hyperspectral imager for the coastal ocean (hico) and hico
TRANSCRIPT
MRC – 27FEB08 - 1
Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean(HICO)
andHICO / RAIDS Experiment Payload
(HREP)
Program Overview
Mike Corson, HICO Principal InvestigatorRemote Sensing Division
Naval Research Laboratory
Oregon State
MRC – 27FEB08 - 2
HICO - Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean - Overview• Program goal: build and operate the first spaceborne hyperspectral imager
designed for the coastal ocean (large Scenes and High SNR for dark targets)• HICO sponsored by ONR as an Innovative Naval Prototype
• Instrument: high signal to noise, moderate spatial resolution, large area coverage
• Mission planning and products:– support of demonstrations of
Naval utility of environmental products (ONR mission)
– repeat imaging of selected coastal sites worldwide over all seasons (extended mission)
– exploration of the wide range of solar illumination and viewing angles “provided” by the Space Station (extended mission)
MRC – 27FEB08 - 3
Coastal Environmental Hyperspectral Remote Sensing is a Unique Discipline
PercentReflectance
Wavelength (microns)
10
4
2
0.4 0.80.6
3
1
Wavelength (microns)
Above-AtmosphereSpectral Radiance
for 5% albedo(W/m2-sr-micron)Florida Keys
• Water scenes are dark (low albedo) scene and are behind a bright atmosphere
• Requires sensitive and high signal-to-noise sensor to preserve radiometric accuracy after atmospheric removal
• Requires large area coverage Requires algorithm to determine aerosols in scene and remove their effects
These scene characteristics lead to stringent imager requirements and specialized product algorithms
MRC – 27FEB08 - 4
Airborne Hyperspectral Program at NRL
DataProcessing
FlightCampaigns
RequirementsEvaluation
ProductEvaluation
ProductExtraction
Ground / WaterTruth
SensorCalibration
SpiralDevelopment
SensorDevelopment
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Signal to Noise Ratio10 nm Spectral Bins
Sign
al to
Noi
se
Wavelength (nm)
f/4
f/2.8
f/2 GSD = 100mAlbedo = 5%GMC = 1
PatternRecognition /Classification
AtmosphericRemoval
SpectralIdentification
NonlinearManifoldAnalysis
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9Wavelength (microns)
Ref
lect
ance
X 1
04 PHILLS-1
Ground Truth ASD
Sensor Performance Modeling
Georectification
MRC – 27FEB08 - 5
Next Step: Spaceborne Hyperspectral• Hyperspectral imaging from space is a natural next step
– provides global repeat coverage unavailable from an aircraft– provides access to denied areas
• Aircraft experience forms a solid foundation for hyperspectral from space– validated imager performance requirements– developed atmospheric correction algorithms– developed product algorithms
NRL Imager flown on Antonov AN-2 at 10,000 ftAbove 30% of atmosphere
Above most aerosols
NASA AVIRIS flown on ER-2 at 20 kmAbove 95% of atmosphere
Usually above all significant aerosols
MRC – 27FEB08 - 6
HICO on the Japanese Experiment Module• In the Fall of 2006, the DoD Space Test
Program proposed the possibility of a combined payload on the ISS Japanese Experiment Module – Exposed Facility (JEM-EF)
• Planned September 2009 launch of payload to station
Science Payloads:
• HICO
• RAIDS (Remote Atmospheric and Ionospheric Detection System)– designed to perform a
comprehensive study of upper atmospheric airglow emissions
– developed at the NRL Space Science Division
• HICO and RAIDS provide valuable science data from the Station
Graphic of JEM-EF on Station
RAIDS
HICO is integrated and launched under the direction of the DoD Space Test Program.
MRC – 27FEB08 - 7
JEM – Exposed Facility
Space Stationvelocity direction
Location of HICO – RAIDS payloadOn Japanese Experiment Module –
Exposed Platform
MRC – 27FEB08 - 8
Launch On Japanese HTV
JEM Exposed Pallet and Experiment Payloads launch in the Unpressurized
Logistics Carrier
HTV = H2 Transfer Vehicle
MRC – 27FEB08 - 9
Launch from Tanegashima Island (Japan) Launch Site
MRC – 27FEB08 - 10
Manipulator Arms Transfer from HTV to JEM
MRC – 27FEB08 - 11
HREP is installed on the ISS
NASA photo ISS020E041979
MRC – 27FEB08 - 12
HREP in Orbit on JEM-EF
NASA photo ISS020E041992
MRC – 27FEB08 - 13
HICO Imager Components
Rotation Stage toPoint line of sight
SpectrometerCamera in
sealed enclosure
Viewing Slot
Foreoptic
MRC – 27FEB08 - 14
COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule
• Brandywine Optics model 3035 Spectrometer for spectral dispersion– commercially-available
• All-reflective Offner grating spectrometer• High-efficiency grating• Athermalized
Two Brandywine model 3035Spectrometers on an
Optical table
MRC – 27FEB08 - 15
COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule
• QImaging Rolera-MGi camera– commercially-available
• Science grade• Back-side illuminated CCD
– high quantum efficiency• Confirmed linearity in our laboratory• Confirmed planned HICO operation
– read noise level– electron well depths– readout speed
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
0 1 2 3 4 5
Rolera-MGi
Number of Lamps On
Rolera MGi camera
MRC – 27FEB08 - 16
COTS Components Save Cost and Schedule
• Single-axis rotary mechanism to point HICO line of sight in cross-track direction
• Newport Research model RV120PEV6 rotation stage
– commercially-available• Vacuum compatible
MRC – 27FEB08 - 17
HICO Flight Imager in the Laboratory
NRL photo
MRC – 27FEB08 - 18
HICO Inside the HREP Structure at NRL
NRL photo
MRC – 27FEB08 - 19
HICO inside HREP Delivered to Tanegashima Space Center, Japan April 9, 2009
JAXA Photo
MRC – 27FEB08 - 20
Most Requirements Derived from Aircraft Experience
Parameter Performance Rationale
Spectral Range 350 to 1070 nm recorded
All water-penetrating wavelengths plus Near Infrared for atmospheric correction
Spectral Channel Width 5.7 nm Sufficient to resolve spectral features
Number of SpectralChannels 128 Derived from Spectral Range and
Spectral Channel WidthSignal-to-Noise Ratiofor water-penetrating
wavelengths
> 200 to 1for 5% albedo scene
(10 nm spectral binning)
Provides adequate Signal to Noise Ratio after atmospheric removal
Polarization Sensitivity < 5% Sensor response to be insensitive to polarization of light from scene
Ground Sample Distance at Nadir 100 meters Adequate for scale of selected coastal
ocean features
Scene Size 50 x 200 km Large enough to capture the scale of coastal dynamics
Cross-track pointing +45 to -30 deg To increase scene access frequency
Scenes per orbit 1 maximum Data volume and transmission constraints
MRC – 27FEB08 - 21
Additional / Derived Requirements
Parameter Goal Requirement Rationale
Image Quality MTF > 0.35 at Nyquist spatial frequency of 0.5 cycles/pixel
To assure that the recorded signal is coming from the sampled GSD
Saturation Will not saturate when viewing a 95% albedo cloud
To be able to image dark ocean next to bright clouds
Spectral stray light < 1% albedo error To assure that the true spectrum is recorded
Long term stability +/- 0.5% after calibration of the data
To assure a consistent data set over time for change detection
Jitter< 0.2 IFOV per integration
period (dependent on spacecraft vibrations)
To assure that the scene is undistorted during the collection
period.
Optical Vignetting No vignetting at any view angle Vignetting causes significant radiometric errors
Performance for these requirements were measured and accepted as-is
MRC – 27FEB08 - 22
HICO Is a Pathfinder for Future Missions
• First data from a spaceborne Maritime Hyperspectral Imager
• First intermediate-resolution global hyperspectral imagery
• Pathfinder for future Sun-synchronous systems– NRL COIS (#4/29 DoN SERB, #10/51 DoD SERB)
For Geostationary Imaging
• First ocean color data collected at all times of day– how early or late in the day can we collect data
• Pathfinder to Korean Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)– multispectral, 500 m GSD– Cross calibrate with HICO in 2010
• Pathfinder for NASA GEOCAPE requirements– One of NASA’s Decadal Plan spacecraft currently
undergoing preliminary study– Hyperspectral or multispectral, 300 m GSD
Engineering model NRL COIS(Coastal Ocean Imaging
Spectrometer) with 30 m GSD
MRC – 27FEB08 - 23
HICO TEAM
• The HICO team put the system together on a tight schedule and limited resources. Special recognition is due to the mechanical team for designing and building to space-flight standards, doing whatever it took to get in-time deliveries, and reacting to problems.
• Head Honchos:– Mike Corson – PI & Test Data Analyst – Curt Davis (Oregon State U) – Project Scientist– Bob Lucke – Systems Engineer
• Mechanical Team: Norm McGlothlin & Steve Butcher
• Software Team: Dan Wood
• Optical Alignment, Calibration, Characterization: Dan Korwan
• Mission Planning, Command & Data Formatting: Bill Snyder
MRC – 27FEB08 - 24
Image Coastal Ocean ZonesAlong ISS Ground Track,
Swath Length 200 km
Cross-Track Field of Regard:Left + Right Total 600 km
(+45°/-30° off-nadir)
Ground Swath Width: 45 km
ISS OrbitAltitude: 375 km (nominal)
Inclination: 51.6 deg