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Hymenomycetes: Jelly Fungi etc. Mycology (Bio 594, Special Topics) M. Marshall, 2013 Shippensburg University (See last slide for additional credits)

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Jelly Fungi Hymenomycetes belonging to orders Auriculariales, Cantharellales (Ceratobasidiaceae, Tulasnella) Dacrymycetales, Filobasidiales, Tremellales Heterobasidiomycetes based on presence of heterobasidium Most members have gelatinous or rubbery basidiocarps Basidia embedded in gelatinous hymenial layer

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From Hibbett (2006). Mycologia 98: 917--925

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Classification Ceratobasidiaceae, Tulasnella, Dacrymycetales and Auriculariales characterized by: Septal pore imperforate or with large pores Formation of secondary basidiospores Mycelial monokaryotic stage

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Classification (cont.) Tremellales characterized by: Sacculate septal cap or no septal cap Dimorphic life cycleyeast-like monokaryon, mycelial dikaryon mycoparasitism

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Order Auriculariales Largest order, 6 families and 30 genera Most members are saprotrophs, grow on dead wood Phragmobasidia of two types; sterigmata are hyphal like; basidiospores become septate, may germinate indirectly via conidia Transversely septate (Auricularia) Cruciately septate (Exidia, Phlogiotis, Pseudohydnum)

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Auricularia

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Wood Ear

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From Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2 Exidia

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Phlogiotus helvelloides

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Pseudohydnum gelatinosum

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Ceratobasidiaceae Basidiocarps greatly reduced or absent Basidia with prominent sterigmata Basidiospores germinate indirectly (by secondary spore formation) Many species associated with plants, either as parasites or mycorrhizae

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Rhizoctonia solani Soil-borne fungus that attacks a wide range of hosts, causing root rots, cankers, & damping off Produces rapidly-growing, pale brown mycelium No clamp connections Hyphal branches arise at 90 angle, constricted at point of union May form sclerotia, monilioid cells

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Rhizoctonia

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Rhizoctonia Classification Binucleate and multinucleate groups Binucleate strains have Ceratobasidium teleomorphs Multinucleate strains have Thanatephorus and Waitea teleomorphs Isolates assigned to anastomosis groups (AG) by pairing with tester strains

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Order Dacrymycetales Members of this family cause brown rot of wood Tuning fork basidiaaseptate, deeply forked, two sterigmata Basidiospores become septate and germinate directly or indirectly Basidiocarps of many species are yellow or orange

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Common Genera Dacrymyces Cushion-shaped basidiocarps Calocera Narrow, tapering basidiocarps, occasionally branched Guepiniopsis Small, stalked basidiocarps with cup-like head

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Dacrymyces

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Tulasnella Members are either saprotrophs or mycorrhizal Produce flattened, waxy or web- like basidiocarps Basidia have strongly inflated sterigmata that become separated by secondary septa Not a monophyletic genus based on recent analysis

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From Fungi of Switzerland Vol. 2

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Order Tremellales Members of this order are dimorphic, with haploid, yeast-like stage and dikaryotic, mycelial stage Basidia are cruciately septate Many species are mycoparasites that form haustorial branches that penetrate host >15 genera, inc. Tremella

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Tremella (from BIOIMAGES)

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Order Filobasidiales Filobasidiella teleomorph of Cryptococcus, an encapsulated yeast Infection initiated by inhaled basidiospores, or through open wounds 19 spp. recognized, C. neoformans and C. gattii cause cryptococcosis in animals inc. humans Photo Xiaorong Lin

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Cryptococcus neoformans Cryptococcosis Pulmonary infection, can become disseminated Common in immunosuppressed individuals Common in pigeon dung Encapsulated yeast Polysaccharide capsule, phenol oxidase enzyme and ability to grow at 37C are major virulence factors

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Cryptococcus neoformans http://www.doctorfungus.org Disease(s): Cryptococosis

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Cryptococcus neoformans http://www.doctorfungus.org Cryptococcus neoformans Disease(s): Cryptococosis

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Cryptococcus gattii Cryptococcus gattii widely regarded as endemic in tropical regions Eucalyptus trees in Australia considered natural reservoirs Largest outbreak on Vancouver Island in past 8 years

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Outbreak on Vancouver Island Alder, bitter cherry, cedar, Douglas fir and Garry Oak tree have tested positive Since 1999, numerous animals and marine mammals have been affected Dozens of cats & dogs, 11 porpoises, 1 horse, 1 llama > 100 humans have been diagnosed, four have died Most were immunocompetent

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Credits This presentation has been modified from one posted on the web by Dr. Lori Carris, Washigton State University Plant Pathology Dept. from her course: Plant Path 521, Mycology.

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From Hibbett (2006). Mycologia 98: 917--925 Agaricomycotina Gloeo -Brown rotters Tel = corticoid & hydnoid Hymeno = Molec group polyp & corticoid Corticiales = resup wood rotters Gomph = finger like Phallus-like Hysterangiales = puff balls Geastrales = earth stars Auriculariales = jelly Cantharellales = Chanterelles