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Ida Noddack

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ida Noddack

Born Ida Tacke

25 February 1896

Lackhausen,[1]Rhine Province,German Empire

Died 24 September 1978 (aged 82)

Bad Neuenahr,[1]Bad Neuenahr-

Ahrweiler,Rhineland-Palatinate,West Germany

Residence Germany, France,[2]Turkey[2]

Citizenship Germany

Fields Chemistandphysicist

Institutions Allgemein Elektrizitt Gesellschaft, Berlin;Siemens

& Halske,Berlin; Physikalische Technische

Reichsanstalt, Berlin;University of

Freiburg,University of Strasbourg;Staatliche

Forschungs Institut fr Geochemie,Bamberg[1]

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Alma mater Technical University of Berlin[1]

Known for Rhenium,nuclear fission

Notable

awards

Liebig Medal

Scheele Medal[1]

Ida Noddack(25 February 189629 October 1978),neIda Tacke, was

aGermanchemistandphysicist.She was the first to mention the idea ofnuclear fissionin

1934.[3]

With her husbandWalter Noddackshe discovered element 75,rhenium.She was

nominated three times for theNobel Prize in Chemistry.[4]

Contents

[hide]

1 Background

2 Nuclear fission

3 Element discovery priority

4 Nobel nominations

5 Bibliography

6 References

7 External links

Background[edit]

Ida Tacke was born inWesel,Lackhausen. She was one of the first women in Germany to

study chemistry. She attained a doctorate in 1919 at theTechnical University of

Berlin"Onhigher aliphaticfatty acidanhydrides"and worked afterwards in the field, becoming

the first woman to hold a professional chemist's position in the chemical industry in Germany.

She and chemist Walter Noddack were married in 1926.[5]

Both before and after their marriage

they worked as partners, an "Arbeitsgemeinschaft" or "work unit",[6]

but with the exception of her

work at the University of Strasbourg, her positions were unpaid appointments.[7]

Nuclear fission[edit]

Noddack correctly criticizedEnrico Fermi's chemical proofs in his 1934 neutron bombardment

experiments, from which he postulated thattransuranic elementsmight have been produced,

and which was widely accepted for a few years. Her paper, "On Element 93" suggested a

number of possibilities, centering around Fermi's failure to chemically eliminate alllighter

thanuraniumelements in his proofs, rather than only down to lead. The paper is considered

historically significant today not simply because she correctly pointed out the flaw in Fermi's

chemical proof but because she suggested the possibility that "it is conceivable that the nucleus

breaks up into several large fragments, which would of course be isotopes of known elements

but would not be neighbors of the irradiated element." In so doing she presaged what would

become known a few years later asnuclear fission.However Noddack offered no experimental

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ikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_anhydridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Nobel_nominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Element_discovery_priorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-nobel_nominations-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Noddackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-EIC-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig_Medalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater

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proof or theoretical basis for this possibility, which defied the understanding at the time. The

paper was generally ignored.

Later experiments along a similar line to Fermi's, byIrne Joliot-Curie,andPavle Saviin 1938

raised what they called "interpretational difficulties" when the supposed transuranics exhibited

the properties of rare earths rather than those of adjacent elements. Ultimately on December

17, 1938,Otto HahnandFritz Strassmannprovided chemical proof that the previously

presumedtransuranic elementswere isotopes of barium, andHahnwrote these exciting results

to his exiled colleagueLise Meitner,explaining the process as a 'bursting' of the uranium

nucleus into lighter elements. It remained forMeitnerwho had been forced to flee Germany in

July 1938 and her exiled nephewOtto FrischutilizingFritz KalckarandNiels Bohr's liquid drop

hypothesis (first proposed byGeorge Gamowin 1935) to provide a first theoretical model and

mathematical proof of what Frisch namednuclear fission(he coined this term). (Frischalso

experimentally verified the fission reaction by means of a cloud chamber, confirming the energy

release).[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Element discovery priority[edit]Ida and her husband-to-be looked for the then still unknown elements 43 and 75 at

thePhysikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.In 1925, they published a paper (Zwei neue

Elemente der Mangangruppe, Chemischer Teil) claiming to have done so, and called the new

elementsRheniumand Masurium. Only the discovery of rhenium was confirmed. They were

unable to isolate element 43 and their results were not reproducible. Their choice of the term

masurium was also considered unacceptably nationalistic and may have contributed to a poor

reputation amongst scientists of the day.[citation needed]

Artificially produced element 43 was definitively isolated in 1937 byEmilio SegrandCarlo

Perrierfrom a discarded piece of molybdenum foil from a cyclotron which had undergone betadecay. It was eventually namedtechnetiumdue to its artificial source. No isotope of technetium

has a half-life longer than 4.2 million years and was presumed to have disappeared on earth in

as a naturally occurring element. In 1961 minute amounts of technetium in pitchblende

produced from spontaneous238

U fission were discovered by B. T. Kenna and P. K.

Kuroda.[18]

Based on this discovery, Belgian physicist Pieter van Assche constructed an analysis

of their data to show that the detection limit of Noddacks' analytical method[clarification needed]

could

have been 1000 times lowerthan the 109

value reported in their paper, in order to show the

Noddacks could have been the first to find measurable amounts of element 43, as the ores they

had analyzed contained uranium.[19]

Using Van Assche's estimates of the Noddacks' residue

compositions, NIST scientist John T. Armstrong, simulatedthe original X-ray spectrum with a

computer, and claimed that the results were "surprisingly close to their published

spectrum!"[20]

Gunter Herrmann from the University of Mainz examined van Assche's

arguments, and concluded they were developed ad hoc, and forced to a predetermined

result.[21]

According to Kenna and Kuroda99

technetium content expected in a typical pitchblende

(50% uranium) is about 1010

g/kg of ore. F. Habashi pointed out that uranium was never more

than about 5% in Noddacks' columbite samples, and the amount of element 43 could not

exceed 3 1011

g/kg of ore. Such a low quantity could not be weighed, nor give X-ray lines of

element 43 clearly distinguishable from the background noise. The only way to detect its

presence is to carry out radioactive measurements, a technique the Noddacks did not use, but

Segr and Perrier did.[22][23][24][25][26]

Following on the van Assche and Armstrong claims, an investigation was made into the works

ofMasataka Ogawawho had made a prior claim to the Noddacks. In 1908 he claimed to have

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Savi%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Savi%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Savi%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Kalckar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Kalckar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Kalckar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Higher_than_92-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Higher_than_92-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-On_the_Nature_of_a_Radioactive_Element_Joliot-Curie-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-WASHINGTON_CONFERENCE_1937-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Physical_Evidence_for_the_Division_of_Heavy_Nuclei-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Physical_Evidence_for_the_Division_of_Heavy_Nuclei-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-spontaneous_fission-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-spontaneous_fission-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-spontaneous_fission-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-element_Z_.3D_43_1925-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-element_Z_.3D_43_1925-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-element_Z_.3D_43_1925-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-armstrong_revision-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-armstrong_revision-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-armstrong_revision-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Technetium_or_masurium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Technetium_or_masurium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Technetium_or_masurium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Habashi_Rehenium-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Habashi_Rehenium-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Kuroda-Origin_of_Chemical_Elements-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Letters_Element_43-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Letters_Element_43-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ogawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ogawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ogawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masataka_Ogawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Letters_Element_43-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Kuroda-Origin_of_Chemical_Elements-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Kuroda-Origin_of_Chemical_Elements-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Habashi_Rehenium-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Habashi_Rehenium-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Technetium_or_masurium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-armstrong_revision-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-element_Z_.3D_43_1925-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-spontaneous_fission-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Perrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Reichsanstalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Physical_Evidence_for_the_Division_of_Heavy_Nuclei-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Physical_Evidence_for_the_Division_of_Heavy_Nuclei-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-WASHINGTON_CONFERENCE_1937-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-WASHINGTON_CONFERENCE_1937-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-On_the_Nature_of_a_Radioactive_Element_Joliot-Curie-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-On_the_Nature_of_a_Radioactive_Element_Joliot-Curie-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Higher_than_92-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Higher_than_92-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Kalckar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frischhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Meitnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transuranium_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Strassmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Savi%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie

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isolated element 43, calling it Nipponium. Using an original plate (not a simulation), Kenji

Yoshihara determined Ogawa had not found thePeriod 5Group 7 element43 (eka-

manganese), but had successfully separatedPeriod 6Group 7 element75 (dvi-manganese)

(rhenium), preceding the Noddacks by 17 years.[27][28][29]

Nobel nominations[edit]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvi-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvi-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvi-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Nipponium_Ogawa_1908-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Nipponium_Ogawa_1908-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-1908_by_Masataka_Ogawa_Japan-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-1908_by_Masataka_Ogawa_Japan-29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ida_Noddack&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-1908_by_Masataka_Ogawa_Japan-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Nipponium_Ogawa_1908-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Noddack#cite_note-Nipponium_Ogawa_1908-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvi-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_5_element