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Hydraulic Flood RetentionBasin (HFRB)

View from Church SpanBridge, Bern, Switzerland

Riprap lining a lake shoreThis article is about civil engineering. For the mechanical engineeringdiscipline see Hydraulic machineryHydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concernedwith the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. Onefeature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force tocause the movement of the fluids. This area of civil engineering is intimatelyrelated to the design of bridges, dams, channels, canals, and levees, and toboth sanitary and environmental engineering.Hydraulic engineering is the application of fluid mechanics principles toproblems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation,measurement, and use of water.[1] Before beginning a hydraulic engineeringproject, one must figure out how much water is involved. The hydraulicengineer is concerned with the transport of sediment by the river, theinteraction of the water with its alluvial boundary, and the occurrence of scour

Hydraulic engineering - Wikipedia, the free encycl... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering

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and deposition.[1] "The hydraulic engineer actually develops conceptualdesigns for the various features which interact with water such as spillwaysand outlet works for dams, culverts for highways, canals and related structuresfor irrigation projects, and cooling-water facilities for thermal power plants."[2]

Contents1 Fundamental principles

1.1 Fluid mechanics1.2 Behavior of real fluids

1.2.1 Real and ideal fluids1.2.2 Viscous flow1.2.3 Laminar flow and turbulence1.2.4 Boundary layer

2 Applications3 History4 Modern times5 See also6 References7 External links

[edit] Fundamental principlesA few examples of the fundamental principles of hydraulic engineering includefluid mechanics, fluid flow, behavior of real fluids, hydrology, pipelines, openchannel hydraulics, mechanics of sediment transport, physical modeling,hydraulic machines, and drainage hydraulics.[edit] Fluid mechanicsFundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering defines hydrostatics as the study offluids at rest.[1] Fluids at rest indicate that there exists a force, known aspressure, that acts upon its surroundings. This pressure, measured in N/m2, isnot constant throughout the body of fluid. Pressure, p, in a given body of fluid,increases with an increase in depth. Where the upward force on a body acts onthe base and can be found by equation:

p=\rho gy


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where, = density of waterg = specific gravityy = depth of the body of liquid

Rearranging this equation gives you the pressure head p/g = y. Four basicdevices for pressure measurement are a piezometer, manometer, differentialmanometer, Bourdon gauge, as well as an inclined manometer.[1]As Prasuhn states:

On undisturbed submerged bodies, pressure acts along all surfaces of abody in a liquid, causing equal perpendicular forces in the body to actagainst the pressure of the liquid. This reaction is known as equilibrium.More advanced applications of pressure are that on plane surfaces,curved surfaces, dams, and quadrant gates, just to name a few.[1]

[edit] Behavior of real fluids[edit] Real and ideal fluidsThe main difference between an ideal fluid and a real fluid is that for ideal flowp1 = p2 and for real flow p1 > p2.[edit] Viscous flowA viscous fluid will deform continuously under a shear force, whereas an idealfluid doesn't deform.[edit] Laminar flow and turbulenceThe various effects of disturbance on a viscous flow are stable, transition andunstable.==== Bernoulli's equation ===eal fluid, Bernoulli's equation holds alongstreamlines.p/g + u/2g = p1/g + u1/2g = p2/g + u2/2g

[edit] Boundary layerAssuming a flow is bounded on one side only, and that a rectilinear flowpassing over a stationary flat plate which lies parallel to the flow, the flow just


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upstream of the plate has a uniform velocity. As the flow comes into contactwith the plate, the layer of fluid actually 'adheres' to a solid surface. There isthen a considerable shearing action between the layer of fluid on the platesurface and the second layer of fluid. The second layer is therefore forced todecelerate (though it is not quite brought to rest), creating a shearing actionwith the third layer of fluid, and so on. As the fluid passes further along theplate, the zone in which shearing action occurs tends to spread furtheroutwards. This zone is known as the 'boundary layer'. The flow outside theboundary layer is free of shear and viscous-related forces so it is assumed toact like an ideal fluid. "The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are notgreat enough to hold fluid together. Hence a fluid will flow under the action ofthe slightest street and flow will continue as long as the stress is present.[3]The flow inside the layer can be either viscous or turbulent, depending onReynolds number.[1]

[edit] ApplicationsCommon topics of design for hydraulic engineers include hydraulic structuressuch as dams, levees, water distribution networks, water collection networks,sewage collection networks, storm water management, sediment transport, andvarious other topics related to transportation engineering and geotechnicalengineering. Equations developed from the principles of fluid dynamics andfluid mechanics are widely utilized by other engineering disciplines such asmechanical, aeronautical and even traffic engineers.Related branches include hydrology and rheology while related applicationsinclude hydraulic modeling, flood mapping, catchment flood managementplans, shoreline management plans, estuarine strategies, coastal protection,and flood alleviation.[edit] HistoryEarliest uses of hydraulic engineering were to irrigate crops and dates back tothe Middle East and Africa. Controlling the movement and supply of water forgrowing food has been used for many thousands of years. One of the earliesthydraulic machines, the water clock was used in the early 2nd millenniumBC.[4] Other early examples of using gravity to move water include the Qanatsystem in ancient Persia and the very similar Turpan water system in ancientChina as well as irrigation canals in Peru.[5]In ancient China, hydraulic engineering was highly developed, and engineersconstructed massive canals with levees and dams to channel the flow of water


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for irrigation, as well as locks to allow ships to pass through. Sunshu Ao isconsidered the first Chinese hydraulic engineer. Another important HydraulicEngineer in China, Ximen Bao was credited of starting the practice of largescale canal irrigation during the Warring States Period (481 BC-221 BC), eventoday hydraulic engineers remain a respectable position in China. Beforebecoming President, Hu Jintao was a hydraulic engineer and holds anengineering degree from Tsinghua UniversityEupalinos of Megara, was an ancient Greek engineer who built the Tunnel ofEupalinos on Samos in the 6th century BC, an important feat of both civil andhydraulic engineering. The civil engineering aspect of this tunnel was the factthat it was dug from both ends which required the diggers to maintain anaccurate path so that the two tunnels met and that the entire effort maintaineda sufficient slope to allow the water to flow.Hydraulic engineering was highly developed in Europe under the aegis of theRoman Empire where it was especially applied to the construction andmaintenance of aqueducts to supply water to and remove sewage from theircities.[3] In addition to supplying the needs of their citizens they usedhydraulic mining methods to prospect and extract alluvial gold deposits in atechnique known as hushing, and applied the methods to other ores such asthose of tin and lead.Further advances in hydraulic engineering occurred in the Muslim worldbetween the 8th to 16th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic GoldenAge. Of particular importance was the 'water management technologicalcomplex' which was central to the Islamic Green Revolution and,[6] byextension, a precondition for the emergence of modern technology.[7] Thevarious components of this 'toolkit' were developed in different parts of theAfro-Eurasian landmass, both within and beyond the Islamic world. However, itwas in the medieval Islamic lands where the technological complex wasassembled and standardized, and subsequently diffused to the rest of the OldWorld.[8] Under the rule of a single Islamic Caliphate, different regionalhydraulic technologies were assembled into "an identifiable water managementtechnological complex that was to have a global impact." The variouscomponents of this complex included canals, dams, the qanat system fromPersia, regional water-lifting devices such as the noria, shaduf and screwpumpfrom Egypt, and the windmill from Islamic Afghanistan.[8] Other originalIslamic developments included the saqiya with a flywheel effect from IslamicSpain,[9] the reciprocating suction pump[10][11][12] and crankshaft-connectingrod mechanism from Iraq,[13][14] the geared and hydropowered water supplysystem from Syria,[15] and the water purification methods of Islamic


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chemists.[16]

[edit] Modern timesIn many respects the fundamentals of hydraulic engineering haven't changedsince ancient times. Liquids are still moved for the most part by gravitythrough systems of canals and aqueducts, though the supply reservoirs maynow be filled using pumps. The need for water has steadily increased fromancient times and the role of the hydraulic engineer is a critical one insupplying it. For example, without the efforts of people like William Mulhollandthe Los Angeles area would not have been able to grow as it has because itsimply doesn't have enough local water to support its population. The same istrue for many of our world's largest cities. In much the same way, the centralvalley of California could not have become such an important agriculturalregion without effective water management and distribution for irrigation.Leonard Da Vinci (14521519) performed experiments, investigated andspeculated on waves and jets, eddies and streamlining. Isaac Newton(16421727) by formulating the laws of motion and his law of viscosity, inaddition to developing the calculus, paved the way for many greatdevelopments in uid mechanics. Using Newton's laws of motion, numerous18th-century mathematicians solved many frictionless (zero-viscosity) owproblems. However, most ows are dominated by viscous eects, so engineersof the 17th and 18th centuries found the inviscid ow solutions unsuitable,and by experimentation they developed empirical equations, thus establishingthe science of hydraulics.[3]Late in the 19th century, the importance of dimensionless numbers and theirrelationship to turbulence was recognized, and dimensional analysis was born.In 1904 Ludwig Prandtl published a key paper, proposing that the flow fieldsof low-viscosity fluids be divided into two zones, namely a thin, viscosity-dominated boundary layer near solid surfaces, and an effectively inviscid outerzone away from the boundaries. This concept explained many formerparadoxes, and enabled subsequent engineers to analyze far more complexflows. However, we still have no complete theory for the nature of turbulence,and so modern fluid mechanics continues to be combination of experimentalresults and theory.[17] In a somewhat parallel way to what happened inCalifornia the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority(TVA) brought workand prosperity to the South by building dams to generate cheap electricity andcontrol flooding in the region, making rivers navigable and generallymodernizing life the region.The modern hydraulic engineer uses the same kinds of computer-aided design


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(CAD) tools as many of the other engineering disciplines while also making useof technologies like computational fluid dynamics to perform the calculations toaccurately predict flow characteristics, GPS mapping to assist in locating thebest paths for installing a system and laser-based surveying tools to aid in theactual construction of a system.[edit] See alsoWikimedia Commons has media related to: Hydraulic engineering

Civil engineeringEupalinosHEC-RASHenri PitotHydrologyHydrology (agriculture)Hydraulic mining

Hydraulic structureInternational Association ofHydraulic Engineering andResearchIrrigationSignificant modern floodsSunshu AoXimen Bao

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PressPumpRamRescue tools

[edit] References^ a b c d e f Prasuhn, Alan L. Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering.Holt, Rinehart, and Winston: New York, 1987.

1.^ Cassidy, John J., Chaudhry, M. Hanif, and Roberson, John A. "HydraulicEngineering", John Wiley & Sons, 1998

2.^ a b c E. John Finnemore, Joseph Franzini "Fluid Mechanics withEngineering Applications",McGraw-Hill,2002

3.^ Gascoigne, Bamber. History of Clocks. History World. From 2001,ongoing. http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2322&HistoryID=ac08&gtrack=pthc

4.

^ "Qanats" Water History. From 2001, ongoing.http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/qanats/

5.^ Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: TechnologicalComplexes and the Roots of Modernity", Journal of World History(University of Hawaii Press) 20 (2): 165186 [174],DOI:10.1353/jwh.0.0045

6.

^ Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: TechnologicalComplexes and the Roots of Modernity", Journal of World History(University of Hawaii Press) 20 (2): 165186 [168],DOI:10.1353/jwh.0.0045

7.

^ a b Edmund Burke (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: TechnologicalComplexes and the Roots of Modernity", Journal of World History(University of Hawaii Press) 20 (2): 165186 [168 & 173],DOI:10.1353/jwh.0.0045

8.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan, Flywheel Effect for a Saqiya.9.^ Donald Routledge Hill, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval NearEast", Scientific American, May 1991, pp. 649. (cf. Donald RoutledgeHill, Mechanical Engineering)

10.

^ Ahmad Y Hassan. "The Origin of the Suction Pump: Al-Jazari1206 A.D.". http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%202.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-16.

11.

^ Donald Routledge Hill (1996), A History of Engineering in Classical andMedieval Times, Routledge, pp. 143 & 150-2

12.^ Sally Ganchy, Sarah Gancher (2009), Islam and Science, Medicine, andTechnology, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 41, ISBN 1-4358-5066-1

13.


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^ Ahmad Y Hassan, The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a ContinuouslyRotating Machine

14.^ Howard R. Turner (1997), Science in Medieval Islam: An IllustratedIntroduction, p. 181, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-78149-0

15.^ Levey, M. (1973), Early Arabic Pharmacology, E. J. Brill; Leiden16.^ Fluid Mechanics17.

[edit] External linksInternational Association of Hydraulic Engineering and ResearchHydraulic Engineering in Prehistoric MexicoHydrologic Engineering CenterChanson, H. (2007). Hydraulic Engineering in the 21st Century : Whereto ?, Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 45, No. 3, pp. 291301(ISSN 0022-1686).

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