Commercial Management GuideAlternative Systems

Hy-Line UK Ltd 2006-2008

Variety Brown

Contents

Capabilities of the Hy-Line variety brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Chick management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Floor brooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Growing period management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Beak trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

General management recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6

Disease control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Parasite control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-9

Lighting programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Nutrition and feed management growing period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-12

Feed consumption in the growing period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Body weight targets in the growing period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Water consumption in the growing period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Monitoring body weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Laying period feed recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Egg size management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Rearing period/growth curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Hy-Line variety brown performance table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-20

Hy-Line brown hen-day production graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

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Capabilities of the Hy-Line Variety BrownGROWING PERIOD TO (18 Weeks)Liveability 96-98%Feed Consumed 6.3-7.0 KgBody Weight at (18 Weeks) 1.50 Kg

LAYING PERIOD (to 80 Weeks)

Age at 50% Production 149 DaysPeak Production 93-95%

Hen-Day EggsTo 60 Weeks 249To 72 Weeks 315To 80 Weeks 354

Hen-Housed EggsTo 60 Weeks 246To 72 Weeks 309To 80 Weeks 347

Liveability (18-80 Weeks) 95%

Average Egg WeightAt 32 Weeks 62.9 GmsAt 70 Weeks 66.9 Gms

Total Egg Mass Hen-Day18-72 Weeks 20.00 Kg18-80 Weeks 22.8 Kg

Body Weight at 72 Weeks 1.94GmsFreedom from Egg Inclusions ExcellentShell Strength Excellent

Haugh Units at 72 Weeks 79.0Shell Colour Dark

Average Daily Feed ConsumptionBarn production 18-72 Weeks 115-122g/bird/dayFree range 18-72 Weeks 125-135g/bird/dayFeather Colour Red with white underfeathersSkin Colour Yellow

Temperament Very calm, adapts well to any type of management

Figures contained in this management guide have been compiled from extensive commercial flock records. Furthermore, management suggestions listed in this booklet are combined principles taken from industry technical literature and field experience with this variety. Neither the performance figures nor the management suggestions are in any way a guarantee of performance. Productivity of a commercial flock of any variety layer will vary according to environment and disease conditions.

Chick ManagementHy-Line Brown chicks adapt well to floor brooding systems. They require no special hatchery services except vaccinationagainst Marek’s disease.

General Recommendations

1. Prior to delivery of chicks:a. Clean and disinfect floor brooding area. Clean the building interior, attached service areas and equipment.b. Check to make sure equipment is working properly and is adjusted to the right height.c. Remove all old feed from bins, hoppers and troughs. Disinfect and allow to dry before new feed is delivered.d. Place rat/mouse poison where it will not be consumed by chicks.

2. One day before delivery:a. Set heating system at 33-34˚C (91-93˚F) at chick level.b. Check water system. Adjust to proper height for chicks. Disinfect and flush water lines.

3. On delivery day:a. Have drinkers full or water system in operation. Check brooder temperatures.b. As chicks are placed, trigger water cups or nipples to encourage drinking.c. Encourage drinking before eating. When nipple drinkers are used, adjust the water pressure so birds can

see a droplet of water visible on the nipple.d. Three to four hours after chicks have been delivered feed may be given. It is recommended to place feed

on paper or trays. Operate feeders at highest feed level.e. Keep lights at 20 Lux intensity for the first week.

Floor Brooding

Twenty-four hours before delivery of the chicks, prepare the house as follows:

1. Place a brooder ring around each brooder unit.2. Adjust brooder temperature to 34˚C (93˚F).3. Fill jug drinkers - two 4 litre (one gallon) drinkers per 100 chicks.4. Eliminate all draughts from the house.

Temperature Management

When using a gas fired brooder, reduce the temperature using the brooder by 3˚C (5˚F) per week until 21˚C (70˚F) isreached. Maintain adequate relative humidity for birds brooded on the floor. The chicks seem to be comfortable andrespond best when relative humidity is between 40 and 60%.

Observing the chicks will tell you whether or not the temperature is correct. If they are too cool, they will huddle nearthe heat source. If they are too warm, they will spread out away from the heat source. If there are draughts, they willhuddle in groups to get away from the spot where the cool air enters the heated area. Comfortable chicks will spreadout uniformly, without huddling, throughout the brooding area.

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Floor Rearing

˚C ˚F

Day 1 - 7 33 - 34 91 - 93

Day 8 - 14 31 - 32 88 - 90

Day 15 - 21 29 - 30 84 - 86

Day 22 - 28 27 - 28 81 - 83

Day 29 - 35 25 - 26 77 - 79

Day 36 - 42 23 - 24 73 - 75

Day 43 - 49 21 - 22 70 - 72

Brooding Temperatures

Days 1 to 7 = 20 Lux intensity

Days 8 to week 13 = 15 Lux intensity

Weeks 14 to 16Gradual increase to = 20 Lux intensity

Light intensity at housing = 20 Lux intensity

Light Intensity

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Growing Period ManagementThe first 18 weeks of a pullet’s life are critical. Good management during this period can assure that she reaches thelaying house ready to deliver her genetical performance potential. Mistakes made during the first 18 weeks generallycannot be corrected in the laying house.

General Recommendations

1. Grow pullets in strict isolation from older birds. Maintain good sanitation. Where possible, plan work routines so that disease organisms cannot be carried from older birds to the growing pullets.

2. During the first six weeks, operate feeders to provide feed twice daily, or more often. Weekly check feed consumption and body weights against the chart on page 13. (Weigh 100 pullets to get a meaningful average).

3. Check water availability, raise drinkers as the birds grow (nipples higher than the birds heads; cups or troughs level with their backs).

4. Plan and follow a vaccination schedule specific to your area.5. Remove mortality daily and dispose of properly. Examine for causes of excessive mortality.6. Ensure target body weights are achieved by weekly check weighing (see pages 13/14).7. Minimum 80% uniformity necessary to achieve optimum performance (see page 14).8. Gradually increase light intensity to match laying quarters 2 weeks prior to moving.9. Three days before moving pullets to the laying house, begin using water-soluble vitamins and electrolytes

in the drinking water. Continue using for three days after housing. This helps minimise the stress of moving. Gentle handling will pay big dividends.

Beak TrimmingThe Hy-Line Brown pullet is usually beak trimmed at between 7 and 10 days of age using a precision cam activatedbeak trimmer with guide plate holes of 10/64, 11/64 and 12/64 inches (4.0, 4.37, 4.75 mm). The proper size holeshould be selected to provide the width of 2mm between the nostrils and cauterising ring. The proper size hole willdepend both on size and age of chicks. A cherry red blade has been recommended for proper cautery. However, abetter way to measure blade temperature is by use of a pyrometer to keep the blade at approximately 595˚C (1100˚F).The use of a line voltage meter chart available from Lyon will facilitate maintaining the proper blade temperature at all times.

The following precautions must be observed at all times:

1. Do not beak trim sick birds.2. Do not hurry.3. Use electrolytes and vitamins in the water at beak trimming time.4. Provide deeper feed for several days after beak trimming. If a coccidiostat is being used, supplement it with water

soluble coccidiostats until feed consumption returns to normal.5. Use only well trained crews for beak trimming.

Floor Space: 17 Kilograms per sq metre live weight

Feeder Space: 5 cm per/bird Single Side Minimum 40 pan feeders per 1000 birds

Water Space: 12.5 birds per nipple or cup, 1 bell drinker per 125 birds

Growing Space RecommendationsDay old to 16 weeks

General Management Recommendations(NEW INTAKE)

To ensure your Hy-Line Variety Brown point of lay pullets get off to a good start and achieve their full potential, thefollowing checklist has been compiled as an aide-memoire:

Order/Rearing Period:

• Check vaccination programme and blood analysis results.• Check compatibility of feed and water systems.• Establish lighting regime.• Discuss required light intensity.• Arrange pullet inspection at around 12 weeks of age.• Discuss need for worming with pullet supplier.

Prior to Arrival of P.O.L. Pullets:

• Fumigate house and equipment and treat against red mite.• Ensure all lights and dimmers are working.• Check nest box lights (if installed) and egg collection belt. Close access to pullets.• Install at least 20% of bell drinkers near edge of slats, initially to maximise water intake and avoid dehydration.• Set drinker heights so pullets can either see water in bell drinkers or droplets on nipples.• Raise water levels in bell drinkers to improve uptake.• Adjust light intensity to 15/20 Lux minimum and set time clocks to required day length.• Check ventilation system is functioning properly, especially fans and controls, after clean out.• Check that all time clocks function and are synchronised correctly.• Check electric deterrent is operative in all areas of house.

On Delivery: Housing at 16 weeks of age

• Handle pullets carefully and place on slats.• Walk birds several times after housing to check in particular that the pullets have found water and feed etc.• Synchronise light times as close as possible to rearing programme i.e. 10 hours from 07:00am to 17:00pm.• Set dawn and dusk lights to come on and off 1/2 an hour prior to main lights.• Ensure adequate ventilation, especially during hot spells, to reduce stress.• Give water-soluble vitamins for three days to help pullets settle in.• Take first water meter reading.• Check weight of pullets.• Switch on electric deterrent to accustom pullets before start of lay.

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First Week:• Monitor water intake and regularly check water lines for either spillage or poor pressure.• When satisfied pullets have found water, raise bell drinkers or nipple lines to desired height and adjust water

levels/pressures accordingly.• Initially, manually adjust number of feeds per day to ensure adequate intake and avoid wastage.• Subsequently set time clocks and monitor feeders. (Practice little and often if feed system will allow, to stimulate

pullets, keep feed fresh and avoid selective feeding).• Fix first feed 1/2 an hour after main lights come on and last feed 11/2 hours before main lights go off. Allow

extended gap between feeds midday with tighter scheduling early am late pm and adjust according to requirementand day length.

• Release birds down onto scratching area after 4/5 days if restrained on slats. Avoid excessive litter.• Ensure all pullets are roosting on slats prior to lights out.• Weigh 1% of the birds after seven days to monitor progress of pullets.• Open nest boxes and set lights after day one for 4 to 6 hours initially to encourage exploration.

Second and Third weeks:• Continue to weigh birds weekly to ensure pullets follow recommended growth pattern.• Make first light increase of one hour when average live weight reaches 1500 grams and not before.

(See recommendations in Hy-Line Alternative Systems manual).• Maintain lights at 20 Lux ensuring no shaded areas to discourage floor eggs.• Set nest boxes to open one hour before main lights (and nest box lights if applicable).• Regularly walk floors from outside to nests and collect any floor eggs.• Continue to monitor feed consumption and water intake. Investigate any discrepancy.

Fourth week onwards:• Continue increasing day length as advised.• Co-ordinate nest box opening times with increased day length.• Maintain vigilance on any floor eggs. Start collecting when lights come on.• Check egg weight weekly and investigate if not up to breed target. If more than two grams above target consider

changing down to next diet to avoid future problems but discuss with feed representative first.• Maintain up to date key performance records and use as a management aid.• Take blood samples as recommended to monitor antibody levels & re-vaccinate if low.

Smothering Problems:-Possible Solutions:-

In nest boxes:- a) Lift curtain on lid of nest boxb) Remove mats (where possible)c) Block off box where crowding is seend) Remove individual nest box light

Possible Solutions:-

Scratch area:- a) Block out shafts of lightb) Round off corners of scratch areac) Maintain a good working litter over a wider area as possibled) Electric fence may be necessary along edges and round corners

Broody birds:-

If found, remove to a separate pen with wire/slated floor for 5-7 days or until birds cease to be broody.

Disease ControlA flock of pullets or layers can only perform up to its genetic potential when disease influence is minimised. The appearance of various diseases can vary from a subclinical effect on performance to outright severe mortality. The diseases of economic importance vary widely between locations, but in every case the challenge is to identify and control those diseases.

Biosecurity and EradicationObviously the best way to deal with a disease is to avoid it. Care should always be exercised to prevent introducingnew diseases onto a pullet or layer farm. Common disease carriers include people, vehicles, equipment, wild birds,animals, and chickens themselves. New flocks should be tested before being brought onto a farm and should have a known vaccination programme.

SanitationCleanliness, sanitation and strict traffic control are the most effective and least expensive tools in a disease preventionprogramme. Physical removal of all litter, manure, dust, feathers and other poultry house debris to a spot remote fromthe poultry house is the first step in an efficient clean-cut programme.

An effective sanitation programme must include removal, dismantling and disinfecting all equipment in the house,before the house itself is cleaned and disinfected. High pressure sprayers and an effective disinfectant are necessities for eliminating disease carryover. This must be supplemented by a rodent and insect control programme. These effortsmust be continued for maximum effect.

After housing the flock, dead birds must be removed and incinerated daily. Rubbish and debris should be moved out on a regular basis and not allowed to accumulate.

Traffic ControlFoot and vehicular traffic threaten constant import of disease organisms. Locked doors and a policy of no visitors isadvisable. When it becomes necessary to permit entrance of visitors, clean disinfected footwear and outer garmentsshould be provided. Feed and egg trucks and their drivers, must be isolated from the bird area.

Portable equipment should be confined to as few houses as possible and should be cleaned and disinfected whentransported between houses.

Vertically Transmitted DiseasesSome diseases are known to be transmitted from infected breeders to their progeny. This requires the production andmaintenance of disease-free breeders as a first step in the control of these diseases at the commercial level. All breedersdirectly under Hy-Line’s control are free of mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, S. pullorum, S. gallinarum(typhoid), S. enteritidis, and lymphoid leukosis. Due to the possibility of horizontal transmission of any of these diseases,later generations may not remain free. It is the responsibility of the breeding stock and commercial flock owner toprevent horizontal transmission of these diseases and continue testing to be assured of a negative status.

Vaccination ProgrammesVaccination programmes need to be individually designed with consideration for maternal immunities of the chicks,disease exposures expected, vaccines available, routes of administration preferred and planned use of inactivated,injectable products.

Because of the extreme variability of these factors among producers worldwide, we cannot recommend oneprogramme which would be satisfactory for all. We therefore recommend that you consult your Veterinary Adviser on a programme suitable for your particular circumstances.

Regardless of the exact programme, care always needs to be exercised to ensure each bird is given an adequate dose of viable vaccine. In our experience, most vaccination failures relate to improper administration techniques.

Infectious Bursal DiseasesSpecial attention should be paid to IBD control. This disease can have many subtle effects which are detrimental topullet health. The primary feature of IBD is immuno-suppression caused by damage to the bursa of Fabricius whichleaves the bird unable to fend off other disease challenges. Secondary diseases such as gangrenous dermatitis, bacterialarthritis and even Marek’s often result. Virtually all flocks are exposed to IBD and therefore, should be protected byvaccination. Most breeding stock receives a killed IBD vaccine to boost maternal titres in the chicks. Research at Hy-Line international has shown the optimum time to vaccinate such chicks with intermediate strain live vaccines is at 18-20 days and again at 28-30 days of age. An extremely severe IBD challenge may require an additional vaccination during this period. Bursas can be examined later to determine the extent of protection.

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Internal ParasitesWorms

Worm infections cause damage to the birds’ gut. This may result in a variety of problems including:• Loss of shell colour and strength, yolk colour and egg size.• Poor body weight gain leading to unevenness or sick birds. Affected birds may be dull and show

pale combs.• Increased cannibalism through vent pecking due to straining.• Death: in very heavy infestations.

There are three main worms that may cause problems in free range birds:

1. Roundworms (Ascaridia galli).These are the biggest and most common. They are white, up to 2 inches long and may be visible in droppings in heavy infections.

2. Hairworms (Capillaria).These are much smaller (hair-like) and are barely visible with the naked eye but can cause significant damage even in only moderate infestations.

3. Caecal worms (Hetarakis gallinarum).As their name suggests, these worms spend most of their time in the lower end of the gut, the caecae. Frequently they cause no obvious harm in themselves but can carry another parasite, Histomonas, into the birds. Histomonas is the cause of blackhead and hence control of one parasite can help to control another.

Birds become infected by picking up worm eggs from grass, soil or faeces. The worm eggs need warm moist conditionsto develop outside the bird which is why problems are frequently worse in the Spring and Summer, especially followinga wet Spring. Worm burdens can be identified by examination of faeces, culled birds or worm egg counts on bulkfaeces. Routine worm counts on droppings samples are recommended to monitor infection levels.

The only licensed wormer for laying birds is Flubenvet, (Janssen Animal Health). This product has a nil withdrawalperiod which means that it can be given in the feed during lay without the need to discard eggs, except in organicdiets where eggs may need to be withheld.

Effective control is aimed at breaking the cycle of infection. Strategic use of in feed worming (starting in the rearingphase and during lay) will help to reduce challenge but this needs to be combined with limiting stock density on land,the use of paddock rotation, good drainage and the removal of heavily contaminated soil around the house before newpullets arrive

Coccidiosis

This parasitic infection of the intestines can lead to gut damage and, in severe infestations, death of birds. Morecommonly, poor control of subclinical infection reduces feed conversion, or leaves pullets with chronic irreversible gutdamage. Such flocks may be uneven or underweight at grading, and may not perform to their full potential in lay.

Currently, effective control is achieved with drug treatments in feed that suppress oocyst output. These may involve theuse of ionophores or chemicals on a step-down programme to ensure a good build up of immunity in pullets. To avoidproblems with drug resistance and continuous drug treatment, and help ensure even and target weight pullets, a liveattenuated oral vaccine (Paracox: Schering Plough) is available. This vaccine is currently administered in the drinkingwater as a single dose between five and nine days of age. Alternative application methods for the vaccine are beingdeveloped for ease of use.

All treatment/vaccination strategies should be supported with effective biosecurity The use of a disinfectant with provenefficacy against coccidial oocysts will reduce challenge pressure. Maintenance of good friable litter will reduce oocystbuild up.

External ParasitesRed Mite

Red mite is a cause of increasing problems in free range and caged layers. It is particularly severe in the summermonths when the weather is warm and mites are able to multiply quickly.

Even light infestations can irritate the birds leading to poor performance and feed intake, in more severe casesinfestations can lead to some or all of the following:

• Mites irritate the birds and can make the flock unsettled and nervy.

• The incidence of peritonitis may increase and there may be increased vent pecking.

• Feed intake may be depressed.

• Heavy mite infestation can depress egg production by up to 5%.

• Heavy infestation will make birds anaemic due to loss of blood. Birds will be evident in the flock with pale combs and, if severely affected, mortality may increase.

• There may be loss of shell or yolk colour and, with heavy infestations, there will be evidence of mites and mite faeces on eggs and egg belts which may lead to downgrading of speckled eggs.

• There may be an increase in floor eggs as birds will be reluctant to use heavily infested nests.

• Where there is a big problem with mite, there may be problems for egg collectors with skin irritation.

Control strategies involve three broad areas:

1. Treat the houses effectively at site depletion, with an approved and effective product properly applied, to reach into all crevices on equipment, slats and nest boxes. Use a fan nozzle to produce a flat spray.

2. Monitor the house and birds during the life of the flock to allow prompt treatment of the birds and/or accommodation even if only light infestations are identified.

3. Breaking the cycle of reinfection when the house is empty is the most effective approach. A variety of products are now used but not all are licensed for use in animal accommodation or for direct application to birds.

Specialist advice should be obtained for the most effective control.

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Recommended Lighting Programmes for Alternative Systems

It is important the Variety Brown does not experience a large light increase at any one time. This could result in over-consumption of feed and may cause EODES, (Erratic Ovulation and Defective Egg Syndrome).

Gradual light increases during peak help maintain the high levels of the two hormones - Luteinizing Hormone and theFollicle Stimulating Hormone.

Please Note: Light intensity can be gradually reduced over the slat/perch area once the initial training period has been completed ie 22-23 weeks.

If additional egg weight is required, the ‘delayed lighting’ programme should be used. This will delay maturity byapproximately 7 days but egg weight will be increased. In addition light stimulation should not be introduced untilbody weight has reached 1500 grams.

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25

26

27

28

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30

31

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Age

(weeks)

Age

(days)

Alternative Systems

for Early Maturity

(hours)

Alternative Systems

for Delayed Maturity

(hours)

Light Intensity

(Lux Levels)

0 - 7

8 - 14

15 - 21

22 - 28

29 - 35

36 - 42

43 - 49

50 - 56

57 - 63

64 - 70

71 - 77

78 - 84

85 - 91

92 - 98

99 - 105

106 - 112

113 - 119

120 - 126

127 - 133

134 - 140

141 - 147

148 - 154

155 - 161

162 - 168

169 - 175

176 - 182

183 - 189

190 - 196

197 - 203

204 - 210

211 - 217

218 - 224

20

17

14

11

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

10

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

15

16

-

-

20

18

16

14

12

10

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

9

10

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

14

14

15

15

15

15

16

20

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15 - 20

15 - 20

20

20

20

20

20

20

20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

15 - 20

1/2

1/4

3/4

1/2

1/2

1/41/23/4

1/2

1/4

3/4

1/2

1/2

1/4

3/4

1/2

Nutrition and Feed ManagementFeed PresentationA consistent quality feed is essential. Sudden changes in appearance and raw material make-up must be avoided. Grist profiling of good textured mashes, readily accepted by laying birds, suggests that the major portion of theparticles (70-80%) should fall within the range 1 mm to 3 mm. The remaining particles should be evenly dispersedabove and below this range.

To minimise the levels of small dusty particles, granular forms of the major minerals such as limestone, the phosphatesand salt should be used.

The inclusion of a vegetable oil in the formulation will also help dampen and contain the smaller particles within themeal and encourage feed intake. Oils, which have the lowest heat increment during digestion, are also the most cost-effective source of energy. Care however should be taken that the oil is stabilised to prevent oxidation and rancidity.

To increase feed intake during the first few weeks of life (0-3 weeks) good quality crumbs, free from dust, as opposed to mash, can be used to good effect. Thereafter, to encourage the development of an active and healthy digestive tract,the feeding of a coarse mash is recommended.

ProteinThe dietary specifications that are detailed will provide the required daily nutrients at each stage of the growing andlaying cycle, the latter being based on the assumed daily feed intake.

The levels of the essential amino acids Lysine, Methionine and Cystine, Threonine and Tryptophan are designed tosupport the egg production and egg mass detailed in the guide’s performance tables.

Protein levels have been kept to a minimum to reduce the excessive intake and the subsequent and energy-dependentexcretion of non-protein nitrogen. Amino acid levels should be achieved using the more digestible synthetic sources.

Major MineralsCalcification of the shell takes place during the night photoperiod when the birds are not actively eating feed. Thesource of calcium during this period becomes residual feed in the digestive tract and the labile medullary bone reserve.

Small particles of limestone are not retained in the gizzard and are readily excreted leading to poor shell quality. It isrecommended that granular limestone forms a major portion of the source so that there is retention in the gizzard forutilisation during shell deposition.

Oyster or marine shell with larger particles can also be introduced, especially during the afternoon, as a supplementarysource of calcium, which the bird can self-select.

Phosphorus levels have been increased in all feeds throughout growing and lay. Phosphorus has been shown to be acritical nutrient in the development of ovum and the maintenance of bone quality in lay. Levels later in the laying cycleare reduced, as too much phosphorus can be detrimental to shell quality.

Electrolyte BalanceA correct balance of the electrolytes sodium, potassium and chloride is essential. An excess of any of these nutrients canlead to an increase in water consumption and wet droppings. When sodium is limiting, birds become flighty andexcitable and this can result in cannibalism and increased mortality.

Using sodium bicarbonate to replace part of the salt will limit the level of chloride and has also been shown to improveshell quality especially during periods of heat stress.

Linoleic Acid and Egg WeightThe manipulation of egg weight, that is often necessary due to market demands, can be achieved, in part, with the use of varying levels of the essential fatty acid, linoleic. The effect is only on egg weight and egg numbers should be unaffected.

Linoleic acid is found in vegetable oils such as those derived from maize, soya and sunflower seeds.

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Feed ManagementRegularly empty, clean and disinfect feed bins and avoid unnecessary build-up of dusty, stale, mouldy and unpalatable feed.Order feed in good time.

On delivery and before discharge, confirm the correct product and quantities have been delivered. Take a sample forinspection and retain it for a minimum period of one month.

Inspect sample for grist, colour and smell and compare with previous deliveries. In the event of a significant deviation fromthe norm, inform your feed supplier immediately. Consider exchanging the load.

Periodically, a sample should be sent to a specialist laboratory for analysis and for comparison with supplier’s qualitycontrol.

Rearing Diet Feed ProgrammeThis consists of a Chick to be fed from day-old to approximately 6 weeks of age during the period of rapid supply organdevelopment. Feeding of crumbs during the first three weeks of life can be beneficial to bodyweight gain by avoidingselective feeding. If target weight is not achieved, the feeding of this diet should be extended.

The next stage Grower feed should be fed to approximately 12 weeks during the period of maximal structural bonegrowth. If target weight is not achieved, the feeding period should be extended.

The Developer diet is fed to about 15 weeks of age during the period of soft tissue, muscle and fat growth. Above targetweight during this period will result in excessive fat deposition, delayed maturity and increase in double yolk eggs andprolapse.

Pre-lay DietA pre-lay diet is recommended to follow the Developer at about 15 weeks of age or at approximately 2 weeks before thefirst egg is laid.

This diet, with higher calcium (2%) and available phosphorus (0.40%), is designed to help build up the medullary bonereserves that augment the dietary calcium supply when the shell is being formed and also to help prevent osteoporosis.

This level of calcium is insufficient for sustained egg production and should not be fed past 1% egg production.

Early-LayThe Early-Lay diet is introduced after the Pre-Lay and is fed for approximately 2 weeks or until production has reached50%. This diet is used for a gradual increase in calcium, and a lower ME to encourage feed intake and increase bodyweight prior to peak production.

Following peak when essentially all the hens are in production and feed consumption has stabilised, diets should beadjusted according to actual feed consumption and level of production. Surges in body weight in the adult hen are a resultof excessive caloric intake. The layer must be fed to meet her daily requirements, no more no less.

Rearing Feed SpecificationsFOR ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS

%

MJ/kgKcal/kg

%%%%%%%%

%% %%

%

20.00

12.002868

1.100.990.480.450.840.750.210.73

1.000.450.170.25

1.50

Protein

MetabolisableEnergy

LysineDig LysineMethionineDig MethionineMet + CysDig M + CTryptophanThreonine

CalciumAv PhosphorusSodiumChloride

Linoleic Acid

17.50

11.602772

0.900.800.410.370.740.640.200.57

1.000.430.160.24

1.20

16.00

11.352713

0.740.650.350.320.660.590.180.52

1.250.420.160.22

1.00

16.50

11.502749

0.800.700.380.340.690.610.190.55

2.000.400.150.23

1.20

Min

MinMin

MinMinMinMinMinMinMinMin

MinMinMinMax

Min

Product TypeAge - Weeks

Nutrient

Units Spec Chick0-6

Grower6-12

Developer12-15

Pre-Layer15-17

Production

Rearing Period

13

Feed Consumption forFull Feeding Programme

Rearing PeriodBody Weight Targets

Guide to Water Consumption

EXPECTED FEED CONSUMPTION FOR FLOOR REARING

WEEKS GRAMS CUMULATIVE OF AGE PER DAY GRAMS

1 13 91 2 19 224 3 24 392 4 29 595 5 34 833 6 40 1113 7 47 1442 8 52 1806 9 58 2212 10 63 2653 11 68 3129 12 72 3633 13 75 4158 14 78 4704 15 80 5264 16 82 5838 17 84 6426 18 86 7028

FOR FLOOR REARING

AGE GRAMS IN WEEKS

1 70 2 110 3 160 4 230 5 330 6 440 7 540 8 650 9 760 10 860 11 960 12 1050 13 1130 14 1210 15 1290 16 1350 17 1430 18 1500

Water comsumed will vary due to factors such as. vaccination programme, time of year, rainfall, etc.

WEEKS LTRS PER 1000 BIRDS GALLONS PER 1000 BIRDS OF AGE PER DAY PER DAY

1 Ad Lib Ad Lib 2 Ad Lib Ad Lib 3 45 10 4 49 11 5 59 13 6 68 15 7 81 18 8 90 20 9 95 21 10 99 22 11 108 24 12 113 25 13 118 26 14 131 29 15 136 30 16 140 31 17 145 32 18 149 33 19 158 35 20 167 37 Laying (Nipple drinkers with drip trough) 208 46

The data in this publication is based on selected field and best results. It is reproduced here only to showthe performance capability under carefully controlled conditions and in no way constitutes a warranty orguarantee and should not be relied upon for the achievement of equal or similar performance.

14

Monitoring Body WeightsBody weights should be monitored periodically during the growing period and until after peak. At least 100 birdsshould be weighed individually with a scale having increments no larger than 20 grams. Weighing should be started attwo weeks of age and continued every week during the growing period until after peak. It is most critical to weigh justprior to a scheduled feed change. If the flock is below target body weight it should be left on the higher nutrient feedformulation until the target weight for age is reached.

In addition to body weight averages, the uniformity of body weights within the flock is an indicator of normal flockdevelopment. Uniformity is expressed as the percent of individual weights which occur within 10% of the current flockaverage. A realistic goal is for 80% uniformity.

Factors which can adversely affect body weight and uniformity are crowding, disease, poor beak trimming andinadequate nutrient intake. Weighing at frequent intervals will determine the age at which a flock is deviating fromnormal and thereby help identify the problem so that corrective measures can be taken.

Variability Between Individual Birds Within A Flock

Uniformity of individual birds is important as well as appropriate average flock weights. A desirable goal is for 80% ofbirds to fall within 10% of the mean. That is, if the average flock weight at 18 weeks is 1500 grams, 80% of all birdsshould weigh between 1350 and 1650 grams. Graph individual bird weights to be sure there is a bell shaped or“normal” distribution as shown below. To evaluate uniformity, at least 100 birds should be weighed.

80% OF THE BIRDS

-10% ofthe mean

+10% ofthe mean

1200 150013501250 1300 1400 1450 16501550 1600 1700 1750 1800

VentilationVentilation should be used as a major management tool to provide the optimum micro-environment per bird.Controlled ventilation can do a great deal to dilute pathogenic organisms as well as provide an optimum micro-environment when ventilation equipment is designed and operated to give correct air speed and direction. A generalrule for figuring required fan capacity is four cubic metres of air movement per kilogram of body weight per hour (one cubic foot per minute per pound of body weight).

The birds’ optimum environmental temperature and humidity should be in the range of 21-27˚C (70-80˚F) and 40-60% relative humidity.

15

Outside First 3 6 12 18 Beyond 18 Temperature Week Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks

90˚F 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6 - 7

70˚F 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4 - 5

50˚F 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 - 3

30˚F 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2 - 2.5

10˚F 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 - 2

-10˚F 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 1 - 1.5

Suggested Minimum Ventilation RatesCUBIC FEET PER MINUTE PER BIRD

AGE OF BIRDS

Outside First 3 6 12 18 Beyond18 Temperature Week Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks Weeks

35˚C 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 12 - 14

20˚C 1.4 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8 - 10

10˚C 0.8 1.4 2.0 3.0 4.0 5 - 6

0˚C 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4 - 5

-10˚C 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.7 2.5 3 - 4

-20˚C 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 2 - 3

CUBIC METRES PER MINUTE PER BIRDAGE OF BIRDS

16

Laying Period Feeding RecommendationsA Phase feeding programme should be practised to ensure correct nutrient intake throughout lay in order to matchperformance demands and manipulate egg size as required. The number of feeds per day will be important as a feedmanagement tool but careful depth control is essential in avoiding wastage.

As a critical input, birds should have access to an appropriate diet at all times to maximize performance. It is alsoimportant that routine monitoring of body weights (particularly in the early stages), feed intake and water consumptionbe carried out and recorded. This information will assist in deciding the optimum time to increase day length andensure the flocks come into lay correctly.

Subsequent monitoring will be necessary to determine when a diet change is appropriate in order to achievepersistence of lay, control egg size and help with shell quality.

During the laying period the choice of dietary specification is dependent on many factors such as stocking density, age,temperature and feed intake and level of egg production and egg weight.

It is recommended that the above aspects are discussed with your feed supplier in conjunction with your Hy-Linerepresentative, but not forgetting the requirements of your egg packer.

Variety Brown Laying Feed SpecificationsFOR ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM

17.00

11.202677

0.860.780.370.340.690.610.190.59

3.700.440.200.24

1.30

17.00

11.702796

0.880.790.410.380.720.640.200.60

4.100.420.200.24

2.00

16.50

11.502749

0.810.730.370.340.680.610.190.58

4.200.380.190.24

1.50

16.00

11.202677

0.780.700.350.320.650.570.180.54

4.300.330.190.24

1.20

15.50

11.002629

0.750.670.330.300.630.550.180.52

4.300.300.190.24

1.00

%

MJ/kgKcal/kg

%%%%%%%%

%% %%

%

Protein

MetabolisableEnergy

LysineDig LysineMethionineDig MethionineMet + CysDig M + CTryptophanThreonine

CalciumAv PhosphorusSodiumChloride

Linoleic Acid

Min

MinMin

MinMinMinMinMinMinMinMin

MinMinMinMax

Min

PRODUCT TYPE

AGE - WEEKS

NUTRIENT

UNIT SPEC EARLYLAY

17-19

PEAKLAY

20-34

PASTPEAK

35

MIDLAY45

ENDLAY55

Egg Size ManagementEgg size is to a large extent genetically determined, but within this given range, we can manage to eitherincrease or decrease the egg size to suit the particular market needs. The following management areas shouldbe given close attention.

1. Body weight at maturity - The larger the body weight at first egg, the larger that hen’s eggs will be for her entire life. For maximum egg size, do not stimulate maturity with lights until a body weight of 1500 - 1550 grams is attained.

2. Rate of maturity - This also relates to body size, but in general the earlier the age a flock begins production, the smaller the egg size will be and likewise, the later the maturity, the larger the egg size.

Lighting programmes can be manipulated to influence rate of maturity. A decreasing light pattern during growing will delay maturity and increase average egg size.

3. Nutrition - Egg size is greatly affected by the intake of crude protein, specific amino acids such as methionine and cystine, energy, total fat and the essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Levels of these nutrients can be increased to improve early egg size and gradually reduced to control late egg size.

17

AGE AVERAGE VERY LARGE LARGE MEDIUM SMALLIN EGG OVER 73 63 - 73 53 - 63 UNDER 53

WEEKS WEIGHT (GMS) (GMS) (GMS) (GMS) (GMS)

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

75

78

80

48.5

54.0

58.0

60.2

62.0

62.6

62.9

63.3

63.8

64.0

64.3

64.5

64.7

64.9

65.1

65.3

65.5

65.7

65.9

66.1

66.3

66.5

66.6

66.6

66.9

66.9

67.0

67.0

67.1

67.1

67.2

0.0

0.0

0.2

0.8

1.9

2.3

2.3

2.4

2.9

2.9

3.5

3.8

4.5

4.9

5.7

6.2

7.1

7.6

8.6

9.2

10.3

11.0

11.4

12.5

13.0

13.4

13.8

13.8

14.7

14.7

15.6

0.1

3.0

16.2

29.1

40.6

44.7

46.9

50.1

52.8

56.3

57.2

58.4

59.1

60.1

60.6

61.6

62.2

62.5

62.7

63.2

63.5

63.6

63.8

63.5

63.1

62.9

62.9

62.9

62.2

62.2

61.5

16.3

55.2

67.3

61.4

53.0

49.8

48.4

45.8

42.9

39.7

38.4

36.9

35.6

34.2

33.0

31.8

30.1

29.2

28.0

27.0

25.6

24.9

24.3

23.6

23.5

23.2

22.8

22.8

22.6

22.6

22.4

83.6

41.8

16.3

8.7

4.5

3.2

2.4

1.8

1.5

1.1

0.9

0.9

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Hy-Line Variety Brown Egg Size DistributionPlease note no account has been taken for second quality eggs

Egg weight after 40 weeks of age. Assume phase feeding of protein to limit egg size.

18

10

23

45

67

89

1011

1213

1415

1617

1819

2021

2223

2425

2627

2829

3031

3233

3435

3637

3839

40

Age

in w

eeks

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

Weight in grams

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

2200

Weight in grams

00

Gro

wth

Cur

ve fo

r H

y-Li

ne V

arie

ty B

row

n

19

A

ge

Hen

-Day

M

ort

alit

y H

en-D

ay

Hen

-Ho

use

d

Bo

dy

Ave

rag

e

Hen

-Day

H

en-H

ou

sed

Eg

g Q

ual

ity

in

%

C

um

. E

gg

s E

gg

s W

eig

ht

Eg

g W

eig

ht

Eg

g M

ass

Eg

g M

ass

S

hel

l

Wee

ks

%

C

um

. C

um

. K

g

G/E

gg

K

g

Kg

H

aug

h

T

hic

knes

s S

pec

ific

U

nit

s (m

m)

Gra

vity

1.56

1.61

1.66

1.70

1.74

1.78

1.81

1.84

1.86

1.88

1.90

1.91

1.91

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.92

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.93

1.94

46.6

48.5

51.5

54.0

56.0

58.0

59.3

60.2

61.0

62.0

62.3

62.6

62.8

62.9

63.0

63.3

63.6

63.8

63.9

64.0

64.1

64.3

64.4

64.5

64.6

64.7

64.8

64.9

65.0

65.1

65.2

65.3

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.9

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.3

3.7

4.1

4.5

4.9

5.3

5.7

6.2

6.6

7.0

7.4

7.8

8.2

8.6

9.1

9.5

9.9

10.3

10.7

11.1

11.5

11.9

103.

210

2.7

102.

210

1.7

101.

310

0.8

100.

499

.999

.599

.098

.698

.197

.797

.296

.796

.395

.895

.494

.994

.594

.093

.693

.192

.792

.291

.791

.390

.890

.489

.989

.589

.0

0.35

20.

352

0.35

20.

352

0.35

20.

352

0.35

20.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

351

0.35

10.

350

0.35

00.

350

0.35

00.

350

0.35

00.

350

0.35

00.

350

1.08

81.

088

1.08

81.

088

1.08

81.

088

1.08

81.

088

1.08

71.

087

1.08

71.

087

1.08

71.

087

1.08

71.

086

1.08

61.

086

1.08

61.

086

1.08

61.

086

1.08

61.

085

1.08

51.

085

1.08

51.

085

1.08

51.

085

1.08

51.

084

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

7 18 42 75 88 92 94 94 95 95 94 94 94 94 94 94 94 93 93 93 93 92 92 91 91 90 90 89 89 89 88 88

0.2

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.7

1.8

1.8

0.5

1.8

4.7

9.9

16.1

22.5

29.1

35.7

42.4

49.0

55.6

62.2

68.7

75.3

81.9

88.5

95.1

101.

610

8.1

114.

612

1.1

127.

513

4.0

140.

414

6.7

153.

015

9.3

165.

617

1.8

178.

018

4.2

190.

3

0.5

1.7

4.7

9.9

16.0

22.5

29.0

35.6

42.2

48.8

55.3

61.8

68.4

74.9

81.4

87.9

94.5

100.

910

7.3

113.

812

0.2

126.

613

2.9

139.

314

5.5

151.

715

7.9

164.

017

0.2

176.

318

2.3

188.

4

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.9

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

4.1

4.5

4.9

5.3

5.7

6.1

6.5

6.9

7.3

7.8

8.2

8.6

9.0

9.4

9.8

10.2

10.6

11.0

11.4

11.8

Hy-

Line

Var

iety

Bro

wn

Perf

orm

ance

Tab

le fo

r Al

tern

ativ

e Sy

stem

s

*Egg

wei

ght

afte

r 40

wee

ks o

f ag

e. A

ssum

e p

hase

fee

ding

of

pro

tein

to

limit

egg

size

.

20

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

87 87 86 86 85 84 84 83 83 82 82 81 81 80 79 78 78 77 76 75 74 73 73 72 71 70 69 68 68 67

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

4.0

4.1

4.3

4.4

4.6

4.8

4.9

5.0

196.

420

2.5

208.

521

4.6

220.

522

6.4

232.

323

8.1

243.

924

9.6

255.

426

1.0

266.

727

2.3

277.

828

3.3

288.

829

4.1

299.

530

4.7

309.

931

5.0

320.

132

5.2

330.

133

5.0

339.

934

4.6

349.

435

4.1

194.

420

0.3

206.

221

2.1

217.

922

3.7

229.

423

5.1

240.

824

6.4

251.

925

7.5

263.

026

8.4

273.

827

9.1

284.

428

9.6

294.

729

9.8

304.

830

9.7

314.

631

9.4

324.

232

8.8

333.

533

8.0

342.

534

7.0

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

1.94

65.4

65.5

65.6

65.7

65.8

65.9

66.0

66.1

66.2

66.3

66.4

66.5

66.5

66.6

66.7

66.8

66.8

66.9

66.9

66.9

67.0

67.0

67.0

67.0

67.1

67.1

67.1

67.1

67.2

67.2

12.3

12.7

13.1

13.5

13.9

14.3

14.6

15.0

15.4

15.8

16.2

16.6

16.9

17.3

17.7

18.0

18.4

18.8

19.1

19.5

19.8

20.2

20.5

20.8

21.2

21.5

21.8

22.1

22.5

22.8

12.2

12.5

12.9

13.3

13.7

14.1

14.5

14.8

15.2

15.6

16.0

16.3

16.7

17.1

17.4

17.8

18.1

18.5

18.8

19.1

19.5

19.8

20.1

20.5

20.8

21.1

21.4

21.7

22.0

22.3

88.6

88.1

87.7

87.2

86.7

86.3

85.8

85.4

84.9

84.5

84.0

83.6

83.1

82.7

82.2

81.7

81.3

80.8

80.4

79.9

79.5

79.0

78.6

78.1

77.7

77.2

76.7

76.3

75.8

75.4

Ag

e in

Wee

ks

Hen

-Day

%M

ort

alit

yC

um

.%

Hen

-Day

Eg

gs

Cu

m.

Hen

-Ho

use

dE

gg

sC

um

.

Bo

dy

Wei

gh

tK

g

Ave

rag

eE

gg

Wei

gh

tG

/Eg

g

Hen

-Ho

use

dE

gg

Mas

sK

g

Hen

-Day

Eg

g M

ass

Kg

Eg

g Q

ual

ity

Sh

ell

Hau

gh

Un

its

Th

ickn

ess

(mm

)S

pec

ific

G

ravi

ty0.

350

0.35

00.

350

0.35

00.

350

0.35

00.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

349

0.34

90.

348

0.34

80.

348

0.34

80.

348

0.34

80.

348

0.34

8

1.08

41.

084

1.08

41.

084

1.08

41.

084

1.08

31.

083

1.08

31.

083

1.08

31.

083

1.08

31.

083

1.08

21.

082

1.08

21.

082

1.08

21.

082

1.08

21.

081

1.08

11.

081

1.08

11.

081

1.08

11.

081

1.08

11.

080

* Eg

g w

eigh

t af

ter

40 w

eeks

of

age.

Ass

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Hy-Line UK Ltd, Millennium HatcheryLower Skilts Farm, Henley Road, Outhill, Studley, Warwickshire B80 7DU

Tel: 01527 850221, Fax: 01527 851699 Email: firstpost@hyline.co.uk

www.hyline.co.uk