Hydrosphere

Water of the Earth!!

Water Cycle

Evaporation – liquid water changes into water vapor. (apply heat) p.1

Transpiration – where plants give off water vapor p.1

Evapotranspiration p.1

• evaporation + transpiration in one word

Sublimation – solid straight to gas p.1

• Solids that are introduced to high heat over a short period of time can skip the liquid phase.

Typical phase change

Solid → Liquid → Gas

Sublimation

Solid → Gas

Condensation – when water vapor rises into the atmosphere it cools, then forms clouds. p.2

Condensation leads To Precipitation p.2

• Rain, sleet, snow: any form of water falling to earth.

Water Storage on Earth p.2

• Ice Caps

• Snow

• Oceans

• Lakes

• Ground Water

Water Budget p.3

• The continuous cycle of evapotranspiration, condensing, and precipitation gives us the earth’s water budget.

• Usually is balanced for any given area.

• World Water Budget is not balanced.

What might be some reasons why?

Local Water Budgets

• Rain forest

• Desert

• Michigan

Some places are losing fresh water.

Water ConservationWhat Can We Do?

• Great Lakes – Water Losses

• Be Involved – vote for laws to save our Great Lakes.

Bottled Water

• Empty your bottles before you throw them away!

• Plastic Does Not break down in a landfill! That water is locked up forever.

Lower Consumption

• Install water conserving toilets

• Less watering of lawns

• Shorter showers

• Fix leaks

• Turn off water when

Brushing teeth

Government Help

Human Impact

Quiz

13.2 River Systems

• Tributaries – feeder streams to river system

• Water shed – drainage basin

• Divides – elevated ground to separate water sheds

• Gully – narrow ditch

• Runoff – water that is not soaked into soil

Watershed

Mississippi River Water Shed

Great Lakes

Stream Erosion

• Channel – path the steam follows

• Headward erosion – process of lengthening and branching of stream

• Stream piracy – capturing water from other water sheds through erosion

Erosion

Channel Erosion

• banks – edges of stream channel above water• Bed – part of the stream below water level • Stream Loads – materials carried by stream including

water, soil, rocks, minerals • Loads:• 1. Suspended - fine and silt (floating by speed, velocity)• 2. Bed – coarse sand, gravel, pebbles (slides and rolls)• Saltation – short jumps• 3. Dissolved - TDS

Discharge and Gradient

• Discharge – volume of water moved by stream

• Gradient – steepness of its slope

• Velocity – speed of stream

• Headwaters - beginning

Niagra Falls

Frozen Niagra Falls

Water and Wind Gaps

• Water gap – erosion of earth rising causes water to need to go uphill

• Ex. Delaware water gap

• Wind gap – notch created where water can no longer pass

Stages of a River System

• Youthful rivers – rapid erosion of bed, v-shaped valley, steep banks, waterfalls and rapids, few tributaries, less water

• Mature rivers – well established tributaries, erosion of banks, low gradient, meanders forming, oxbow lake

• Old rivers – lower gradient, slower, more meaders, fewer tributaries, little erosion, deposits sediments

• Rejuvenated rivers – gradient of stream becomes steeper resulting in steplike terraces (Miss. River, Tequm lower falls)

Assignment

• Pg. 251 #1-5

13.3 Stream Deposition

• rocks

• Stones

• Pebbles

• Gravel

• Course sand

• Fine sand

• silt

Deltas and Alluvial Fans

• Greatest deposition at area stream dumps into large body of water

• Delta – fan shaped deposit at mouth of river

• Alluvial fan – load causing flatten out after a step slope

• 1. sediments on dry ground, delta wet• 2. coarse sand and gravel, delta mud• 3. sloped whereas delta flat

Flood Deposits

• Floodplain – deposits of silt and sand

• Springtime - ^with snowmelt v evapotranspiration

• Ice jams

• Natural levees – deposits silt and sand

Flood Control

• Indirect methods:• 1. Forestation• 2. Soil conservation to prevent runoff• Direct methods:• 1. dam (electric, irrigation, human

conception and recreation)• 2. levees• 3. overflood channels

Assignment

• Pg. 255 #1-5

• Pg. 256-57 #1-12