Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophoraceae

-basidia in most cases more than 5 times as longas width

-‘waxy’ thick gills

-white smooth spores

Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sizedtricholomatoid with decurrent gills, tramadivergent, with often slimy veil,ectomycorrhizal

Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid,trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, oftenbright coloured

Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid,trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

Hygrophorus bakerensis - almond smell

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Hygrophorus hypothejus

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Hygrophorus subalpinus

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sizedtricholomatoid with decurrent gills, tramadivergent, with often slimy veil,ectomycorrhizal

Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid,trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, oftenbright coloured

Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid,trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

Hygrocybe punicea - one of several bright scarlet species

Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood

Photo John Lennie

Hygrocybe flavescens

Hygrocybe singeri - stains black when handled

Photo from Mykoweb: Mike Wood

Hygrocybe calyptriformis

Hygrocybe psittacina

Hygrophoraceae

Hygrophorus - Medium to large-sizedtricholomatoid with decurrent gills, tramadivergent, with often slimy veil,ectomycorrhizal

Hygrocybe - medium to small-sized mycenoid,trama regular to irregular, saprotroph, oftenbright coloured

Camarophyllus - medium-sized omphaloid,trama regular, saprotroph, subdued colors

Camarophyllus pratensis

Camarophyllus russocoriaceus - smells of cedar

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Russulaceae

Characteristics of the familyRussulaceae

• amyloid ornamented spores• "heteromerous" trama (sphaerocysts

present)• laticifer hyphae (that stain dark with

sulphovanilla and form the cystidia)• All species are mycorrhizal

Diagram of gill trama of Russula showning sphaerocysts

Sphaerocysts in pileus trama of Lactarius

Sulfovanillia stained cystidiapicture from class

Lactarius

• Latex present• Sphaerocysts usually absent in gill

trama but present in pileus trama

Russula

• Latex absent• Sphaerocysts usually present in gill

trama and pileus trama

Tree from Miller et al.2001showing that Lactariusis derived once or maybetwice within Russula

Russula characters used toseparate species

• Taste• Spore color• Smell• Color• Bruising• Reaction to Fe salts• Spore ornamentation• Cuticle structure• Lamellae spacing and forking

Russula albonigra

Russula compactae gr.

Large whitish mushroomsOften staining black or red

Russula brevipesRussula dissimulans

Russula cremoricolor

Russula fragilis

Russula emetica gr

White sporesHot acric tasteMostly medium to smallspecies

Russula laurocerasi

Foetens group

All with distinctive smellsMushroom some shade of brown

Russula fragrantissima

Russula xerompelinaStains green with FeSmells like shrimp

Russula roseaRed cap and red onthe stipe, mild taste

Lactarius characters used toseparate species

• taste• Color of latex (fresh and changing)• Color of mushroom• Smell• Spore ornamentation• Pileopellis structure• Lamellae spacing and forking

L deliciosus

L. rubrolacteus

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Lactarius xanthogalatus

Photo from MykowebMike Wood

Tree from Miller et al.2001. showing thatLactarius Hypogeous andgasteroid taxa are derivedmultiple times from withinRussula and Lactarius

Steps in the evolution from amushroom to a false-truffle

• initial mutation arrests sporocarp developmentresulting in “secotioid” or a “gasteroid” form.

• Loss of selection for spore discharge follows -resulting in changes in basidia and spore shape

• Selection for hypogeous fruiting (below ground)• Selection for animal dispersal (odors, flavor?)

MacowanitesBasically a distorted Russulas

Fromwww.natruffling.org

Fromwww.natruffling.org

From www.natruffling.org

Leucogaster fromwww.natruffling.org

Members of the order Russulales

• Polypores: Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion• Hydnoid (toothed) fungi: Auriscalpium,

Hericium• Other gilled fungi: Lentinellus• Resupinate genera: Peniophora,

Gleocystidiellum

Russula and Lactarius

Stereum -polypore-like

Hericium (a tooth fungus)

Heterobasidium and Bondarzewia(polypores)

Auriscalpum (a tooth fungus)

Peniophora (resupinate)

Gloeocystidiellum (resupinate)

The order has contains diverseand convergent morphologiesLarsson and Larsson 2003Tree based

on 25SrRNA genesequences

Bondarzewia

Albatrellus flettii a mycorrhizal polypore in the Russulales

Hericium erinaceus - a wood decay fungus in the Russulales

Peniophora andGloeocystidiellumresupinate wooddecay fungi in theRussulales

Photos fromFungi ofSwitzerland vol 2