hydrothermal vents
DESCRIPTION
HYDROTHERMAL VENTS. Where are vents located?. Where magma is close to the surface – Mid Ocean Ridges. 1977 1 st vent found by Alvin. Alvin?. Alvin. How are vents created?. STEP 1 Cold water (2 o C) seeps through cracks and is heated up (up to 400 o C). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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HYDROTHERMAL VENTS
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Where are vents located?
Where magma is close to the surface – Mid Ocean Ridges.
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19771st vent found by Alvin
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Alvin?
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Alvin
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http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/vents/vent-infomod.html
STEP 1
•Cold water (2oC) seeps through cracks and is heated up (up to 400oC)
How are vents created?
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STEP 2
•Water heated to 350-400oC – high temps. facilitate leaching of minerals from rock.
•Oxygen is removed chemically
•Picks up dissolved metals (Fe, Cu, Zn).
•H20 picks up Hydrogen sulfide.
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STEP 3
•Hot liquid under pressure finds an exit.
•Dissolved metals and H2S are carried up and out.
•Effluent is acidic and toxic to most animals.
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Double Bonus Q’s
• 1. 350 C = ________ F
• 2. Water boils at ________ C and F
• 3. The vent water is not boiling. Why?
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Types of Hydrothermal Vents
• Black smokers • White smokers• Sometimes clear smokers
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Black SmokerHottest of all vents
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monosulfide. This compound gives the smoker its black color.They spew mostly iron and sulfide, which combine to form iron monosulfide. This compound gives the smoker its black color.
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WHITE SMOKERS
•White smoke contains silica
•Anhydrite is created (white mineral)
•Contains compounds of barium, calcium, and silicon
Still hot enough to cook pasta – but not as hot as black smokers
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HYDRO-THERMAL-
VENT COMMUNITIES
With no sunlight, what is the base of the food web?
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CHEMOSYNTHESIS
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Mat Forming Bacteria
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The goal is to create a carbohydrate.
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Why is chemosynthesis significant?
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Why do we study hydrothermal vents?
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• They contain unique organisms that have biological and pharmaceutical importance.
• May be the origin of life on our planet• Vents heavily influence chemical
composition of sea water adding sulfides, chloride ion, magnesium, etc.
• Can change weather & climate of planet http://www.nautilusminerals.com/s/Projects-Solwara.asp
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Vent Worms• Riftia pachyptila • Up to 2 meters long
and 10 cm in diameter • tubes are made of
chitin• Tubeworms do not eat!
NO mouth or stomach!
• gill-like red plumes absorb hydrogen sulfide from the hot water and oxygen from the cold water
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With no mouth or stomach, HOW DO THEY GET FOOD?
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Symbiotic Bacteria• Symbiotic bacteria live inside the
tubeworms • Produce sugars for worm. • Tubeworms, clams and mussels use
some of these sugars as food. • Bacteria get hydrogen sulfide and
oxygen from the worm. • Bacteria convert toxic chemicals
released by the vents into food and energy
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Mat Forming Bacteria
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Zoarcid Fish• 2 foot long white fish • Top predators around
vents • Eat everything from
tubeworms to shrimp • Slow and lethargic
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Octopus
• several species • typically one meter long • heads are about the size of an orange • top predators • eat crabs, clams, and mussels
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Dandelion
• related to jellyfish. • scavengers • Colonial • use long tentacles to anchor themselves
on rocks and to move around • If there are a lot of dandelions around a
vent site, it usually means that the vents are no longer active and most of the other organisms in the area are dying.
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Mussels
• first to colonize • Filter feeders &
symbiotic microbes • Crabs and shrimp
feast on mussels.
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Giant Clams• symbiotic bacteria• Despite their thick shells, clams are eaten
by crabs and octopi
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Vent Shrimp
• Many species of shrimp • live around clumps of tube worms and mussels • shrimp eat mussels and microbes that grow on the chimney
and their bodies• Crabs, anemones, and zoarcid fish eat shrimp
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CrabsGalatheid crab, or squat lobster (Atlantic Ocean)• All oceans but increase in numbers at vents• Scavengers (eat bacteria and dead animals)Brachyuran crabs (Pacific Ocean)• round white crabs • fierce predators (eat bacteria, shrimp, mussels, clams,
tubeworms, and even each other)