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Page 1: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal Vent Communities

Page 2: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal vent discovery-1977

http://www.whoi.edu/marops/vehicles/alvin/index.html
Page 3: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 4: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 5: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal Vents

1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust.

2. O2 and K are removed from the seawater.

3. Ca, SO4, and Mg are removed from the fluid.

4. Na, Ca, and K from the crust enter the fluid.

5. Highest temperatures (350-400 oC), Cu, Zn, Fe, and H2S from the crust dissolve in the fluids.

6. Hot & acidic fluids with dissolved metals rise up through crust.

7. The hydrothermal fluids mix with cold, O2-rich seawater. Metals and sulfur combine to form metal-sulfide minerals: MnO2, FeO(OH), …

Page 6: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents

Page 7: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Black & White smokers

Metals & O2

Diffuse flow of water

Silica and Anhidrite

Page 8: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 9: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Smoker chimney section

Page 10: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 11: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal Vent Distribution

Pink, western Pacific; green, northeast Pacific; blue, East Pacific Rise; yellow, Azores; red, Mid-Atlantic Ridge; orange, Indian Ocean

Page 12: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 13: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal vent age estimates

Age

• 20-100 years

• Decades

• <10 years

• < 6 months

Technique

• sulfide dating

• mollusk shells

• heat loss

• submersible observations

Page 14: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Hydrothermal energy source

H2S + O2 SO4 ++ H+ + ATP

• Chemosynthetic (sulfur oxidizing)

• Thermophilic Bacteria (up to 120oC)

• Hot, anoxic, sulfide rich water mixes with Cold oxygenated water

• Hydrothermal Vents as origin of Life?

Page 15: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Bacterial mat

www.divediscover.whoi.edu/i

Page 16: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Bacteria from 120oC

http://mollie.berkeley.edu/~volkman/

Page 17: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent biological communities

• BACTERIA (Bacteria and Archea)

• 400 morphological invertebrate species – New species every 2 weeks during 25 years!

• Evolutionary Origin – Derived from surrounding Deep Sea

– Derived from Shallow Water species

– Many evolutionary radiations at species level

– Many vent taxa originated at other organically enriched environments (cold seeps and whale bones)

• Vents as stable refugia from Global extinctions

Page 18: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Cold Seeps

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H20 +ATP

CH4 CH3- + H+ +ATP

H2S + O2 SO4 ++ H+ + ATP

• Hydrocarbon reservoirs

• “methane bubbling”

• Continental shelves and Trenches

• 200 invertebrate species

Page 19: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 20: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Whale skeletons & sunken logs

H2S + O2 SO4 ++ H+ + ATP

• Osteophiles

• Potential „stepping stones‟ for certain invertebrate vent species

Page 21: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Invertebrate food sources Food chain based on sulfur-oxidizing bacteria • Symbiosis with Bacteria

– Vestimentiferan tube worms – Vent Mussels and vent clams

• Ingestion of Bacteria – Grazers (gastropod limpets and snails) – Filter Feeders (vent shrimp, polychaete worms,

amphipods, anemones)

• Predators – Ventfish, octopus

• Scavengers – Crabs

Page 22: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Oceanic vent Biogeography

Atlantic vents

• Vent shrimp

Indian vents

• Vent shrimp

• Anemones

• Pacific vent species

East Pacific vents

• Vestimentiferan worms

• Alvinellid polychaetes

Page 23: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vestimentiferan worms

http://web.uvic.ca/sciweb/uvic-sci-photos.html
Page 24: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

http://web.uvic.ca/%7Everenat/364-13.jpg

Page 25: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

http://www.ifremer.fr/droep/Driftia.html

Page 26: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 27: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 28: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

www.divediscover.whoi.edu/i

Vent Mussels (Bathymodiolus )

Page 29: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

www.divediscover.whoi.edu/i

Vent Clams (Calyptogena)

Page 30: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent Shrimp (Bresiliidae)

www.ifremer.fr/

Page 31: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 32: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 33: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Alvinellid worms

Page 34: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent limpets

http://web.uvic.ca/~abates/

Page 35: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

www.divediscover.whoi.edu/i

Vent Crabs

www.senckenberg.uni-frankfurt.de/

Page 36: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Ventfish (Thermarces cerberus)

Page 37: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

www.divediscover.whoi.edu/i

Page 38: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Periferic filter feeders

Page 39: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Larval dispersal between vents Vent Plumes

www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/PlumeStudies

Page 40: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Tubeworm spawning

Page 41: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Ocean Crust Age

Page 42: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Mid Atlantic Ridge

http://faculty.washington.edu/lyn4/images/iceland.jpg

Page 43: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

East Pacific Rise

Page 44: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Spreading rate and Plume incidence

www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/PlumeStudies

Page 45: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Fast and Slow spreading ridges

VanDover et al. 2002 (Science)

Page 46: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

White et al. 2002

Electromagnetic emissions by vents

Page 47: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Light organs in vent organisms

www.deepsea.com/

Page 48: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 49: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 50: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Jinks et al. 2003 (SCIENCE)

Page 51: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent community regulation

EPR

Pacific

http://mollie.berkeley.edu/~volkman/

Page 52: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent community regulation

Snake-Pit

Mid Atlantic Ridge

Page 53: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent community regulation

Indian Ocean

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol294/issue5543/images/large/se4119868002.jpeg
Page 54: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Vent community regulation

• Physical factors – Temperature

• Ecological factors – Competition

– Larval supply

– Predation

– Ecological cascading – Keystone predators

Page 55: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo/index.html

Page 56: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 57: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Lost City

Page 58: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 59: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 60: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Chemical Reactions

Page 61: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Olivine Density = 3.3 g/cm3 Serpentine Density = 3.3 g/cm3

40% Increase Volume

Page 62: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 63: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 64: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and
Page 65: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

Lost City

• Serpentinization – Olivine Serpentine (hydration)

– Exothermic reaction 260°C

– Basic fluids pH 9-10 (CaCo3 precipitate)

– Fluids contain high CH4 and H2

– 30.000 of Age

Page 66: Hydrothermal Vent Communities - Masaryk University · Hydrothermal Vents 1. Cold seawater sinks down through the crust. 2. O 2 and K are removed from the seawater. 3. Ca, SO 4, and

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