i.978-94-009-0699-0/1.pdf · 206 bibliography bradley, f. collected essays vol.1 (1935) oxford,...
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REPORTS
Criminal Law Commissioners (1843) Seventh Report English Law Commission Report No. 29. Scannan, Lord. The Brixton Disorders 10-12 April 1981 (1981)
Cmnd.8427.
CASES
Abbott v R. [1977] AC 755 Daniel McNaghten's Case 10 Cl. and Fin., 200 D.P.P. v Beard [1920] AC 479 D.P.P. v Majewski [1976] 2 WLR 623 D.P.P. v Morgan [1975] 2 All ER 347 Duffy [1969] 1 All ER 92 Durham v U.S. 214 F.2d. (D.C. Cir.1954) Ealing London Borough Council v Race Relations Board [1972] AC 342 Lynch v D.P.P. [1975] AC 653 R. v Caldwell [1981] 1 All ER 961 R. v Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 R. v Graham [1982] 1 All ER 801 R. v Howe [1987] 1 All ER 771 W. (A Minor) v Dolbey [1983] Crim LR 681
Abstract (juridical) individua1(ism) 8, 10,12,35,37,38,40,86,103, 104, 112, 139, 140, 162, 163, 199
Abstract ideal being 62 Abstract juridical concept of agency
197 Abstract juridical forms 6, 190 Abstract metaphysical freedom 162 Abstract nature of the retributive
philosophy 116 Abstraction 9-11,35,39,62,71,72,
78,117,190 Accident, defence of 141,155 Action(s) (and responsibility) 141,
143-145, 147-149, 151-154, 156-158, 160-162, 163-165; Actions, basic and complex 147, 148, 163
Acton, H. 102, 127 Agency 62,91,140,141,149,154-
156,158,163,164,197 Ahistorical 9, 12 Alcohol and crime 170-173 Amount of punishment 41,81,87,
98,105,107,117; Exemplary sentencing 132; Fluctuating standards 85, 125; Measure of punishment 77,86,97,131, 117; see also Jus Talionis
Analyticaljurisprudence 186-188; see also Social theory of law
Antithesis between abstract individualism and concrete individuality 8,9, 139, 190-193, 197-199,202,203; in Hobbes 30,35,37,38,190,191; in Kant 40,41,61-63, 191-193; in Hegel 65,66,83-88, 191-193; in Green 89, 102-104, 194; and the freewill/determinism debate 139, 140, 162-165, 195; in the Criminallaw 154, 162-165
Antithesis between individual right and social (state) power 10, 11, 139; in Hegel 83-88, 193; in Green 90, 102-104, 193-195,
INDEX
199; in English Idealism generally 112; in utilitarian theory 113, 114, 135-138; and legal reasoning in the criminal law 167,168,183-188
Appearance and Reality 7-11,215, 191, 192
Ashworth, A. 197n Assault, crime of intent 170,171 Auerbach, P. IOn Aune, B. 41-45,51,53 Authoritarian(ism) 2,13,103,105,
108, 112, 113, 135, 194, 195, 199; see also State power
Autonomy 37,92, 135, 147, 148, 162,194; Autonomous agents 147
Balbus, I. 165n Beccaria, C. xiii, 84 Beck, L. 47, 58n, 59n Benn, S. 67 Bentham, J. 33, 114n, 115 Bhaskar, R. 7n, 152n, 165n Birkenhead, Lord 172 Bosanquet, B. 3, 13,90, 108-110,
115, 118, 122, 135, 194; and the English labourer 108; State as an organic unity 108-110; Social organism as dominant 109
Bourgeoisie 6,200,201; Bourgeois (civil) society 37,108,191,192, 199; Bourgeois legal form 136
Bradley, F. 3, 13,90, 105-108, 110, 111,117, 128n, 135, 194; Collective social principle of vengeance 110; 'Sacred rights of innocence' 107; Social annihilation of wrong 106
Brixton Riots, Lord Scarman's analysis 159, 160
Capacity to choose 144-148,154,163
214
Capital punishment 20,60,77,101; see also Death penalty
Capitalism 8, 11,90, 113, 139, 193, 202; Capitalist society 8-11, 137,139,154,190,194,202
Cases AbbottvR. [1977] 177-180, 183n; Daniel McNaghten's Case 155 D.P'p. v Beard [1920] 172 D.P.P. v Majewski [1976] 170-173, 182n D.P'p. v Morgan [1975] 171 Duffy [1969] 155 Durham v u.s. [1954] 155 Ealing London Borough Council v Race Relations Board [1972] 175 Lynch v D'p.P. [1975] 142, 156, 157 R. v Caldwell [1981] 173-177, 183n R. v Cunninfham [1957] 174 R. v Howe [ 987] 18On, 183n W. (A Minor) v Dolbey [1983] 176n
Categorical imperative (Hobbes) 26; (Kant) 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 69
Cattaneo,~. 15n,20,21,31,32 Causes of crime 156, 158-160, 164;
Class conflict and crime 34,35, 37,83-92,108,112,161,192, 193,200-203; 'Crack' in the U.S. 158n; Deprivation 158, 159; Discrimination 159; Drugtaking 171; Social background and crime 112,158,159-161,165; Poverty and pauperism 193; Unemployment 159
Choice, concept of 144-149; Choosing beings, individuals as 144; Power of choice 141,154, 156; see also Individual choice
Civil society 20,40,42,83,84,86, 87,89,192
Coercion, justification of 41,43-45, 50-54,59,62,71-77,80,111, 144
Cohen, S. 197 Collective social £rinciple of
vengeance (Green) 95; (Bradley) 110
INDEX
Commodity exchange and law, theory of 7-9; see also Pashukanis, E
Common good 3, 93, 94, 96, 104, 118; Sacrifice of the individual to the 118
Common people 34,35,86,89,161, 191,201
Concrete human (social) individuality 12,13,16,30,37,62,63,86,87, 89,102,103,139,140,162,163, 199
Consent 21,22,24,25,28,32-34,37, 65,190,191,193
Consequentialist 114,170,181 Contract 6,15, 17-19,21-25,27-30,
32,34-37,39,41-43,62,73,74, 131, 187, 190
Contradiction xiv, 4-6,8,9,11-14; in lIobbes 16,21,23,25,30,33, 35-37; in Kant 40,44,47,48, 51,58,62,63; in lIegel 65,68, 69,70,74,75,78,83,85,87; in Green 89,90,92,96-104,112; in Utilitarian ~ought 113, 114, 117, 136, 138;lllthe freewiUldeterminism controversy 140, 145, 154, 155; in legal reasoning 167-170,183, 186, 187, 189-191, 194, 196-199,202; Contradictions oflegal discourse xvi
Cooper, D. 67,68, 94n Cotterrell, R. 186, 187 Criminal and social justice 197-199,
202,203 Criminal Damage Act 1971 173,176 Criminal justice 2,14, 15,37,38,83,
126,158,167,192,197,202 Criminal negligence 97, 98 Criminal punishment 2,3,5,7,14,
37,42,190 Criminal responsibility xvi, 14, 97,
139,143,148,149,153,158, 161,162,167,168,170,185; see also Responsibility, individual
Criminality 65,83,86,104,137,158, 162,189,192,195,198,202, 203
Criminologists 162,196 Critical Legal Studies xv Critical realism, ~'s 7
INDEX 215
Critique xvi, 1,2-5,7,57,110,116, 168, 199
Darwinism 106 Dashwood, A. 173n Davis, M. 61n Day, J.P. 68n Death penalty 17,20,21,56,60, 101,
192,193; see also Capital punishment
Decay of idealism 114, 162 Dennis, I. 156n, 178n Desert 2,40,90,94,96,98,106,107,
120-123,149,150,158,202 Detenninism 13,37,59, 139, 140,
142-150,152-158,160-163,195; . Psychological and nonpsychological 148, 150, 152, 153; Soft 13,28,140,143,164; Detenninist 13,28, 142, 143, 145-148, 150-152, 157, 164
Devlin, Lord 161, 185n; Law's 'function of mercy' 161; 'of justice' 161
Dichotomy 40,58,59,80 Diminished responsibility 56 Diplock, Lord 174-176, 182 Duff, A. 202n Duress, defence of 141,154-157,
164,177-179,185; 'Charter for terrorists' argument 178,185; Compulsion 144
Durkheim, E. 3
Eclecticism 39,111,112, 138 Edmund-Davies, Lord 176, 182n,
183n Elwyn-Jones, Lord 171 English Idealists (Hegelians) 3,4,12,
13,88-90,110-114,116,121, 137,139,193
English Law Commission 175 Enlightenment xiii, xiv, xvi, 2, 3, 5, 6,
36,86,111,112,193,195; Enlightenment thought 2,3,36, ,112,193
Equality 8-10,41,51,53,60,61, 77, 82,184,185,199,201
Equity 33,41 Ewing, A. 102,111,115,116,118,
120-125, 128n, 135, 136;
Retributivism 'by other means' 121-123
Exchange 6,8-11,61,73,74,184, 190
Excusing conditions 13,56, 141, 142, 144,147,154-156,167,185
Fascism 194 Ferri, E. 35n Feuerbach, L. 800 Fichte 79n Fisch, J. 2000 Fletcher, G. 400,49n, 158, 159, 162,
164 Flew, A. 1300 Form and content 35,71, 191, 193,
194,202,197 Forms of contract and exchange 6,
190 Foucault, M. xv, 5, 6, 190,201 Freedom and equality of the
individual 6, 33, 62, 140, 162, 190; of the market place 8; Free and equal wills 8; Free and rational individuals 6; Free choice 47,141,144; Free individualism 91; see also Liberty
Freewill 13,35,59,78,139,140-144, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 163, 167; Freewill and justice 141
Freewill and detenninism, reconciliation of 139-165; Compatibilism 140, 145, 147, 154, 155, 158, 160, 164; Contracausal Freedom 143, 144, 149; Historical approach to freewill/determinism debate 139,162,163
'Gap between theory and practice' 55, 63,78,80,81,92,104,108
Garland, D. 100,112n Gauthier, D. 17,19,20,22, 24n Gender xvii Glover, J. 145, 146, 1500 Goldman, A. 135n Green, T. H. 3,4,89-110, 112, lIS,
117,118,122,135,194; Collective social principle of
216
vengeance 95; Egoistic versus rational will 92; Historical approach to theory of punishment of 90-91,104, 110-112; 'Impoverished and reckless proletatariat' 91, 112; Lower classes 193; Plight of Athenian slave 91; Passage from individual to collective right of punishment 94; Positive reforms, need for 91; Punishment and starvation 99; Reason 91,92, 193; Reconciliation of rights 99, 100; Retributivism 93-98, 102, 104; Sheep-stealing 99; Social wellbeing 1,96,97,99,100; State as organisation of life 92
Guilt xiii, 40, 44, 56, 97, 106, 107, 111, 116, 117, 122, 123, 132. 160,196,
Habermas, J. 26, 36, 190 Hailsham, Lord 183n Hampton, J 18n, 2On, 35, 36, 124n Hare, R. 127 Hart, H.L.A. 33, 129, 134, 136, 137,
141,142,144,145,154.155, 162, 165; General Justifying Aim ofp.';1nishment 129,134
Hegel. G. XV111, 3-5,12, 13, 15.31-33.52,60.63,65-72,75-88,89-95.102,104.105.108,110-112, 117, 119-121, 136, 191-193, 201; as veiled utilitarian 67,68. 76; Abstract justice. critique of his 119, 120; Administration of Justice 77.79; Annulment of crime 52.66.67.75,76,82,85; Court of Justice 76; Criminality and social class 83. 87; Dialectic 83-85; Ethical Life 72. 73, 76, 79; Historical approach to theory of punishment of 83-88; Honourable soldiers 78-80. 86; Murder of ille~itimate child, comparison WIth Kant 78-80, 86; 'Negation of the negation' 52; Philosophy of Abstract Right 72,73,76.77.79,81.85,89,93; Philosophy of Right 5.69,70-
INDEX
72.79.81.84-86,88,89; Reason 66,70-72,74,78-81, 83. 84, 86, 87, 192; Retributivism 31,65,66,81.88; Speculative method 78, 79; Speculative philosophy 70. 76. 78,80;
Hegelianism 194 Historical approach adopted to theory
of punishment 2-5,3-14 passim, 189-203 passim; of Hobbes 31-33,36-38; of Kant 61-63; of Hegel 83-88; of Greeil 90-91, 104,110-112; of utilitarianism 113, 114, 137. 138; concerning the freewill/determinism debate 139, 162, 163; Need for historical approach to legal theory 188
Hobbes, T xvii, 3, 4, 12, 15-37.39, 41.47.61,62,63,65.86.89. 114, 143, 190, 191; and consent of the people 21, 22; ; and retributivism 16,21,31-33,37; Authorisation of sovereign 18-20. 23; Bellum omnium contra omnes 191; Commonwealth 17, 19.21.23,24,27.28,30,34; Egoism 190; Gratitude 33; his political idealism 25; Lower classes 37; Materialism 16, 25, 32,33,35,36,61,143,190; Moral freedom 28,51; Right of nature 17.19,22-24.28-30; Right to self-preservation 20; Leviathan 17,19.21,23,25.27, 34.190; Social contract 15-18, 21-22.24-25.27-30,32,34-37, 39.190; as historical foundation of retributive theory 31-33,36-38; Reason 23. 34; State of nature 17,19.20,24-26,29,30. 36, 65; Transfer of right in the contract 27; Theory of sovereignty 20.21; Voluntary act, nature of 23,27;
Hogan, B. 171n, 176n Homo juridicus 191 Honderich.T 66, 124n, 150n Hospers. J. 147, 148 Human agency 140. 141, 148, 154.
155,163,164
Hume, D 33,47, 47n, 115, 143, 145n, 149, 150
Hunger, as a defence to crime 161; see also Green, T.H.
Ideal and the actual, the 200-203; (Hobbes and Kant) 62; (Green and Hegel) 91
Idealisation 39,62 Idealism 4,25,66,69,89,102,113,
114,116,138,162,193; Idealism, English 89-112 passim; its impact on retributivism 110-112, 195; German 33; philosophical 113, 193; Idealist mdividualism 102; Ideal utilitarianism 102
Ideology 1,3,5-7,10-13, 15, 16,37, 39,65,87,89,113,117,135-137,139,140,142,154,162, 163,167,184,186,189,190, 193, 194, 196, 199,201-203; as mystificatory 7,8,12; of collective wellbein~ 139; of juridical individualism 7-11; of modem democratic state 184; of social amelioration 195; Interventionist 194; Legitimating 137,201; Theory of legal 5-11; Theory of punishment as histoncal 11-14, 199, 200-203; see also Legal ideology
Impasse in the theory of punishment 2-4,12,190
Individual choice 28,143,193; Individual desert 94, 96, 98, 107, 123,202; Individual freedom 9,10,50,53,73,85, 91,92,100,104,145,147-150, 158, 161, 163; Individual as a choosing being 144; see also Choice, concept of
Individualjustice 1,3,13,33,85,87, 107,122,134,136,137,139, 163,165,
Individual property ri/Plt 161 Individual resJ?Onsibility see
ResponsIbility, individual Individual right 3, 10, 14, 76, 83, 84,
87,88,90,94-96,100,104,109-111,114,120-122,126,129,
INDEX 217
134-137, 139, 162, 163, 167, 183-186,194,195,199,200, 202; Individual subjective right 136
Individuality 6,8, 12, 13, 16, 30, 33, 37,38,62,63,80,86,87,89, 102,103,139,140,162,163, 190,199
Inequality 8,9 Insanity, Defence of 141, 155, 156 Intent, basic and specific 171,172 Intoxication, Defence of 171, 172,
185 Inwood, M. 79n
Jameson, F. 3 Johnson, P. 105n Judicial reasoning, 'Strict logic' in
173,180; 'Technical logic' (MacCorrnick) in 169,180; and social-political interests 184; Judicilil illogic 182, 185; see also Legal rationalism
Juridical individualism 9, 11-13, 16, 30,35,36,62,63,86,87,102-105,112,139,186,195,196, 199,200; and rights-bearing subjects 8; as dehumanised form of individualism 165; Ideal juridical individual 190; Isolated juridical subjects 6; Juridical appearance 192; Juridical relation 8; 'Man' as a universal subject 190; see also Legal subject
Jus talionis 40,41,45,53,54,59-61, 63, 77; see also Amount of punishment
Just deserts 41 Justice xiii, xiv, xvi, 1-3,5, 13-15,
29,33,37,38,41-45,48-50; Miscarriage of 136n
Justice model of punishment xiii, xiv, 2,196-199
Kant, I. xiii, xiv, 1-4, 12, 15,31-33, 39-63,65,69-72,75-79,85,86, 89,93-95,105,110-112,117, 125, 130, 136, 191-193, 196, 198; Authorisation of punishment 43,44,50,51; A
218
priori nature of the Kantian theory 51,53,54,60,62,124; Arbitrium brutum 46; Bloodguilt 40,106; Categorical imperative 46, 50, 53, 54, 60, 69; Hindrance, punishment as 43-45,51-53,59; Historical approach to theory of pnnishment of 61-63; Homo noumenon, noumenal 53, 54, 59, 61, 63, 78; Homo phaenomenon, phenomenal 48, 50-54,56,59,61,63,78,79; Materialism 61-62, 192; Maternal murder of an illegitimate child 56,57,59; Moral freedom 51; Reason 42, 46,47,50,53,54,62,65,78; Retributivism 31,39-41,45,52, 58,60,61,63; Soldier who kills in a duel 56, 57, 59; Universal laws 43-45,51, 72; Wille and Willkur 45-48, 50, 52-54, 58, 59,62
'Kantianism' xiii, xiv, xvi Kelman, M. xv, xvi, 159n, 168n,
188n Kennedy, D. xv, xvi Kenny, A. 28, 47n, 142, 148, 150-153 Kilbrandon,Lord 177,179
Lacey,N.135n,149n,2030 Ladd, J. 4On, 520 Law and human liberation 199; 'Law
and order' 185; Law as a choosing system 144; and decontextualisation of actions 164, 165; 'Language of law' 184; see also Legal ideology; Legal rationalism; Legal subject; Legal system
Law Commission (English) 175,176 Law of gravity 28,142 Laws of nature 25; Leges Naturales
26,27 Lawton, Lord Justice 171 Legal form analysis xiv, xviii, 5-11,
199-202; InformaIism XVll Legal ideology 5,7, 11, 12, 16, 139,
140, 154,167,199;as decontextualising 165; and phenomenal forms 7,12; see
INDEX
also Ideology; Law and human liberation
Legal rationalism 168; and irrationalism 168; Legal rationality 181; as conditional and defeasible 183; Legal reasoning 14, 168, 169, 181, 182, 185; as process of argumentation 168; Easy/hard distinction in case analysis 181; Requirement of consistency in law 170; see also Judicial reasoning .
Legal subject 5,7,9,12; Legal subjectivity 10,11, 113; see also Juridical individualism
Legal system 42,129,131,132,134, 167-169
Legislation 47,49,50,57,132,179 Legitimation of crimina1law 140,
148,162,163; of law 49,170, 184; of punishment 2,162,203; of the state 93,112,191,193, 201; oftotaIitarianism 3; Legitimating ideology of capitalist society 137
Liberal theory of punishment 1-8,11-14,15,16,189,190;conception of justice 50; ideal of crimmal punishment 1,3,16, 138; see also Punishment, Philosophy of
Liberty 5,28,29,47,48,92,100, 103, 104; of indifference 48, 143,149; of spontaneity 47,48, 143, 149; see also Freedom of the individual
Mabbott,J 81n, 110, 124n,125, 128, 129-134,136
MacCormick, D.N. xvi, xvili, 168, 170,173,175, 181-183, 186, 187,189
Machiavelli 25,26 MacPherson, c.B. 26n,37n, 190, 191 Maine 1, 2, 190 Malicious Damage Act 1861 174 Market society xiv, 6, 8-10, 37, 190,
202;exchange 10 Marx, K. 7,8,77,81,199; Critical
realism 7; Theory of ideology 7-9
Materialism, in Marx 8; in Hobbes 16,25,32,33,35,36,61,143, 190; in Kant 61-62, 192; in the utilitarian tradition 102, 114, 143,150,163,195
~cTaggart,J. 118-123,135 Mens rea 161, 172, 174, 176, 185 ~etaphysical 12, 13, 42, 45, 50-52,
54,59-61,63,68,136,162 ~dgely, T.S. 184n ~, John Stuart 115 ~take, Defence of 141,155 ~tigation of punishment 13,56,97,
140,154,155,159-161,163 ~oore, G.B. 115 ~oore,~. 115, 1400, 147, 148,
158n, 159n, 161n, 165n ~ora1 good in punishment 10 1, 117;
~oralguilt 97, Ill, 117; ~ora1 improvement 116, 122;~ora1 liberation 91; ~ora1 reform 122; ~ora1 intuition, as basis for retributivism 117; ~oral organism, society as 107; ~ora1 surgery, punishment as 107
~ora1ity 72, 73, 92, 115, 121 ~orris, Lord 177-179 ~otive 23,57,78,156, 160, 161, 163 ~undle, C. 136n ~urder 31,55,56,60,67,69,172,
177-180; principal in the second degreeto 177,180
~urphy, J. 41,42,55, 57n, 61n, 62n, 148n,197,198
~ystificatory, Ideology as 8,9,12
Naturallaw 8,25-27,30,36,190; Natura1laws 26, 27, 62; and the methodology of natural science 25
Nazi Germany 131 Necessity 25-28,40,47,48,55-60,
62,71-73,83,100,101,108, 130, 143, 187
Neumann, F. xv,S, 7
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 172
INDEX 219
Pandora's Box of determinism 147, 158
Pashukanis, E. xv,S, 7, 11, 113, 135; Theory of legal ideology 7; Autonomous wills, legaI relations based upon 113, 135
Paton, H. 46n,47n Philosophy of punishment see
Punishment, Philosophy of Philosophy of right (Kant) 43;
Philosophy of Right (Hegel) 5,. 69,70-72,79,81,84-86,88,89,
Plamenatz, J. 66n Plato 57, 790, 88n Police 83,160,171 Political economy 7; Economic man
191 'Popular justice' xvii Poverty 83,84,87,90,193 Practical reasoning 152, 153, 168-
170, 183, 186; and Practical logic 169,180; compared with Technicallogic 169
Property 53,69,73,74,82,157,161, 173,174,200-202
Proportionality 2,72,81,84,85,90, 98,117,123-125,128
Provocation, Defence of 141,155, 156
Public law 11,43,52, 113 Punishment 1-7,11-25,27,30-34,36,
37,39-45,50-63,65-69,71-73, 75-78,80-82,84-90,93-111, 131, 132, 134, 137, 139, 140, 142,149,150,154,159-163, 165, 167, 185, 189-192, 195-198,202,203; of the innocent I, 32,33,100,124,126,127,130, 133
Punishment, Philosophy of xiv, 1-6, 12,15,16,20,23,31,33,36,37, 41,65,77,89,90,103,119,128, 129, 191, 192, 198,202; and education 115,118,123-125; and welfare of the community (Bradley) 106; as deterrent 94, 115,120,124; as Preventive 31, 93-95,98, 106; as reformatory 93,94, 106, 119; Definitional Stop argument 126, 127; General Justifying Aim of punishment 129,134; Impasse m the 2-4,12, 190; ~edical
220
model of punishment 120; Preventive or reformative effects 93; Punishment as moral good 101, 116; as moral surgery 107; Rehabilitation 1, 15, 16, 34, 35, 37,94, 137, 196; Right to punish 16,17,19,21-24,27,36,41,43. 52, 101, 106, 198; Social interest in punishment 94, 100, 137; Treatment 1, 118, 124, 137, 189; 'Two stage' theories 132-136; see also Liberal theory of punishment; Historical approach to theory of punishment; Retributivism
Quinton, A. 52n, 66, 81, 128n
Raison d'etat 10,12-14,85,87,90 Rashdall, H. 102, 110, lIOn, 128n,
116-119, 121, 122, 135, 136 Rational 24,27,33,34,46-48,52-59,
61,62,65,69-76,78-81,86,92-94, 111, 112, 116-118, 120, 144, 155-157, 165, 168, 169, 176, 177,180-183, 185-189, 191-194, 201; Rational individual 33, 62, 112, 193, 194; Rational decision-making 169; Rational will 46,47,54,56,59,72,92, 93,156; Rationalisations 181, 187; Rationality 14,49, 70, 76, 80,85,96,120,168,176,181, 184, 185; see also Reason
Rawls, J. 126, 133, 134, 136 Realism 7,26,27,81,115,121 Reality 4-13,35,52,65-67,78-83,
85-89,91,92,104,109,112, 145,189,191,192,197
Reason, in Hobbes 23, 34; in Kant 42,46,47,50,53,54,62,65,78; inHegel 66,70-72,74,78-81, 83,84,86,87,192; in Green 91, 92, 193; in Kenny 152, 153; and duress 155-157; in judicial decision-making 168, 181, 183, 185; see also Rational
Rechtsstaat 5,7,10-14,192-194 Reciprocity 41,53,82
INDEX
Recklessness 174-176; Inadvertent 174; Subjective awareness of risk 174,176
Responsibility, Individual xiii, xvi, 14,15,37,56,97,98,105,130, 132, 139-144, 147, 149, 150, 153,158-162,164,194,195; and personal character 149, 150, 158, 159; and voluntary action 165; Responsible individuals 54,165; Subjective fault of the individual 141
Retribution 31,33,41,66,94,95, 102,108,109,117,129,134
Retributivism xiii, 2, 3, 12, 13, 15, 89, 143, 154, 160; in Hobbes 16,21,31-33,37; in Kant 39-41,45,52,58,60,61,63; in Hegel 65,66,81,88; in Green 93-98, 102, 104; in Bradley 105-107; in Bosanquet 108-110; in English Idealism, summarised 110-112, 194; the passage to utilitarianism 114-119, 195; 'by other means': Ewing 121-123; and 'two-stage' approaches 125, 128-137; and the return to Kant 196-199; as 'lifeless fetich' 117; Vestigial 102,104,107,113; Weak' 114, 163; see also Punishment, Philosophy of
Richter, M. lOIn, 103n, 112n Rights 5,8,11,17,21-23,30,34,43,
65,67,68,72,76,90,93-103, 106,107,109,115,125,128, 133,136,184,185,195,199, 201,202
Ross, W.D. 132, 133, 136, 138 Rule of law 5,8,10,170,171,194,
197,200-202; and Constitutional state 10
Salmon, Lord 172-173,177-182 Sanctions 33,49, 129, 150 Seve, L. 2,197 Simon,Lord 141,156,157,171,173,
175,178,179 Smart, J. 126n Smith, A. U5n Smith, lC. 171n, 176n, 177n Social compUlsion 9; and duress 157-
159
Social conditions of individual life 11; their impact on idealism in Victorian Ensland 89-92, 104, 193, 194; theIr impact upon criminal law 157,160,162,164, 165; and neo-Kantian theory 198; Social deprivation 158, 159
Social conflict 10, 161, 191,201,202 Social contract, Hobbes 15-18,21-22,
24-25,27-30,32,34-37,39, 190; Kant 41-43,62;
Social power 6, 10, 163, 184, 186, 199; see also State power
Soci~ reality in opposition to j~dical Ideology 4,5,189,192; m Hobbes 35; in Kant 62; in Hegel 86-89; in Green 112
Social theory oflaw 186-188; see also Analytical jurisprudence
Sovereign 16-21,23-25,27,30,32-34,36,37,43,50,190,191,201
Sparks, R. 161n State of nature (Hobbes) 17,19,20,
24-26,29,30,36,65; (Hegel) 72,76
State power 3,10,11,37,87,90,102, 104,114,121,136,139,163, 167,183-185,190,199,201, 203; State as guarantor of individual right 193; as organic unity (Bosanquet) 108-110; as 'organisation of life' (Green) 92; Authoritarian regulation 113, 135,194; Keynesian intervention 137; Paternalistic state 137; Social state 17,20, 24; State regulation and intervention 10, 13, 88,90, 103, 104,113,121,135,136,185, 193; State socialism and punishment xvi; Welfare state 137; Welfare-liberal polity 195; see also Social power
Statutory interpretation 169,173, 175-178,181; Literal approach to 175; Legislative intention 175-176
Stedman Jones, G. 112n Stillman,P. 67n,76n,81n,84 Strauss, L. 20,25,36
INDEX 221
Taylor, A. 36 Tension 12,20,54,55,83, 113, 121,
135, 185, 189-191, 194 Terrorism 180 Theft 60,67,69,85,99,172,192 Thompson, E. 200,201 Totalitarian(ism) 3, 13, 110
Unger,R. xv Utilitarian 1,12,15,16,32,33,37,
39,40,42,44,49n,6On,68,102, 103,105,110,114-118,121, 122,125-139, 160, 163, 170, 171,173,177,179,195,196; Utilitarian philosophy of punishment 113-138; Utilitarianism as an hegemonic principle 167; and psycholo~ical hedonism 114, 122; Utilitarian opportunism in judicial reasoning 177; Actutilitarianism 126; Clash between utility and rationality 183; Disutilitarian consequences of individual justice 180; 'Greatest happiness of the greatest number' 114; Historical approach to 113,114, 137, 138; Ideal utilitarianism 102,104, 115; Materialism 102, 114, 143, 150, 163, 195; Ruleutilitarianism 126, 127, 133; Social eudaemonism 137,194; Social utility 162, 163, 181, 185; 'Telishment' 126
Utilitarianism 1, 13,33,42,44,68, 76,102-104,111,113-115,117, 125-128, 130-134, 136, 167, 195
Utilitarians 3, 13, 33, 134, 136 Utility 40,55,56,61,100,129,131,
136,139,162,163,169,170, 176, 181, 182, 184, 185; Utility and individual right, reconciliation of 113-138 passim, 139; Over- and contradetermination 129
Value 5,9,40,77,82,100,101, 107, 108,113,115,118,121-123, 125,127,131,184,193
Van Den Haag, E. 198n
222
Vandervort, L. 157n Victirnn 53,67,68,75,76,116,183 Von Hirsch, A. 61n,99n, 196
Walker, R. 59n Wants 82,91, 148, 150-153 War 24,37,101 Warrender, H. 36 Watkins, J. 19, 20 Welfarism 112,194 Wilberforce, Lord 177, 178 Williams, G. 157n, 171n, 177n, 181n,
182n Williams, H. 41,43n Withering away of law xvii Wootton, B. 137n Wrong 22,29,37,53,67,69,73-76,
84-87,89,98,99,105,106,116, 119,120,122-124,128,152, 192
INDEX
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