hyperthemia application of antenna

7/27/2019 Hyperthemia Application of antenna

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Hndaw Pblshn CopoatonIntnatonal Jonal o Antnnas and PopaatonVolm 2013, Atcl ID 954986, 6 pashttp://dx.do.o/10.1155/2013/954986

Research ArticleA Compact Microstrip Spiral Antenna Embedded inWater Bolus for Hyperthermia Applications

Erdal Korkmaz, Omer Isik, and Mohammed Ahmed Nassor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Fatih University, Istanbul 34500, urkey

Cospondnc shold b addssd to Edal Kokmaz; [email protected]

Rcvd 20 Dcmb 2012; Rvsd 7 Mach 2013; Accptd 17 Mach 2013

Acadmc Edto: P. Mohanan

Copyht 2013 Edal Kokmaz t al. Ts s an opn accss atcl dstbtd nd th Catv Commons Attbton Lcns,whch pmts nstctd s, dstbton, and podcton n any mdm, povdd th onal wok s poply ctd.

Ts pap psnts th dsn, smlaton, abcaton, and masmnt o a ccla spal mcostp antnna mbddd ndstlld wat bols. T antnna s manly dsnd to opat at 434 MHz ISM band to b sd o a hypthma applcato.T pomanc o th antnna s compad to a convntonal patch antnna also mbddd n wat bols. T slts show thatspal antnna has snfcant naow adaton pattn and s capabl to opat at mltpl qncs as wll. Naow bamo th antnna s dsd to dsn a mltantnna aanmnt wth lss copln and a btt ocsn solton whch can bccal o dp onal hypthma applcatons. T opton o oth qncs s dsabl to hav a btt contol ov thpntaton dpth vss ocsn dpndn on th applcaton on.

1. Introduction

In lctomantc hypthma mthod, th tsss a x-posd to lctomantc adaton xtnally to ncas thtmpat to aond 42C. It s wll known that at thstmpats, th cancos clls n th clls potn bld,chan th cll constcton, and vn kll thm [1, 2]. Tbasc paamt to ncas th tmpat n th tssss th lctomantc fld pow absopton dscbd byspcfc absopton ato (SAR). A tmpat lvaton ncancoson lads to an ncas n blood cclaton atandhnc hypthma can also b sd n conjncton wth

convntonal thaps sch as chmothapy and adatonthapy [3, 4]. As a slt o a ast blood cclaton, thpson at ncass and th canc ds pntatsbtt nto tmo, o a dns oxynaton maks canc cllsmo snstv o onzd adaton.

Sval applcatos hav bn dvlopd o nonnvasvlocal and onal hypthma applcatons [511]. Usallyspfcal hypthma applcatos s snl latvly bantnnas (local hypthma), whas o dp locatdtmos, a mltantnna systm s sd (onal hypth-ma). In a mltantnna systm, th constctv nt-nc o th flds on th tatd on s ntndd sncth lctomantc pntaton dcass apdly thoh

th lossy chaact o th tsss. Hnc, th dsn o anctv snl antnna lmnt s th ccal stp n thdvlopmnt o a spcfc applcato. Whn dsnn thsnl antnna lmnt, a tado mst b ond btwn thpntaton dpth (low qncy) and solton (hhqncy). In od to dvlop a mltantnna applcato,th s a nd o dctv antnnas opatn at latvlylow qncs (pabl ISM bands), havn smalllatal sz and naow bam wdth. Howv, th nvslatonshp btwn th lctcal szs o th antnnas andth opatn qncy constants th dsn o schantnnas.

T dsn o a hypthma antnna snfcantly dsom th antnna dsns n spac applcatons. Inhypthma applcatos sally th antnnas a mbdddn dstlld wat bols to obtan a btt copln o thadatd lctomantc flds wth th tsss [9, 10, 1217]. In addton, th wat bols svs also o th coolno possbl spfcal hatn and dcs th sz o thdsnd antnna wth spct to th sonant qncy.

T am o ths stdy s to dsn a dctv antnna at434 MHz (ISM qncy band) to b sd n a hypthmaapplcato. o that nd, mcostp antnna s chosn as atmplat snc t has a hhpomanc n many applcatonsd to ts lhtwht, low pofl wth conomablty, and


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2 Intnatonal Jonal o Antnnas and Popaaton

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: op vw o th spal (a) and patch (b) antnnas.

as o ntaton n oth systms [18]. ypcal mcostp

antnna dsns s a sold sbstat wth a dlctc con-stant

< 15. T dsn o a mcostp antnna wth sold

sbstat qs latvly h latal sz o th antnnawhch maks th antnna not stabl o a mltantnnaapplcato. I a wat bols s placd btwn th antnna andth tatd body, thn most o th ny wll b ctdat th antnna-wat ntac and as a slt most o thadaton wll b n th latal dcton whch s stctly annwantd staton. Howv, dstlld wat s sd as asbstat o pactcally th antnna s mbddd n a watbols, thn that wll slt n a consdabl dcton o thantnna sz wth spct to ts sonant qncy d toa hh dlctc constant. T wat bols wll not only

sv o cooln o th skn and spfcal tsss bt alsosv o th cooln o antnna to sstan stabl antnnachaactstcs dn th tatmnt [19].

In ths wok, w psnt th dsn and analyss o acclaly spal shapd mcostp antnna mbddd n awat bols. T poposd spal antnna s ntndd to bsd as th snl antnna lmnt n a possbl canc-spcfc dp onal hypthma applcato n th t.

2. Antenna Structure

Fo th dsn o a hypthma antnna, many antnnastcts a stdd [1925]. T am o ths stdy was to

dsn an antnna to b stabl n a mlt antnna applcatoo smdp o dp locatd tmos wth th ollown spc-fcatons. T sonanc qncy shold b at 434 MHz(pably sonatn n mltpl qncs as wll as ncas o pntaton dpth and solton tado), havn aadaton pattn as naow as possbl to dc th coplnbtwn th antnnas and havn a latal sz as small aspossbl. o that nd, a plana mcostp spal antnnasbmd n a donzd wat bols has bn dsnd.

T antnna dmnsons a optmzd to obtan th bstpomanc lvant to th pscbd ams. T top vw oth alzd spal antnna s shown n F 1. T antnnaconssts o a PEC ond plan, th spal has two tns, th

wdth o th mcostp s 3.25 mm, th ap btwn thtns

s 3.55 mm, and th hht om th antnna to th ond s3.6 mm. T antnna s d by an SMA conncto, and thnn pn o th conncto that has a damt o 1.27 mm ssoldd to th cnt o th spal antnna. T mcostpthcknss s chosn as 0.3 mm to hav a d constctonsnc th only sold sppot s th nn pn. T ond hasa dmnson o 4.5 cm by 4.5 cm. T matal popts oth donzd wat at 434 MHz and oom tmpat a

= 78.4, and th lctcal condctvty = 5.55 S/m. Tantnna opats only nsd a donzd wat bols, n othwods, both th sbstat and th backond nvonmnto th antnna s donzd wat. In an applcato dsn, thwat wll cclat th skn to cool th possbl spfcal

hatn as wll as to cool th antnna tsl at hh pows.Snc on o th ams o ths stdy s to dsn an

antnna wth a naow adaton bam, th actal adatonpattn o th antnna s concnd. o that nd, w dsnda convntonal ctanla patch antnna nspd om[19] sonatn at 434 MHz and sd t as th pob oth masmnts. T patch antnna dmnsons a alsooptmzd to obtan th bst pomanc lvant to thpscbd ams. Tat vs also th oppotnty to compath convntonal patch antnna wth th poposd spalantnna. T dsnd antnna has a PEC ond plan, thpatch lnth s 32.64 mm, wdth s 14 mm, hht om thond plan s 3.6 mm, and th dn pont s 4.75 mm

om th patchs lontdnal dcton. T ond has admnson o 4 cm by 5 cm. T thcknss o th patch s0.5 mm, and th only sppot o th patch s th nn pno th SMA conncto. T antnna s also mbddd ndonzd wat.

3. Simulation and Measurement Results

Bothth dsn andsmlatono thantnnas a pomdby mans o a commcal lctomantc smlaton so-wa whch ss fnt ntaton tchnq n tm domanas a solv. T man paamts whch a nncn thsonatn qncy a th wdth o th mcostp and


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Intnatonal Jonal o Antnnas and Popaaton 3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

11

(dB)

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Frequency (MHz)

MeasurementSimulation

Figure2: Smlaton (soldln) andmasmnt (dashd ln) S11

vals o spal antnna.

Rectangular Patch Antenna Results

0

5

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

11

(dB)

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800

Frequency (MHz)

Measurement

Simulation

Figure3: Smlaton (soldln) and masmnt (dashd ln) S11

vals o patch antnna.

th ap btwn th stps. Kpn th ovall sz constant,w obtand o dnt atos o ths two paamtsth smla sonatn qncs, whas at th poposdatos, th bam wdth s th naowst. Fo th mas-mnts, a vcto ntwok analyz o Ants VctoSta

MS4642A s sd. T smlatd and masd tn lossvals nsd a wat bols o th spal a dpctd nF 2 and o th patch a dpctd n F 3. A vyood amnt has bn obtand btwn th masdand smlatd slts both o th spal and patch antnna;nvthlss, th sowa ndstmats th pomanc ospal antnna slhtly o 566 and 716 MHz qncs.

o condct th adaton pattn masmnts, w fllda ccla basn wth donzd wat and constctd amasmnt stp as dpctd n F 4. T wavlnthat 434 MHz nsd th donzd wat s =

0/ =

78 mm, wh 0

s th spac wavlnth. akn ntoaccont th a-fld omla, th qd mnmm dstanc

VNA

Goniometer

Probe Spiral antenna

Figure 4: Masmnt stp o manal adaton pattn ma-

smnts.

30

60

30

60

3

6

9

12

15

9 900

0 dB

Measurement

Simulation

18

0Radiation pattern at = 0

(a)

30

60

30

60

3

6

9

12

15

90 90

0 dB0

Measurement

Simulation

Radiation pattern at = 90

(b)

Figure 5: Smlatd (sold ln) and masd (dashd ln)adaton pattns o spal antnna at 434 MHz, o = 0 plan(a) and = 90 plan (b).


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30

60

30

60

3

6

9

12

15

= 0

= 90

90 90

0 dB

0

(a)

30

60

30

60

3

6

9

12

15

= 0

= 90

90 90

0 dB

0

(b)

Figure 6: Smlatd adaton pattns o spal antnna at 566 MHz (a) and at 716 MHz (b).

30

60

30

60

3

6

9

12

15

= 0

= 90

90 90

0 dB

0

Figure 7: Smlatd adatonpattns o patch antnnaat 434 MHz.

400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470

Frequency (MHz)

10 mm

20 mm30 mm

40 mm

50 mm

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

11

(dB)

Figure 8: S11

vals o spal antnna at a dnt wat bolshht.

s = 2 2/ 2 5 mm. Hnc, a dstanc abot 15 cmn th masmnt stp s st btwn th antnnas. Tspal antnna s montd to a od and postond at thmddl o th basn and otatd manally by 5 stps. Wsd two addtonal low loss coax cabls as an xtnson toth xpnsv calbaton cabls o th conncton o thantnnas n wat and dd pom th calbaton takn ntoaccont th xtndd pats. W also sd th tm domanopton o VNA to dc th nvonmntal nos. Tcompason btwn th smlaton and masmnt sltss dpctd n F 5. Dspt not havn an dal adatonpattn masmnt stp lk an anchoc chamb n

spac masmnts, a oodamnt s obtand.T smalldscpancs n th masd slts a pobablmanly dto th manal otaton o th antnna. T hal pow bamwdth (HPBW) o th spal antnna s small than 65 oach plan. Anoth ason to choos a spal antnna s thatt sonats at mltpl qncs. T adaton pattn ospal antnna at 566 MHz s vn naow than at 434 MHzwhl at 716 MHz som dstoton occs (F 6). Tsmlatd adaton pattn o th patch antnna s dpctdn F 7. T HPBW o th patch antnna s 75 at = 0plan and 107 at = 90 plan. Ts vals a snfcantlyat than th spal antnna slts. T polazaton oth spal antnna shown n F 1 has ht-hand ccla

polazaton (actally slhtly llptcal) obsvd thohsmlatons.In cas o dsnn an applcato, th obstnss o th

snl antnna lmnt s mpotant. Howv, n o dsnth antnna dos not hav a sold sbstat and th onlysppot s that th nn pn o th conncto maks thantnna vlnabl. As a mdy, o xampl, at th ponts,small thn plastc pns a fxd as a sppot btwn th spaland th ond. A slht sh n th opatn qncys obsvd both n th masmnts and smlatons.Fotnatly, that sh can asly b takn nto accont byncldn th sppot pns n th dsn to st th opatonat th dsd qncy. In addton, th spal antnna has


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Intnatonal Jonal o Antnnas and Popaaton 5

Muscle

Fat

Skin

Antenna

Water bolus

(a)

100

96.9

90.6

84.4

78.1

71.9

65.6

59.4

53.1

46.9

40.6

34.4

28.1

21.9

15.6

9.38

3.130

(V/m)

(b)

Figure 9: Spal antnna modl nsd a wat bols (3 cm) wth tsss o skn, at, and mscl (a) and th lctc fld lns at 434 MHz (b).

a alzd an o 9.7 dB and th adaton cncy s abot0.0074 dB om th smlaton slts.

In od to nvstat th pomanc o th antnnan psnc o tsss, w pomd smlatons wth asmplstc homonos modl o 15 cm 15 cm aa wtha thcknss o a 1 mm skn, 5 mm at, and 100 mm mscl,takn nto accont th matal popts at 434 MHz. Tantnna shold b locatd as clos as possbl to th sknn od to tans maxmm pow whl th antnnachaactstcs shold man naltd. T S

11paamts

o th spal antnna wth altn th wat bols thcknss

btwn 10 and 50 mm a dpctd n F 8. Rsltsshow that th antnna cton cocnt vals a slhtlyshd o 1020 mm, and at 30 mm th optmm dstancs obtand. Ts s pcptbl snc th mnmm a-flddstanc s abot 25 mm. In addton w pt lctc fldmontos at th axal coss-scton o th antnna to montoth adaton bhavo nto th tsss. T lctc fld lnsat 30 mm wat bols thcknss a dpctd n F 9.W obsvd a smla adaton bhavo (at oth watbols thcknsss as wll as oth coss-sctons) as thatn wat bols wthot th tsss both o th spal andpatch antnnas. T naow adaton bam o th spalantnna nto th tsss appantly shows th adqatnss

o th snl antnna lmnt o a possbl applcatodsn.

Consdn th antnna dsns n th ltat [1824], th ocs o th stds s to hat th whol onnstad o a ocsd small on. T ason o thats to s th applcato n conjncton wth convntonalmthods lk chmo- and adothapy and to dc thnctanty n th man o th nctd on. Tat s whyn th dsns, th naow adatonbam wasnot pd.Fotnatly, th advancmnt n th man tchnoloy andth hadwa and sowa capablts o th lctomantcsmlaton tools poms now to ocs th hat on a smallon.

4. Conclusion

Ts pap poposs a compact novl ccla mcostpspal antnna wth a naow adaton pattn whchcan b consdd as an adqat choc to b sd n amlt antnna applcato o smdp o dp hypthmaapplcatons. T naow adaton pattn and small sza dsabl chaactstcs to plac mo antnnas n an(ccla) aay confaton and to dc th constctvntnc at spfcal ons to obtan a btt ocsnat th tatd on. T opaton at mltqncs

can b sd n cas o pntaton dpth and ocsnconsdatons. A fm constcton can b obtand snsmall thn sppot pns.

Acknowledgment

Ts wok was sppotd by T Scntfc and chnolocalRsach Concl o ky (UBIAK) nd Pojct no.111E087.

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