpose was to pro:notethe extension of public library services toall areas without s services or withinadequa services; t provide for', theconsructio of new public librarybuildings or improi/ement o existinglibrary facilities.
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Under Tale II (Public LibraryConstruction), erection of new buildings,and the expansion, remodeling, oracquisition of existi4 buildings' are
etigilste project's for funding.- Grants-may-be used to cover such expenses asarchitectural .fees, acquisition of. land,building,equipment, and landscaping. As aState formula- matching grant program,construction' projects are fwpded on a jointFederal-State/local share bc:is. TheFederal share is set by law at no less than33% and no .greater than 66% for anyState allotment, based on the per capitalwealth of each State. The funding
. forryiula provides a base of $100,000 toeach State and $20,000 to each territory,with an additional allotMent from theremainder of the annual appropriationdetermined by the ratio of each State'spopulation 'to the total population of theU.S. according to thes recenfdecennial census. Total apprWriations forTitle II have been $175,769,750. Therehave been no appropilations sin 1973,° -however, the legislative authorization has _
enabled the use of other frederal sourcesfor public library construction.
All funds are administered throughthe appropriate State library_administratitye agency which makes allgrant decisions in line with the approvedState plan, and provides technicalassistance with all aspects of the buildingprogram. Applicants for LSCA Title IIfunds are generally required to meet thefollowing planning and projectspecifications: a) hire . a registeredarchiteCt; 5) survey. the community toassess its library services needs; c).yeite abuilding. program statement; d) retain alibrary building consultant; e) project 20years of use for the building;' arid' f)comply with both State. and Federalbuilding codes.
f3oth the r irement of matching.funds and the pla ing specift tions ofTitle II have had positive eff t on theconstruction of public library buildings ascan be seen from the summation of theprogram's accornp)ishments _in thefollowing sectioa. -
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Clark, County Library,Funcflonal interior withexterior
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:424117trj'ar
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Arkansas:preserved.
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IMPACT OF THE L-SCA LIBRARY CO STRUCTION PROGRAM
Beginning in the mid 1960's andthrough the ,early 1970's, the United Stateshas seen a revitalization-of-pubfic libraryconstruction as a result Of Federalassistance through LSCA Title II. With anew source of funding available, interestin planning and building libraries in localcommunities was renewed. Many Statelibrary agencies sponsored statewidesurveys of public library constructionneeds .yhich revealed outgrown andoutdated buildings still in use andconsequently restrictingeboth the rangeand quality of services being offered tothe public. Title VI funds provided theneeded* impetus for the "planning andconstruction of ublic library buildings forservices in the 7 ...The impact of theseFederal funds di t result in providingjust buildings, taut rather buildings which- are tailored to the services being providednow and as planned for the future. Theartistic and imaginative design whichoccornodotes the best in service, featureshas, during these years of libraryconstruction,
bythe judicious
use of funds by the public library agenciesreceiving the matching grants."4/
Public libraries which are beautiful,hospitable, easily Occessibile and designedwith a service-orientedi, concept, arebetter able to fulfilll their service, role asa rnajw resource for the local community..Such new buildihgs are, in addition, ogreat source of pride for communitymembers and an inspiration for continued.learning for persons 'of all ages., Thetransformation of a barebpsement roominto a tivelY,.colorful children's room,.theunrestricted- come-and-go of learning
.resource centers with media'for indlidualself-instruction, the integration ofmaterials for easier patron use,"-and thechange of atmRsphere from closed stacksand formidable rows of study tables toinviting comfortable reading areas aremade pdtssible through new constructionand remodeling. The total impact on
,library users and non-users isimmeasurable. A librarian of a newpublic library in 9 southwestern town,
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e?cpre sed the effect of attractive, usablephysic I surroundings on library -users_say' "Those-- who- -fornlerly--patranizedthe oi' library in its inadequate quarterscome o the new library more often andstay I tiger. Many come .who never usedthe ary before. They-come tobrowse,to r 1.)to study, and just to enjoy theirI ibrdry. Registration and circulationstatistics far exceed -any we hod. every.dreamed. of."
- Community pride plays ci major rolein stimulating full utilizatlon'of the newlibrary facilitiet. Such positive attitudesalso have an effect on the library beforeits actualization, fonit is only through the-committed support and efforts of thewhole community and its responsiblemembers that a library building programcan sucdeed. All strata of the communityand its government become involved, fromlocal interested citizens to the librarystaff, Board of Trustees, State libraryagency consultants, and Federal programadministrators.
AcqUiring a new. or remodeledlibrary, from initial concept to finishedproduct, --is an inyolved .ond involvingprocess. SinNtife securing of funds isimperative, the general public must beapproached wand convinced of the valeand benefits to. be derived from theproject, and influenced to continuefinancial support for services from thebuiJding through its own resources. Amultitude of actions and decisions arenecessary to obtain a pleasing andfunctional, ',public library buildingappropriatte for the cornmuntty it serves.Assessment of the needs of the area'spopulation, translation of the needs into awritten building program, and subsequentdecisions regarding cost, size (floor area),amount of book shelving area,. seatingcapacity, etc. are all important factorswhich can later' influence the extent ofpublic use.oi the finished library facility.
Decisions regarding the selection_oa suitable site can also have significant ,teffect on the librari's use. Situated .at abusy main intersection or %conveniently0
locatid in the center of a 'downtownshopping area, or in ,rural areas, nearanother irnpbrtant local service buildingsuch as the post office or town hall, apublic library becomes a readily
The choice of exterior style can alsoinfluence public acceptance of a newlibrary. In some communities, interest inpreserving-unity of style of local buildingsis of prime importance .and so a newproposed structure,must comply with thisdesire in order to be welcome. ThisregfIrd for architectural harmony withexisting buildings, coupled with the desirefor a building able to render modernservices that meeg.t.day's demands, wasexpressed in
tons true t ien repor t
submitted by a southern librarian: "Anattractive Georgian style was selected forthe new library to be in keeping with theearly, historical buildings and homes inthe areli...constructed of colonial stylebrick...and designec4'for easy occess ofelderly visitors, and those in wheelchoirs,"
in other coinmunities, the drive for-a well functioning, modern library sharesequal importance with respect for thenatural environment. One northwesternlibrary which ochieVed this dual qualitywas honored with -76n award ,from anaichitects.oral 'association... The jury"commended the setting of this building,the retention of the natural-surroundings,
tand its (the library's) scale and characterin relationship to the surroundingneighborhood...Liberal gloss areas' withthe books exposed to view expressed thebuildipg's functions for all to see...Thefilbrcry has become a sociof-ceeletrt:or thecommunity and the quality of innerspaces -and the materials used contributedto this.-Entry plaza, entry court andcontrol desk proyide a hub around whichall main areas are convenientlysituated...The inner garden 'court anddecks extending to the natural landscapecomplement these inner spaces."5/
Many libraries built with Title II aireceived awards from State and nationsarchitectural, engineering,, and historicalpreservation associations. These awards
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are a tribute to the farsightedness dndhigh quality work of library planningteams working in conjunction withexcel lent architects and constructionfirms. Recognition through formal awards
-notvral-44--an--honor,--but- the mostgratifying result of these well designednew and remodeled public library buildingsis the increased usage by the public theywere built to serve.
The following sections examine theochieverfients of LSCA Title II in relationto the specific concerns of constructionprojects: cost, populafion served,increase in usable floor area, and seatingcapacity and, book volume capacityincrease"
-COSTS-
Centrd% to any review of 9 Federalmatching grant program is the effectiveuse of the funds. This can be determinedby reviewing both the program'saccomplishments (as will be Oesented inthe upcoming sections), and by examiningevidence of public financial supportstimulated in response to the availabilityof the Federal dollar.
An overview of the funding sourcesfor public library construction authorizedunder Tjtle li is shown in Chart A: TheConstruction Dollar. (Tables 1 and 2, seeAppendix, p. 19 and' 20, further breakoutexpenditures by State, source, population-.density of area served, and type ofconstruction.) LSCA Title II fundscomprise the major portion. of the Federalcontribution to public libraryconstruction, providing 24% of the totalexpenditures. Another 3% of these castswere supplied by other Federal fundingsources including: Model Cities Program,General Revenue Sharing, Communityand Housing Development Act,,Appalachian Regional Development *t,-and, most recently, the Local PublicWorks Act.
The largest of these other Federalprograms supporting_ public. libraryconstruction is the Appalachian RegionalDevelopment Act, which has to dateassisted 149 library' projects with 154
. million dollars. This progro assistsdepressed communities in designatedAppolochion areas to establish basiceconomic and educotional facilities andservices in order to become Selfau ;Lief] . The Appolochion Re:fork:11Commission provides supplemnental fundsto augment local monies to enable thelocality to qualify for Federal funds suchas LSCA Title 11. It can also provide the
c grant under authorization of anotherFederal program when monies oreunavailable, as has- been the case withLSCA Title II since its lost rippropriationin 1973.
THE CONSTRUCTION DOLLAR
Combined Federal expenditures,however, are only a fraction of the totalcosts of the construction p'rojects. Therelatively small LSCA investment of 24iout of every dollar, prompted nearly threetimes that amount in matching funds. 1-1;e
matching dollars from both State andlocal sources combined equal 73% of thetotal costs, with local support comprisingthe major share, 66%. In the vastmajority of States, Nicol/State funds farexceeded the matching requirements setby law. This high percentage of matchingin some cases not only surpassed, butactually ,doubled the required amounts.Local dollars in the amount of$475,756,419 were raised which, alongwith $53,137,1%96 from State funds,matched $174,318,366 in Federal I1. grants.With the addtion of $21,469,975 providedby other Federal sources, a total of over$724 million was expended under Title 11
outhoriiration for public libraryconstruction projects.
AN a result of the lorje contributionof local dollars, the effectiveness of theFecierul grant was...multiplied. Credit-for -t-hit rftvrx; not i Fri i tonbelongs to the State library agencieswhich had re.sponsihility for distributingthe funds. In an effort to spread theFederal dollar for the greatest benefitthroughout the State, many State libraryagencies required a higher level of localsupport than the level required by theFederal government in order for the Stateto qualify for its allotment. In this way,States could use their allotment toinitiate more construction projects and toprompt a larger outpouring of localmonies.
Raising local funds to qualify for aTitle II grant took many fortrrs in additionto bond referendums and appropriations,including typical "grassroots" efforts suchas bazaars benefit banquets. Securingcontributions orn individuals, localbusinesses,. indus clubs, and privatefoundations, and inspiring memorialcontributions were also among the variousavenues' that fund-raising committeespursued.
-POPULATION- .-
Projects funded by Title, IIprovided 88,458,742 persons with ,opportunity to avail themselves of a f I
range pf library services offered from apermanent building. This high count ofpopulation served (over one-third of thecountry's current population) reflects onlythe availability- of library services anddoes nbt begin to measure the benefits ofthese services in terms of human value.
This summation of the Title IIprogram has. considered three basicpopulation sizes. Tht categories studiedare: rural, areas wifh less than 10,000residents; mid-range, areas of 10,000 to100,000 person and urban, areas ofgreater than 100,000 population. Theachievements of the construction projects
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are related to these three basic sizepopulation groups throughout this study.Since all' figures were calculated fromdocurnentatiork submitted for approval ofconstructIon,,lind these reports cover a
for early projects may vary from currentr figures for the library's service area
today.In examining the population figures,
it appears that Federal assistance initiallyhod the 'most- impact on rural residents,followed by a wider distribution of grantsto other more densely populated areas.The population served through Title IIassisted libraries is broken down by Statein Table 3 (See Appendix, p. 21).
-NUMBER AND TYPE OF PROJECT-
In interpreting and evaluating Title IIexpenditures, it is germane to call.attention to the bresdth of the program'saccomplishments. The act.)al number of
library facilities newly csstructed orremodeled into more usable structurestotals 1,917. Within the nine year activefunding span of Title II, 0,804 of the totalfibre:), construction projects were begun.FArt*en doiatrt_by fisenl yeorthe_number ofprojects approved bnd carried out is asfollows:
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FY 65 31.7FY 66 350FY 67 272FY 68 775FY 69 206FY 70 66FY 71 109FY 72 126FY 7.3 53
Since the most recent. appropriationfor Title II in FY 1973, 113 libraries hovebeen awarded construction grants underthe Title II authori;ation, utilizing moniescarried over from previous. fiscal yearsand/or funds from other Federalprograms.
CSAIIIT B.
NUMBER .OF NEW AND OTHER CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSBY TYPE OF LIBRARY
' 041Iyoss of Mary buildings Including egoism hoodgoorloro,
promising amiora, and basionotelo hoodquorlarak
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Many typos of libraries were givenFederal assistance. Predominantly,central libraries and branch libraries wereprovided construction aid, but otherlibrary service buildings were alsoIncluded. .107100Q their were systemsheadquarters, processing centers,bookmbbile stofoge garages, -- buildingswhich helped improve the overall qualityof public library service in an area.
Federal funding is often necessary toensure establishment of other type
ej libraries, in particular those which servemore than one specific locality or whoseservice oreg crosses local jurisdictions.Federal aid may be influential in thebuilding of processing centers and otherservice centersl.which do not providedirect public service, but contribute tothe economical, efficient functioning ofpublic libraries, freeing the",-Cyne of locallibrary staff for giving increased patronassistance and developing new services.In such cases, local construction supportmay not be readily forthcoming, sincematerial or service benefits are notclearly apparent to the average_taxpayer/voter.
When the cost of building a newlibrciry has seemed,prohibitive to the localtaxpayer, one solution offered hai beenthe renovation of another building,standing unused, such as a vacatedgrocery store, theatelk, or post office.Acquisitions of these stkc)ures by libraryboards Name kept good Serviceablebuildings, se with historical value, fromgoing to waste, and with remodelingand/or small additions they often hovebeen transformed into attractive, sturdylibraries.
. On the other hand, it should bepointed out, that many librarians have hodto muster courage to steodfastly refuse toaccept a building which was) and wouldalways remain ill- suited or badly locatedfor library purposes.
Ch4rt B shows the total -number oflibrary buildings assisted by Federalsupport, broken out by both type of .construction and by type of library*.(Table 4, see Appendix p. 22, covers thesame categoriei but also breaks out. thenational totals by State.)
Both control libraries and branchlibraries how new constrsict ion at a highrote, reaching totals of 521 and -SI7respec t i vr 1 y. Crnt431 libraries, however,have apiNirnately 2 1/2 'times (358coinpared to branches 139) the number ofother construction projects whiffs ue
remodeling, .renovation, additicombinations thereof. Since centrallibraries existed before any of theirbrunches, it logically' follows thethat thcentral libraries ore likely to be theoldest and the most in need of theseimprovements.
The Division cxnong new and othercons.truction projects reflects not- °1stythe type of library, but the size . of-population served as Chart C and Chart0 demonstrate. Rural areas which werepreviously without services had thegreatest need for main library buildings,whereas urban libraries showed the
oar NUNINER Of mom T U NCONSTRUCTION ROJICTS SY FISCAL YEAR
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°"0" 0- NU MMI Of URSA/I TITLE NCONSTRUCTION Pinanctli FISCAL YEAR
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' MI *ppm et law, wirdee banal. loolallas agalmeploommems soriama. are Ileselsoftwi
greatest desire for new branches or forremodeled central- libraries, . Inmetropolitan areas, new brunches woreneeded to extend services to thespreading suburban communities and toaccommodate the population thrust of °large city. t ill l y. -urban- -.1-rntr .31libraries .needed assistance' to keepexisting li ary structures functioningand able o cope with the even greaterdemands i ng placed on them. As thehub of o city library system, urbancentral lib ones have greater spaceneeds, for staff, workshop areas,materials storage, equipment fornetworking activities, etc. Space is alsorequired in whrch to conduct newservices necessary to reach minorityinner-city dwellers. Adult education antiliteracy projects, ethnic heritage events,local history taping projects, audio-visualand media use, etc. are exaples of suchservices. These space deffciencies wereoften eliminated through well plannedocklitiont and reallocation of 'interiorfloor area, supported as etigible expensesunder Title II.
. From the data examined, it is-evident that the determination of type of-,:olistruction project to be 'initiated was`lased on the combined factors of cost toconsenting taxpayers, site of populationTo be served,_ the library's inajOrfunctions (as central, branch, processingcenter, etc.) and space Weeds for theindividual library activities.
-FLOOR AREA-
The main goal of constructing,adding to, or renovating a 'library buildingis to create more usable space for libraryactivities. Therefore, the increases infloor area achieved by Title IIconstruction projects are of note. Thetotal floor area effected by this Federalassistance program if 24,527,000 square
"-feet, of which nearly 21,000,000 squarefeet is new or otded and the re-noihing is
'remodeled floor area.Table 5 (See Appendix, p. 23) gives
break-buts by State of new /added and
remodeled floor area by type of librdhoand population site. Some intern stingfindings car) be extracted from thosetigueini. Of all types of libraries, centrallibraries achieved the most substantialrainy in floor area, a sand 12.7 million%trio', e tee? - over half the national total(joined by all Title II assisted libraries.With regnrd to popu tion size, theg measure of car ined new/addedgreatest meaand rernodelr:d floor ea is found inlibraries serving the mid-range populationgroup, with 11.725,000 square feeteffected. Urban libraries follow with6,583,000 square feet and rural librarieStake third place with 3,219,000 squarefeet." On a per project basis, however,.t of floor area averages follow adif ent order: 5,300 square feet forrue' I libraries; 10,050 square feet for mid-range population; and 36,500 square feetfor urban libraries.
With proper planning, theseincreases in floor area can hoveconsideispble impact on the- range, typeand quality of services the - new orredesigned library of The architect'sexact delineation of 'floor area 'forspecific purposes (i.e. technical staff workarea, multipurpose Looms, reading areas,)ook shelvinll and rrtoterials storage, etc.)is of individual concern to each libraryand is based on the assessed present andprojected, needs of the community itserves. --In new construction projects, thelibrarian has the-advantage of being ableto plan space utilization in- accordancewith his/her interpretation , of the
.----cOmmurrity's desires, to include, forexample, small group meeting rooms; artsand crafts work space, activity areas formusic ',ening, etc. Well designed flqorarea can ease the traffic flow and _placethe librarian in ci visible, 'approachablelocation fro-n which he/she con both assistpatrons and supervise the library. Alibrary can also be planned to emphasizespecial characteristics, such as a pleasinggoturol environment, or to create aparticular ambience. Treading as anenjoyable, relaxing experience con beemphasized with comfortable lounge areasand open stocks; fun-time activities for
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children can be ;mode~ even More-pleasantaAd lebrning-effective.ioith vibrant, opengrad unclutfered areas; and quiet study canbe stressed through defineaprivate spacesSuch as study caFrels bOoths forindividual work.
Although rei nodeling does. notusually afford the same -planningoppottunities as does hew construction, itcan be, utilized to provide additional floor
:,urea for a needed children's room, a long--.
awaited r$Oblic auditoribm, or accessiblebook shelving. e
-.Remodeling projects.may also resultin .many-:gooci,changes'ttiat, although . notMeasurable in square- feet, nonethelesshaVe 'definite Rositive effect On, the
--smooth fUnationing of the library... Through .renovation, -the: library may be__made barrier=frOe..- fpr 'handicapped..patrons, :be--altered toynake new Services
or be redesigned.. to providecoesolidafedsfaff work 'areas, increasingbath staff .efficiency and marble. One..drcraatic example, of the latter -was therepoitat.ion of. an old Carnegie librarywhere the staff work areas had been.divided between ...tie second. floor and thebasement levels. The time d energylost between floors had a alizingAfect-tan the staff and had al ed theirability and desire to respond to patronrequests within a creditable frame.With consolidation of the librar rOce
. areas, .. staff effectiveness wasConsiderably' upgraded, deipite the zero
. .inCrease in square footage registered h'the data.
;SEATING CAPACITY-
As described'in the previous section,the expansion of usable floorarea has hadboth direct and indirect _effects on thequality of services 'a library can offer.The .advantages :libraries accrue fromincreased square footage become clearwith .a closer examination of new _andremodeled floor space divided intodesignated use areas such.es book shelving
space, seating' for reading activities andseating for public.meeting purpo_ses.
The seating capacity of a library. directly determines the way in which the
public utilizes its library .facility. With.adequate and comfortable seating forFeeding, viewing, listeritrig, and studying ina pleasant atmosphere the users are more:',;:..
. likely to enjoy their visitsextend them in/l ength-of time, and come more frequently -than if crowded conditi&qs prevail. Theavailability of Thaltipurpose rffeeting andactivity "rooms is' also a big pl for
, increased library patronage-
r..` The proportioninnumber of seats alrdoms versus readidifferently perceivedoff: iridividual libraries. The division offloor area in a newly constructed librarymost -visibly Oemonstrates theparticular
- .patroriage the library is geated to attractand serve. In q, community. -.for exaMple, .a low-income urban- area = where crowded,
. living qyarters and accompanyingly, highnoise leVels diStract, the library may aimto 'offer an alternative environment forstudents and other persons needing-privacy and quiet study space. Such alibrary's emphasis would be on providingthe largest seating- capacity for individuallearning-conducive reading areas.Another library, particularly one in a ruralsetting, may conclude, after assessing theneeds. of the community, that theconstruction of \"a meeting roarti. would'advance library use and make the library a
.local point for community activities,since meetirig rpoms. are availablenowhere else irr the144ighborhood.5.
The, choices made in the use ofseating capacity 'by individual 'libraries iscompiled in a national overview providedin Chart E This chart. reveals substantialgroWth in the seating capacity of bothreading° areas and meeting rooms inlibraries serving th6 three eppulationgroups. The upswing in, number of seats in \reading areas is nearly constant across all .
population categories ranging from a 2 1/2to 3 time capacity increase.
S_
space and theated for meetingareas reflects 'theeels and 'priorities
2."%t
It .is in the enlacement of seating-icapacity of meeting rooms that thegreatest variance among. populatibn.'groups occurs. Large incregses -areevident in all thre groups, but 'thepertentoge . increase of 827% in ruralareas is donsiderably- 'greater than' the573% increase registered -1)y mid-rangelibraries or thle 376% increase exhibited inurban' libraries. The strikingneed lor'meeting rooms in rural areas isalso demonstrated in.the number of -new
. meeting rooms, built in rural librarieswhich previously had no such publicmeeting space. Out of the 1,119 new oradded. meeting rooms constructed for
libraries formerly lac king suchmultipurpose, rooms, .427 -are found inthose libraries which serve predominantlyrural areas:
The combined total for both rebdingand meeting roach seating capaCity showsan overall national gain from 67;503 to266,034 seats in Title II project libraries.This figure shows approkimatelyquadeIpled seating capacity. Eachpopulation group evidences an,increase.a.approximately 3 to 4 times the originalseating capacity.
.The rate orease in seating
capacity, as related to population served
,CHART
SEATING CAPACITY BY POPULATION DENSITIES
-UNQER 10,000PEOPLE (RURAL)
BEFORE
AFTER
10%900 TO
100,000 PEOPLE
BEFORE114
AFTER
OVER 100,000PEOPLE (URBAN)
BEFORE
AFTER
30 60 99 120 150 180
TOTAL NUMBER OF AYABALE'SEATS (IN 'THOUSANDS)
also reveals marked increases.' From theprogram's beginning in 1965 to the presenttime, the number of seats crvailable inreading areas per 40,000 persons has risenfrqm 10 seats in 1965 to 30 seats in 1978..In meeting or multipurpose rooms, thisrate of -increase per 40;000 per s - asfrom 3 seats in 1%5 to 20. seats in197Tables 6 and 7 (see 'Appendix, p. 24, 25further detail these gains in seatingcapacity, breaking them out State,,type of library and type of con ruction.The percentage increase rest)l ng fTitle II aid, is also given byStat
-B001. VOLUME C 15-A CIT
Since the -bus' ess of librariesrevolves around book to such a g
-e>;tent, the increase in book lumeCapacity is another signifjcant f ctor inthis summation of Title II
accomplishments. Nationwide, there were-substantial gains recorded in the -bookvolume capacity ,:of the libraries thatreceived Federal construction aid. Thetotal shelving .capacity of these librariesprior to Title II funding was 50.'9 millionvoiurnes; after completing construction,the book volume capacity totaled 122.8millio4 an expansion of space e toaccommodate the addition of 71.9 mi onbooks.
. _
Chart F provides an in-depth view ofbook volume capacity increase with abreak-out of national gains by both typeof library and i7-f= of population served.,(Table 8, see Appendix p. 26, showS a
/ detailed State by _State book volume/ increase by type of construction and type
of library.) Branch.-libraries claim thereatest increase, having more thanddrupled their shelving space--a 7.5illion volume capacity raised to a 33illion book capacity. This can be
attributed to the large number ofbranches ( out of the 1,917 Title II
projects) w were newly constructedand thus had th4-'opportunity to plan aheadfor -extensive shelving area. Among
branCh libraries, those ruing mid-rangepopulations were found t ve jumped tomore than five times their original 5.2Million book capacity to .9 million
_volumes.
their, a ady large volume capacity,libraries more than doubled
exhibiting fairly consistarit increases in allthree size population groups. Sincecentral libraries qn urban areas mainlyundertook remodeling projects, this
(doubling of book capacity from a highoriginal figure of 27.9 million to. 61.7million volumes / represents a notableenlargement.
In the categorx of +Zither" :type-libracies, the overall bilk volumecapacity increase was again nearly
-doubled. The greatest percentageincrease, however, occurs in the librariesserving rural areas: a 325% jump from alow count of 400,000 to 1,300,000 bookcapacity._ These figures reveal the lack ofmany su-ch service centers in rural areasprior to Title II funding.
Impressive as these increases inbook volume capacity are, they -indicatejust one of the many material `'gainsresulting from Title Il grants, since booksonly represent one facet of. libraryservices. These figures do not take intoaccount, 'Tor example, the extensiveresources of audio-visual materials- and,equipment, realia, all types of art formsand media, skill-building playthings, etc.,which are increasingly taking their place,beside books in today's libraries.
.,
This report barely begins toencompass the many -advantages that canensue froni increased book volumecapacity. , As one direct result of newfacilities providing shelf space for anadequafe per capita book count, manylibraries were able to qualify, for the firsttime, for membership in an interlibrarycooperative system. Also, some librarifts.were enabled to qualify for State aid.Although data cannot accurately portraythe significance that greater book volumecapacity, and thus greater readingselection, can have for a community, one
O
15
librarian expressed than human element inthe library's construction report, saying:
"Herein lies -one of theresponsibilities of a public libraryto bring to its community the finerbooks -Which individual's might nototherwise know exist of have the-opportunity to use."
CHAFIT
BOOK VOLUME CAPACITY INCREASE BY TYPE OF LIBRARY
I
BOOK VOLUME CAPACITY INCREASE (IN MILLIONS)
'All types of Kittery service building, including systems headquarters, and book mA
obilo boodquatoro.
-12- 16
THE, EFFCT. OF LIBRARY COX
The accomplishments of thpublic library construction progrstatistically evaluated and'described, and such clata/i-
- reaching program wlfieffective in carrying,mandqte. One caimpact, however/Title If in relation(priorities of theand Constructiemphasis- was'be, one,throughOuachieveduca
SCAcan be
raphicallyeats a far-has been
its legislativet graSp its full
less one evaluatesa the other legislative
entire Library Servicesn Act program. LSCA's
originally, and continues_ tohelping provide persons
the country with the beste library ;services to meet their
onal, informational, andrecr tional needs. Such amoal has beena' roached in multi-faceted ways. Each
ale of, the Act addresses specific'priority areas, an I in combination, theyhave the overall effect of stimulating- thedevelopment of uality library services.
Preceded by the rural-oriented'Library Servi es Act of 1956, Federal,funds supporting public library 'serviceswere originally targeted 1.. kord reachingisolated rural areas. 'This" task wasen husiastically performed by bookmobiles
"tr veling out to even the, most distant andre ote parts of the country. The services
kmobiles and their librarian/driversw e able to deliver had exciting 'impacton rui-al residents who for the first timewe e able to obtain self-help materials,r6 y information, and recreationalr ing matter. As valuable as theseli ted services were, the advent.of LSCATit e 1l construction funds turned thede re for permanent library. services Sinloc I communities into reality.. ,LSCATit 11 grants provided the basic housingstr cture which made possible. anex nded range o'f ongoing librarypc rams and enabled li5raries to servethe r patrons with a greater variety ofmeaningful library .services:
:Title II projects 'have alsoco HI:Rites:no better utilization of LSGATit I (Library Seryices) and Title III(1n :library Cooperation). -funds. The,pri rities of Title I directly address the
416
UCTION ON OTHER LSCA PRIORITIES
extension of services: to' underservedand/or disadvantaged persbns, and,- withnew permanent buildings .froti which tooperate, communities, have been able .toembark on many innovative ,libraryprojects to help alleviate the identifiedneeds of their clientele. -
. With greater book volume capacity,librarians have acquired specialcollections to meet the uniqueinformation needs of their patrons. Booksdesigned to attract nonuser,sr such asbilinguak4.publicaiions, parbacks, andhigh interesfilow-vecabulary books, havebeen, --offered, along with readingconducive to personal enjoyment.Additionarly, qudio-visual materials and
'equipment whiCI-Chave particular appeal topersons of. limited English-speaking abilityare accomm dated in library facilities.Availclakiy of avdividucii study carrelscoupled w large meeting rooms forgroup ins ruction _makes possible publiclibrary-sponsored adult educatithprograms. Through guest lectures andcommunifWruens held in multi-purposerooms, the --ilbrary can also provideneighbors with opportunities, I forethicational and-cultural experiencei in aninformal setting.
These services are a sampling of thevaried activities sponsored in the newbuildings. One report of a completedTitle II supported addition to a midwestlibrary featured the following newservices: (a) children's story hour, OAparenting classes, (c) family film nights,.(d) lecture series, on taxes, nutrition,county politics, etc.,- (e) young adultsprograms.held in the music listening room,(f) art-study discussion groups, and. (g)reading programs, including one-to-oneliteracy instruction. Other libraries havedestribed how they fully utilize their newspace for needed collections of large printbooks, creating display areas for local artproductions, and providing workshop areasin which to conduct in-service trainingprograms for staff and volunteers.
In additioh to these services whichfulfilled- 'Title I objectives, the
-13-
San Markos Public Library, Texas: Beforeand After
construction of a new byilding or therenovation of an older one has effectedimprovements in- a library' s interlibrarycooperation_ activities for the. benefit ofan enlarged clientele. RenTlocteled spacehas allowed many libraries tip update theirequipment and r so accorimodate newmeans of technology, such -las data basesand computer terminals. These link thelocal library with its sy,sterr4 members, animportcint step in' expanding each library'sability to satisfy diverse patron requests.
The many decisions mode in planning_Federal I y-assisted I ibra6r buildingprojects were based not only on LSCApriorities, but also on the particular needsand goals of the local commuities. Thefollowing examples all demonstrate one ormore national priorities, as expressed inthe Act, mesh*I with State and/or localpriorities and translated into actualprojects ,made pc0ible 4hrough Title II
funding:
The unique cultural needs of the'residents of Frederiksted, St. Croix,Virgin Islands were addressed /Through aremodeling project of the main librarywhich added a "Special Activities Area.1'This versa+i-1 multi-purpose areacomplete with stages and seating for 300persons, accommodates dramaticproductions; orchestra and musical grouppresentationsr dance, films, lectures, etc.It use for town and community meetings,school and public library activities, andvarious other civic activities hasaugmented the community's awarenessand use of the library. The new activitiesarea has enabled the library to encouragecultural expression and growth on theisland and thus fulfill one of its objectivesas an educational and cultural publicservice agency.
Total activity of the Grand ForksPublic Library, North Dakota tripled andcirculation doubled within the first threemonths of its opening in new quarters."Activity has literally sky rocketed,"claimed the library director, 6/attributing th s resurgence of .libraryinterest to th new services being madeavailable in the new building. These newserldc.es, which -are completely accessibleto handicapped persons, include:convenient meeting rooms for public useby large-or small groups; free bus rides toand frbin the library; computer access to
. the school system's computer through aterminal in the library; listening stationswith audio' chairs; Cable TV viewingstations; study cakrels; framed artreproduction-- and sculpture replicas;typewriters; films, film projectors, andslide viewers; recordings, cassettes andplaying equipment, etc. The.emphasis onall .types of media as both a tool forlearning and a form of enjoyment hasgiven the library a revitalized appeal anda new avenue for reaching the nonuser.
The ergtitnsion of -public libraryservices to the city's underservedsuburban areas through a branch librarysystem was- the goal of Ft. Worth's use ofits Title II fUnds. When in 196 I, Ft. Worthhad the dubious distinction of being the
only large U.S. city without a branchlIbrary, 7/ the_city voters authorized aseven branch building program which wascarrie' with the aid of Federal funds-
. Within one year after the full branchsystem opened, activities in the sevenbranches had caused a city-wide increasein library usage of, almost 50%. Tneighborhood branches are highly visible;
- and, as part of a city-wide system, ayeable to offer patrons nearby corwenience,
. a full range of activities, and a' wealth ofrtaterials through in*rlibrary loan.
. The building of Martin's Ferry PublicLibrary was one component of acomprehensive plan for combatting'problems of poverty in the community.An economically disadvantaged area,Martin's Ferry became the firstci3rnmunity in Ohio -to receive funds underth'e Economic Opportuty Act of 1964through its War_ 'on Poverty Commission.The overall program erdphasized increasededucational services directed at meetingthe needs of all segmerits of the.community. The library's role as aneducational agency able cross all -agebarriers, was recognized throtigh aDepartment of Urban Renewal land grant.Previous library -housing- consisted of aninadequate garage for bookmobiles andrental space which necessitated -divisionof the main book stock among threelocations approximately three city blocks
_apart. The new facility, built with Title 11funds provided consolidated services andwas able to effectively aid in theeducational efforts of the War on_ Povertythrough a variety of prograrns.
Addressing the eeds andcharacteristics of all a groups andfostering gretiter in' 'dual andcommunity growth is a aha to alllibraries. In a rural area till isparticularly important as there may befew, if any, other service Orgcinizationsthat target these clientele groups. Thefirst completed LSCA Title II constructionproject, dedicated May 16, 1966, showsevidence of the library's concern forpatrons of all ages. Built to serve. an
agricultural and mining community- of7,000 in an area of about 2,000 squaremiles,. the Platte County Public Library ofWheatland, Wyoming is the cultural' andactivity center. Located at the county
. seat in the county's largest town(popylation 2,500), this attractive,efficient modern library offers separatebook collections and reading/loungingareas for adults, young -people, andchildren; ci Western Americana specialcollection and exhibit; reference roomwith study CarreM and work' areas, aworkroom for staff, a conference roomand a sound-proof room for audio-visualmaterials
As a major resource' center, theadministratiVe headquarters for the NorthCentral Kansas Library ..5Eystem, and asubregional library for the blind andphysically 'handicapped, tte. ManhattanPublic Library provides iffbices to 33member libraries in ci.-seiten-county area.In ,its new quarters,, assisted by Title Itfunds, the library proyildes: space forsystem personnel; a l -rotating book'.collection of _several thousand items; 'acentralized purchasing . department ofsystem materials; an Airt and printingdepartment - which provides displays;printe4signs, book lists, summer readingmateritilik and numerous other publicity*terns for system libraries; Talking Booksfor regional distribution; and TWXconnections with other libraries in theState for interlibrary coopeiative"activities. Services to its, immediate.community were also greatly enhanced bythe new bUilding which offers a businessreference section, an art gallery forexhibition of local and regional originalart, framed arts works including a "mini-masters" series for children, a smallconference room for private groups,-, andan auditorium seating 100 'people. The'result of three years -occupation in, thenew 'library was .a 58% increase inregistered borrowers and a 69% rise 'incirculation. -01
'PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS ANID FUTURE DIRECTIONS
This retrospectiveimpact-, of Federal assist()LSCA Title II on pybliconstruction notes theaccomplishments:
1917 library construction ojects. -
completed
iew of thee 'through
libraryfollowing
A
. I88 million peopleservices in new orbuildings
$174,318,46 from$21,469,975 fromsources stimulatedof $528,893,615 inmatching
have access toin-iproved library
Title II withother Federalthe investmentState and local
Floor space increased by 20,744,000square feet and an -additional3,783,000 square feet wereremodeled
Seating capacityactivities tripled
1,119 jbraries provided publicmeeting (multipurpose) rooms forthe first time in their communities
for; reading-
An additional, 84,984 seats weremade available in the public meetingrooms
Shelving capacity increased by 72million volumes
These - notable improvements can, becredited to the wise use of Feder() L fundson the part of State library agencies dudfocal libraries: Working in 'partnershipwith the Federal government programadministrators, the State and local libraryleaders. used the resources'- fo produce,mgxknum benefits for a large portion. of
:the population. They implemented Title II-:graiits to have impact on the overa ll
,- statewide development of library services.'To assure hat further benefits be
derived through k library construction,projects, ten States -additionally
established their own State4funcAng sourcefor construction purposes.'
, Although no Title 11 funds have beenappropriated since 1973, librarians arecontinuing their efforts to meet .pat r S.
space. demands and are planning for futureservices. In the late 1960's and early1970's, librarians had used Title IIresources to strengthen the library'scapabilities to meet immediate service
and, more than that, to facilitateto provision of new 'types of services forthe foreseeable future. Similarly, today'slibrarians are giving forethought to thepi-ojected demands of tomorrow's libraryclientele _and,- library buildings .must beable (through remodeling if necessary) toaccommodate changing patterns-- ofservice.
: The move to coVputerization, thegreater use of communications technologyand ,increased embbasis on, Diaterlibrarycooperative ..activities, .--such asnetworking, all place additional spacerequirements on libraries: Where extrafloor area is unavailable this necessitateseither encroachment- on public areasand/or staff workrooms, or theconstruction of new housing-1pr these-,activities.
The increased'societal responsibilitiesplaced on libraries as public agencies,such as complete accessibility forhandicapped users aiia regard for energyconservation and ecokogjcal problems,have also created new construction needs.
odeling is- required in a large- numberblic libraries to allow ease of access
rsons confined to wheelchairs andpersons with other' physical-
Irments that inhibit mobilify, inP0 i qr the elderly., The nationalconcern for; dwindling natural energyresources rriust also be reflected inconservation, 'initiatives by public'libraries; Thus, .new. energy- sdving
pforfor
heating and cooling systemsbe installed in many older
considerable renovatan ofprocedure which ,ally-facility.. -
The shifts in population patterns areanother factOr public libraries -Mustcontend with- in determining Nture.,constructibn 'plans. The needs of -rural
.Lcomm= remain apparent-- in hvnyareal lic services of all kinds mustbe provided in order.to s o*.1%---te nigration to-the already overrcrowded cities.'" Onefuturistic type library is the "InstantLibrary" facility made popular by NestVirginia-and originally supped ft byTitleII. 'These modern libraries provideresidents of unreached coal towns,"mountain, hollows, and -other sparsely
.-populated areas with a fixed 4ibraiyfacility within .reasonable distance.Modular prefabricated_ buildings which arequickly-constructed, these libFariel, have apermanent appearance, are able to take--hard use, and can be expanded as the needarises. The newer "Outpost" libraries area further extension of library,, 1 es toisolated rural populations.
Concern, for adequate services inurban areas has also prompted innovativedesIZYS---for supplementary libraryfacilities.. Currently, "Kiosk" libraries areappearing in cities at busy bus stops andon vacant lots near playgrounds and shops.Gen erally, these mini-libraries areconstructed in carousel style withMQXIMUM expan of glass to givevisibility-- to the nviting interiors filledwith paperback ks and staffed by afamiliar 'neighborh d' resident. This
highly visible library does not- provide a-kin range of'services, but is able to gainthe acceptance.of.' ner-city dwellers andthereby stimulate graduated use -oflibraries.
will have to-buildings, anecessitatesthe original
Just -as MigratiOn to metropolitanareas poses. problems to planners, so toodoes the migration out of the cities intosuburbia which often results in the suddenpopularity of slific residential sections.-Libary constr tion plariners musf alsoconsider the' retirement developments
.springing upLiri subarkan areas along withthe "resettling" efforts of young peoplereturning to the heart of the city andupgrading neglected neighborhoods. Tocope with these rapid demographios;.changes, some large city library systemshave utilize4 "Portable Branches." Theseversatile libraries have the advantage ofmobility as they can 'be set clown on anyavailable ,jor. and be removed.- later forservice elsewhere when residents' taxeshave been 'voted to provide a permanets.lib(& building.
ft is evident. that both new patterns.of service and 'population changes 'play .amajor role in determining future' -library
. construction needs. , As a result, thestimulation of funding sources will becrucial to enable public librariesmointain, their ability, to adequatelyprovide for the ever increasinginformational, cuiktral, and, educationaldemands of today's lifelong library users...
-17-
II
A District of Columbia Public LibraryKiosk
.
APPENDIX
rBASIC TABLES:
TABLE 1.- Expenditures by S-tate.and Source_ of Fund ng
TABLE 2 - Expenditures by State, PopUlation Density' and Typeof Construction
TABLE 3 - Population Served _Through Title If Projectsby State
TABLE' 4 - ptoipber. of *Projects. by State;- Population Winsity;
/4TYpe-of Construction and Type -of Library
TABLE 5. -. Affected Floor lrea by State, Pdpu ti on Density,Type of Library and. Type of Cons.truc ion
TABLE 6 - Added - Seating Capacity.in Reading Ai-eas_and Per-centage Increase by State, Population Density,Type of Contruction, and Type of Library
TABLE-7 - Added Seating iapaci -ty in'Meeting Rooms' and Per-centage Increase by State, Poparation Densiiy,Type of Construction, and Type of Library
. ...
TABLE 8 - Added Book Volume Capacity and. Percentage Increaseby State, Population Density; Type of Construction,and-Type of Library
-18-
(-ExPeterrumps SY STATE AND SOURCE OF outextio
.
-
aWaited States
:Astain )Artier& . .
Arkansas -
CaliforniaColorado ,
tonsactitutDelaware
or Columbia
I;SOW .11erai IIdaho ,IllinoisWiensIWOKansastemobacky .,.,
Louisiana -
Maine
MarylandMassachusettschMiigan
MinnesotaMiss issiPPIanswer 1MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire
New JerseyNew MexicoNew VertNorth CarolinaNorth Dakota
,-OhioOk Tahoe.
Pennsylvani aMode -lsland
South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexas_Utah .
VermontVirginiaWashingtonNest VirginiaWisconsin
1.3191111P9 _ -
. Mariam SantaGuamPuerto RicoTrust TerritoryVirgin Islands
.
-
.
-
;
.
TOTAL. MORAL STAVE
.
553,137,1%
ut*Iy 6,497548,511
0 -0 -
I i 2.4030
330,0000
18,424,3791055,721
226,6415,878.147"
329,3350
2440,20530,407
0252;437
0646,601
899,7462,21.7,361 ':
- 0000.00
522.000253,941
157,431000
6180
2,225,00000
.2,000,332
856,512 -100,000
10,0000
35,000248,524
37,7159,015..
8,842,770.00
64,399259,163254,667
2.0792294554 It
. .
.
0
'LOCAL
S47 56,4
9273,537,4751,474,380
-30,364,3743,204,537
13,478,4541,800,61t.
0-9,776,392
4,8513,60?0
2,4004193140,2011,351,2846.012.7707,450,2115.643,8992.860,4211,163,660
9,328,25839,066,41815,361,7612,317,9192419,6049,441,8334,656,1153400,9075.572.1113.892.235
37,717,6485,724,918
52,399,8424,946,9882,196,899
17,995,3183,161,2494,368,736
23,136,629 -4,137,902
4,310,060903,544
11,793,98414,471,4812,631,1451,338,705
14,116,1044443,848
\5,`123,069111177,6942,828,917
00
612,7410
588,204
.
.
LIMA °Teal_
TOTAL
5724481.95%..
6.995.359427 2.8255,189,2143482,569
. 44,375,8026,002,376
16.378,5422.430.383
19444,87818,767,899-
9.348.4777,172,77124,154,916
M362062-17,437,270. 8.630,822.
9,982,2148,645,0716,485.8783,235,735
I14;309,55146,098,57622.265.52317,775,1375,330,129
13,028,2234,063,5885,404,0248,863.0005,266,844
44,042,9076,814,099
67,298,90710,456,5253,247,936
-25,656,951. 7,940,2696,212,144
35,123,7568,024,393
9,350;2294,094,982
15,1129,48122,881.0 99
4,014,2332490,783
18,432,3717,089,062
- 20,103,1721.639,906
722,118
145,839418,987
2,565,714151,404
- 934,832
.
.
e
.
5174,318,366
3.221,356797,105
1,651,1392,050,189
13,003,9402,712,8392470,088
549,764
4,535,7861.220.499
N,8441,1681,2944231,324,1111 .
. .7.302.1793,445,781 .2,587,6452,532.0032412,8853,400,4541,425,474
ZA316099-6,923.5474.053,1397,160,1513,586,3901,368,4731,6=1172,768,8891,120,668
6,167,8281,010,914
13,334,985- 4,319,449
1,Q50,4197,419,8332,30,2661,643,4089,934,1461,474,598
3,0956971,182,4383,362,7467,6658651,348,0881,099,5043,842,5602,466,6242,152,593,071
, 1
81,440159,824
1,593,30614.9,325117,074
. .
-
.
4
521,469,975
. 728,24700
1
895,00085,000
0., ., 0
00
617,0590
180,0000000
135,850225,000
0
990,887241,000
01,404,079
550,3740
39,000000
078,267
1,564,0801,190,088
0241,800184,754200.000
2,052,981-411,561
1,079,9601,909,000
655,751744,253
04,050
435,99269,575
3,984,741388,626- 0
-
. 00
105,000. 0
0
..
.
.
5195,788,341
. 3,949401797,105
1,651,7392.208.189
13.898.9402 797,8392,70,008
549,764r,220,4994,535,786
4,463,2271.2!4,623
.x1,424,962. 7,30Z919
3,445,7812.5874452,532,003
`,.. 2.7413.7353,625,4541,425,474
-......--
4,081,5474,784,7976,923,5475,457,218 i
2,710,5253,586.39017,4731A2t-1172,768,8891,120,668
6,167,8281,089,181
14,899,065 /5,509,531J1,050,419
- 7.661.6332,554,0201,843,408
11,987,1271,886,159
4,175,6573,091,4384,025,4978,409,718
- 1,348,0881,103,5544,278,5522,536,1996,137,333
3,460,212893,201
81,440159,824
1,698,306149 325... .117,074
. I
L.
--44, 2 3
- 19-
A I
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TR
UC
TIO
NOs
astrumds
ofdeism
)
-
-
-
omen
sem!
POT
AT
ION
-
.e 11111111A1.)
"
*WI
le 111011JPOPU
LA
ToO
ts
(mad-uolO
al
-
of tampO
SPpRIL
AT
ION
f011iallk_
.
OM
R .
emummuc.
TOTAL
ounalins
-
MIN
I
cominac:
Writ' 'A
l
summ
uss
10Vaa.
lap
amm
o
*Ignited
States
,___
Alabama
,
Alaska
:1:41::0
.
California
Colorado
-
,.
Commocti a
cgt
lelmmar
District
oficomosa
Vlapida
.
,14:2111IOW ,
Illbmpie
Indiana'Iowa'Kamm
KamteckY' Lao
4siaila
Piing
1110714168
Massachusetts
::::::.74......../'----
MS311415101Missouri *stow
NebraskaNevadaNew
Hampshire
.
.New
Jersey' New
Mexico
New
Tort
North
Carolina
North
Dakota
Ohio
.
(Wallo
Oregon.
Pennsylvania
.
Rhode
Island
South
Carolina
South
Dakota
Tennessee.TanisUtah
%Moot
Virginia
.
WashingtonWest
Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American
Samoa
61411
Puerto
Rico
Trust
Territory.
Virgin
islands
$546714.2
1,267.11,036:2
643.7
.637.5
540.1
1,236.0* 2,36i.8
7 0.0.
' 2.754.8
.929.2
603.5530.1
1097.0 791.0
2.290.1
14310.7 122.6682.6
165.1
768.4
2,661.4
,354.4
'1,354.4
1,204.5
32.0
411.0
1,306.91,219.0
636.2
3,382.0
' 722.1
286.8
'1,017.3
277.2
-
953.2987.8
981.4
1,203.4
320.9
471.0
652.8
-
759.8
2,572.2
130.5
.
298.5
1,045.11,707.59:005.71,083.0
_
170.0
0.0
- 239.2
286.8
146.8
40.5
514;1544)
-
77.8-22.996.148
.0
' 1 5.9
-lc
.7
0.0
.04 .
9
' 6
325.9320.4
64.0
133.7
358.7
227.8
58.00.0
414.7
0.0
1,955.8
238.5
0.0
1 .3.0.0.1 .
0
-
0.0
-
953.5
.
1372.2269.7
1,179.2 70.6
107.7
310.0-79.0
213.3
81:2
376.5
0.00.0
0.0
249.0
1.6
772.7
18.2
473.3
44.0
999.8
366.7
9.5
0.00.0
' 4.60.0
5648632
,
1. 9
' 1.059.
.0
.
686.4
540.1
'7,371.9 3,822.7
n.0 '
0.0
3.i68.7
931.8929.4
8.6o
.s
3.251.0
924.7
2.648.81.531.5
180.0
682.6579.8
768.4
4,617.23.117.0
1,354.0
1,305.8
32.0
'
501.0
1.406.9
1,219.01,589.7
4,714.2
991.8
1,466.01,087.9
384.9
1,263.2
1,066.81,194.71,284.6
697.4
471.0
652.8759.8
2,821.2
132.1
1-,071:2
1,063.32,180.8
1,049.7,2.084.8
536.7
9.5
-
239.2
286.8
151.4
_
40.5
'
5366594.5
3.884.4
686.5
.
2422.41,631.626f684.8
3,021.0- 7,712.9 1
,008.3
.
1,404.54,872.7
5,290.04,666.62.363.8
15,102.3 7,612.44.578.95,602.05,791.44.209.8 345.6
7,490.49,268.7
12,073.0
8,837.43,908.69,145.93.469.93,498.76,975.32,327.7
31,295.3
664.0
35,211.5N4.569.3
,691.9
15,647.9
4,827.53.505.0
18,978.3
5,471.0
3,878:4
- 965.5
5,786.8
11,934.6
1,971.8
.1,317.0
8,968.63,763.1
17,865.2
4,531.9
1,488.9
64.8
179.8
1,4.03.9
,
0.0
775.1
595,429.5
337.2
' 342.6
1.070.3
:41.364.6 2,268.51,358.8'3,440.6
3.4
.0,0
913.7
2,422.9
887.1
406.3
13,494.4
6,405.71.064.1
441.8
,
867.7
1,141.0
mj.183.6
1.131.5,7.Z77.2`
2,374.61,508.6
115.7
1.738.7
233.4250.3
11:1
1,201.5
4.992.8
779.1
7.5280
949.0
-
171.1
2.528.8
779.0
1.192.1
8,036.11,485.7
1,626.8
2,476.7 841.2
1,415.9
394.8
58.5
1,412.1
157.1
232.7
1,287.0.
1.696.5
71.5
0.00..00,0
119.2
5662,024.0
4,221.6
949.1
3.692-7-2.996.2
28,353.3
4.3Z2,8
11,151.-5
1,011.71.434:55.786.4
7,712.95,553.72.770.1
29,596.714.078.1
5,643.06,043.86.659.15.351.61.529.2
8,621.916,485.914,447.610,346.0 4,024.3
10,884.6
.
3,703.33',749.16.986.4
-
3,529.2
36.288.1
- 1,443.1
42.739.5 8,518.3-2,863.0
18.176.7
.
5,606.5
4,697.127.0144
6.956.7
5,505.23.442.2
6.028.0
13,350.5
-
2,366.6
1,375.5
10,380.7
3,920.2
18;097.9
5,818.81.185.4
136.3
179.8
1,403.9 0.0
8941J
$137348;02
.
1,207.6
154.0)56.6 0.0
14,867.6 250.7
_
0.0
512.4
18.210.4
7.226.4
376.3689.7
534.3
4,504.42,494.5 264-3
2.406,9
-'
763.5
416.7
1,126.7
4.919.3
1,149.91,126.55.982.4 0.0
2,111.6
1,257.1 0.0.82.90.0
1.661.5
4.288.79.875.9.
557.7
0.0
.5.857.9
1,267.0
320.3
6,606,5
119.7
3,374.0
0.0
6.393.2
6,546.4
1,515.5
223.0
670.0230.0
8,181.2
5,767.2
-
0.0
0.00.0
s(o.o 0.00.0
$646323-3
..
221.3
.
110.6
,
0.0
0.0
614.8
00.0
,
2,402.3 906.3
00.0
2.586.4
-
527.5
0.0
0.00.0
0.074-70.0
322.5
35.00.0
0.0
23,845.6
-
3,574.4
92.70.0
0.0
602.2248.0574.7
147.9
1,379.1
91.5
13,217.5
292.6
0.0
359.2
-
0.0
-0.0218:3250.6
0.00.0
2,648.6
163.1 0.0
21.1
6,318.4
758.1
1,374.4
969.1
0.0.
' 0.00.0
375.0
0.0
0.0
$2.01.434-5
-
1,428.9
264.6. 7
56.6
15.482:2
250,7
1,402.31.418.7.
11.210.4
-9.812.8
903.8689.7
534.3
4.504.42,494.5 339.0
2,406.9
1,086.0
451.7
1.126.7
,
4,919.3
24.995.5
4,700.96.075.1
0.0
2,111.6
_
1.859-3
248.0
1657.6
147.9
.3,040.64,379.2
23,093.4
850.3
n.0
,6,217.11':
1.267.0
320.3
6,824:8
370.3
3,374.0
0.0
9,047,76,709.5
1,545.5
ff
244:1
6,988.4
988.1
9,555.66,736.3
0.0
0.0Q.0875.0
0.0
0.0
.
addlOsaa,
ffilimodollog
ampiollser,
w essaresaisss
IlsweeP
TOON SERVED THROUGH TITLE ;PROJECTS sys.r TE
tatted States
Alabama fr?AlaskaAr12004Arkansas "-
.55.45E744
1.931.128 .
309,49214872.975100.673
111
."Califormia 5,662.367Color** 1.0724616Coasecttcut 1.340.267Delaware 465.092Distri of ColumbiaFlorida
756.5103.162.471
3.781.515Hawaii 769.913Idaho a95.212Illinois 4.453.679Indiana 1.147.066Iowa 865.833Kansas 1.076.539Kentucky 1.112.992Louisiana 933.150Maine 180,263
Maryland 2.176.332Massachusetts 1.896.123Michigan -4.065.122Minnesota 2.729.354Mississippi 532.084Missouri, 1.342.039Montana 574.863Nebraska 478,597Nevada 127.430New Hampshire 303.833
New Jersey 2.944.316New Mitx1C0 647.380New fort 9.839.383North Carolina 1.496.892North Dgkota 523.907,'Ohio 2.337.927Oklahoma 399.836
Oregon 1,166,162Pennsylvania 5.135.533Rhode Island 429.115
South Carolina 955034South Dakota 821211Tennessee 2.103.038Texas' 6.865.788Utah 633.729Vermont 485.293Virginia 1,594,983Wasington 1.297.520,West Virginia 1,149.756Wisconsin 1.905.050Wyoming 197.841
American Samoa 27.769Guam 46.884Puerto Rico 776.151Trust Territoryvirgin Islands
27,70558.706
21 25
411
.VIM .
Ill.= Or MOJIIICTS BY STATE, POPULATION =NUM TYPE OFCO Ma AND TYPE OF LIBRAITY
.
attalleStatas
AlasAlaskaArizona
- iirtamsalCalifOrmisCallorailloCoasect fastIleleaartOistrict of Co boil 1 aIF leilde
Giargia iilluoiiado.Illinois As
lailtamegaum
M a m a sI t s o l t m t k r
/*stains@Maim
dkrylamdleassackasetts
- MichiganationasqtaMiss les *piMissouriN a m t a s a
alibraskaI l l a v a l a
dlem.lionosh ire
Mrs JerseyOwe MesitaOm YoreMirth Carol loskart% 0411t0t4OhioOklahomaOregonPommeilvaniaUeda Island
South insSwath94MOISSOltTexasUtahVermontVirginiaMasa knishVOtt aMiscalls As101411011
asarican SawOwePearls VicoTrust TerritoryVireo Islands
- .
imps pr coiammenosi .TOTAL
19 17
332 0234567
4564
53
5223
.37 .-54
18. 46
343 02411
-26 .504744
. 28. 29
18261329
892093531474I.7308319 ..
23104798-144740462843
9
6_4
1396.
.
_
,
...
iv OP UMW.
Sir annaoenlommenom
massed
-...
_
120
26a
1314
_215825
. 2244
41
36IIn39I236.2 317I94
222234382317I I18I 18
659
5643
7541220458
G...
178
3980106
32.- 38
24173
2_4
1283
-
1
A.
,
653
7
7. ".._.-
, 249
20- 23
20
12
' I612N.17
610I I13
S-7
428136
l'*--5
N 127
82
2 t
24i I37107
205
10381 i
628
184
41884
26. 6
40I
I
-- 3
..
.
.
.
.
.
879
8I I1210
, 73t 2133 .3-
1
8
5i -I3020
525311 7f II7
2'34.26I 1
I444
1027
7318472411
139
174811
1
52467
8381039
303
.102I1
. .
.
-
663.11
3
cli331 t
1033
24
2714h dn10
15I
i 193
131 51526
. I7145302
13I
3316
1
364i
27. 5
7I
.18
1 285
. 421396.4
. 334.
11
7ii
'
P
375
1064
1411
13200 :
21
20it3
14362241
III67
10II/193
. 0
3I
2
4. 7
83
15453I
594
1393
200
1
I
.
=1:171e.
391757
.116
20038667
0
.
S911143
183
330493
56
210414
39
51236UT
. IM e10,000 to 100.000ever 100,00008We
*Illbssa. Minalmem. Impambos, ;as amEMBIIMes Morme
MI lip= if Mow mpuesawar. annonp SWIM P11100 41.111.11 11" --- 6.11/1.11.6m*
- 22 -
1111111111. APPEOVED FLOOR AMA IY STATE, POPULATION DENSITY, TYPE OF LIBRARY"AND TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION"(In thousands of square Iola,- P
v-
-TOTAL
..
- CONTRALINSAARSIS
1--
1 MANCH UOIUUti011
1
&Han ,
. -
/am RoomAMA ''
,. ..
PUMAmow 'Loom
AMANamosi.soROOM AMA
MOM MosAMA
umosumROOK AMA
mow nomAMA
masoospoROOM AMA
United States
Alabama...
Alaska'Arizona .ArkansasCaliforniaColorado' .
ConnecticutDelaware :
. District of. ColumbiaFlorida'
GeorgiaHawaiiIdaho ,
IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaine
MarylandMassichusettsMichlfan .MinnesotaMississippiMissouri :1
MontanaNebraskaNevadaNew- Hampshire
New JerseyNew Mexico),New York fNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahoma:Oregon
PennsylvaniaRhoderIsland f
South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennessee
_TexasUtah
'1VermontVirginiaWashingtonWest Virginia.Wisconsin.Wyoming
.
American SamoaGuamPuerto Rico -
Trust Territory
VirgtOislands-.. .
.20,744
50i,"?731157
141
1691,364
196
43034
443. 725
49014J .
89740443284399176
' 227 1126.
3731,023753 "'*
555- 252
373191
19592"198
1,267189
1,389421117
931160276772161
' 245115
. 516919.
151
.-56531,270
. .
398418
. 77
-"'414747
23 .
-
a3;783
6519
50943240190
3
'-'". 0
37
3824
141
218938338521
II
ii
.120
'27
6312
'41
129262240
2821
731
.40II
1839al&27726
41:' 0-07128
- , 476
. 040
44541
6,.,000
65
.
10,680
222-2476
26711
93349
6420f97
38
- 0
3t15.
143,
161
16492116
'61
14
882452119
12
3
528073
198
1,110173
1,011197
70
.26343172
45262
27
11
268692
_ 8915
19442123
2407
.
30
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2
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,
.
1,960
389
2014
274
1303
014
6
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124102
043377
6. 8
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09
436
7
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5752311
039
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150
11
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71
1242317
08230
500
. 064
.
..
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.
.'
5,048
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1.1 -'7.-
508030842'41 .
2823139'
121
742
218.185
93'
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7683.14
182141
2172469522213
16
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1168.
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33737'
2624590
348 °
9617762
, 3163
20531
89. 14
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. I '14
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- 26 '
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840893
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13
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,
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.
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5,016
2333815
63.345
61
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.. 0389
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167
1153018
82851
.
1770
84190145
148126
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759
.18496152
500
38174
232448956.
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.
.
%
x\
.
.
1,227
7402768014.3400
. 17
. 17
93
65..85
00060
IS
00
5066
117'
17
18
0
105
8020
1203
914
41000
16I
3 .
740
3624
00000
,
.
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..
aticoi density:::g2.624
;12.7645.356
5.961.9601.228 ,
,
1.5346,3782,768
.
2431.074643
.
''e - 8343,674540
.ea47850
2562.7122,048
.
38523666
iw,uuu people10,000 to 100,000over, 100,000 people
.
AN toss d Mary wales lisiellogs losindis moms Issolisserlsrs. processing osardes, mid hosilesortims.
?3 7
ADEED ERATINS CAPACITY IN READING ND PERCENTAGE INCREASE BY STATR,,.40PULATION DIMITY, TYPE OP , AND TYPE OrLEINARY
' TOTALCAPACMINMUIN.
TYPI Of CONSTRUCT/014 - TYRB OP tillitARY
e4
). United States .
AlabamaAlaskaAriteee .
ArkansasCalifornia
. ColoradoConmecticutDelawareDistrict of Columbiaflorida
.
leorgiaNew .,
IdahoIllinoisIndianalaws
. .Kansas .Kentucky ..
LouisianaMaine
Maryland'MassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippi.MissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire
1New Jersey
Aim MexicoNew Yock c
Worth Carolina.
North DakotaOhio'Oklahoma ;.
-Oregon :
PennsylvaniaRhode Island
South Carolina'South Dakota,
cjogasm;.:44nuseeasn---, -
OtahVermont i
Viroinimj._WashingtonMost VirOinia.imscongin -,.
ibullfill 1
1.-
American Samoa -Collinltorto ;Rico'Trust Territory-Virgin f Islands
,
PINCONTASS
MONAMO
,
maw MaL1M111111 0011611140,1011 MIAOWissiossitiaddem
LIMNOSfampwavadame
ahlellelemmodrsalug
50,360
47325742Q922
2,562721
1,912173415856
870927801
1,032832790927 .
552',. 4498285
2342,7341,33i
. 653453533
'.371
.. 741142'
1,511
3,029338
3,7801,065480
1,381.292
1,1474,398,549
434170886
1,525358
1,190. 770
689785
1,458.
338
frii
0144 .
3575
153,907
2,037719
1,9172,2838,8142,070
.4,265278997
3,058
3,0912,1751,6144,2003,1281,919 .
2,4031,9161 575"?sao-
1,7468,2363,589
' 2,7932,088-2,3921,401
1,639553
-2,909
8,6781,022
10,434.3,5941,1484,9531,1042,3909,7871,805
1,7641,3723,6187.2571;255
. 2.0Z33,5412,3 56
,3,0453,313931
224'180
1,164198365
f ...
206
330180
356148
244.187
123
60140257
255135
101
307276142159
247216103
646201169
328361349278121
28922
186.202176237139
259278108122,
229.
306 .
707308376 .
25070
360242288-127.
175
961807084663 8 6
75,612
1,348428
1,013
5365,903817
1,28395582
1,737
1,6661,203268
. 2,3661,151
9541,286
601837137
1,1721,884-1,910
.1,5971,4261,484672670
- 371III
4,364376
5,4041,584 1573 " 7
2,613-. 622 '
3,7 ,i
7 '.!.r.
1,0801,1541,9235,1.92
834172
2,013.1,4552,104 'ito
1,530293
16180924163215
21,935
21634
484. 825
349532
11,07010
b465
55545545802_
1,145175
1.90
763240158
3403,618
346543'209375358228.40
1,287.
1,285306
1,25094595959190522
'1,604502
25048
809540-63
661758212156
327300
940
-160IS .
50,368 .
550216665236
3,258782
1,94040
482567
. 2200
7131,290992825
1,425. 924.
395160
6523,9Q5890303120191145
331
3651,359
4,466548
4,6701,450
487.
69 .-= 191
76S3,046
755
224113
1,056 ---3,924
507641
969'
251
874994I71
460
156
3515
31,226
670152459584
2,18524935365100705
91182920
1;29253226851
. 198.
55290
5911,102
9711,212498
1,233286
. 81039
45282 ,
1,74854124
.,1,495327243
1,785443
19026
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1,686390119.
. 1,1631,311
427254
- . 100
.
' 52180864128275
21,953
344'94373541809318600 ,.
. 0930
1,09041980586772360
'. 242 .
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AINNID SEATING CAPACITY IN PAINTING ROOMS AND PERCENTAGE INCREASE Y sumPOPULATION DIMITY, TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, AND TYPE 'OF MUM
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.
United States
AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareDistrict of ColumbiaFlorida
GeorgiaNew -
Idaho-IllinoisIndianaIowaKansas .
KentuckyLouisianaMaine
lOrylandMassachusetts'MichiganMinnesotaMissilsippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevada 'r.
New Hampshire
New JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhio .
OklahomaOrdPennsylvania-Rhode Wand
South CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeAntes-UtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWrimilog ,
American Samoa6main
Puerto RicoTrutt TerritoryVirgin Islands.
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66,500
122,818,712
2,868,296420,048845,994
1,060,8636,857,183
;1.205,3123,855,231429,450
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960,1831,088,676 4718,506
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6,154,050574,148
8,504,8002,065,335786,017
3,168,262987,000
2,188,3636,329,5815,516,665
1,860,506377,034
2,884,3484,663,501814,500
1,130,4302,661,750.1,949,1502,228,1706,199,021478,320
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292,8761,455,747969,180353,730984,662235,478574,719281,365
1,004,695695,534815,124948,168443,875812,150843,550.487,222150,726249,500:
2,307,315243,383
2,749,8021,1450585.356,380
1-,442,511
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1,967,772488,100
1,124,929133,552
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23,5004,678,000429,345243,509196;910157,840231,00081,798
525,000.896,851
1,427,86289,884
1,927,328149,12078,106179,528359,50093,552
834,3864,666,708
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346,04674,640
289,42945,000
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162,3750
464,150908,938-400,1%432,478
1,112,024386,073381,870157,765
34,0004:706,005
601,283. 341,569
40,00095,000
-141,900202,810145,726
1,137,351
2,889,3772610267
, 3,601,942711,985. '
312,106122,910413,500337,997
1,691,4314,840,884
, 62,06273,461
680,495
99,599176,251801,00091,000
414,146'865,5%158.600
13,0000
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15,010,640
1,552,89744,600224,194192,400
1,006,055130.360202,457
,070,000,648
,282osop,436
642,285,945,796,124
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. 8,000288,647
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65,785
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286,27512,00047,500
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00 .
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. 326,500110,380628,537180,171145,064198,3233,024
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6,387,42321,592,83715.761.002
425,58325.095,2602,594,427
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FOOTNOTES
, tA"Mr. Carnegie's Investments," Library Journal, 27: 329 (June 1920).
, p. 331.
3Comaressional Record, 88th Congress; 1st session, 1963 (IX pt. 17, p. 22710).
4Phy Dalton, "Public Library Buildings for the 70s," 'California Librarian,October 1969, p. 259-60.
5Library News Bulletin, Washington State Library: Olympia, Washington, JanuaryMarch, 1972, vo. 39,p. 31.
6Marilyn Hagerty, "Use of Facilities at Library Triples," Flickertale Newsletter,1972, p. 18.
7Wyman Jones and Ruth McKinney, "Five Branch Libraries for Fort Worth," TexasLibraries, Texas Libraries and Historical Commission: Austin, re" x cM7s,Summer 1968, vol. 30,p. 58.