hydrologic influence - university of kentuckyjmlhot2/courses/for350/for 350 2014... · silviculture...
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Hydrologic Influence
• Water “singular importance” to bottomland systems: – Ecological limiting factor – Medium for biogeochemical processes – Force that controls erosion & sedimentation events
» (Hupp 2000)
• “Slight hydrological changes may result in only loosely predictable, yet often substantial responses” (Mitsch & Gosselink 1993)
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• Floodplains are regularly inundated for months each year (during the wet period) – Prolonged saturation – Physical damage – Erosion of substrate – Deposition of new sediments
• Disturbance highly variable on the landscape
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• Species vary in susceptibility and tolerance to hydrologic disturbance
• Variations in floodplain forest composition are influenced by varying severity of flooding – Mortality – Extreme stress – Altering conditions for establishment
• Flood Tolerance
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Geomorphic Influence
• Fluvial landforms (floodplains) are dynamic features – Constantly eroding – Constantly aggrading
• Meandering streams and rivers migrate – Creates a heterogeneous landscape
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• Floodplains tend to act as net storage basins for sediment during periods of high or rising sea level
• Floodplains aggrade in two ways – Lateral accretion (point-bar extension)
• Episodic process • Occurs during high flows • This results in ridge & swale topography
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• Vertical accretion – Also episodic – Facilitated by reduction in flow velocity
(Hodges 1997)
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Features of Modern Floodplains
River Channel Direction of Meander Movement
Point Bar Deposits Back Swamps Channel Fill Deposits Ridge Swale Deposits Overflow Channel
Natural Levee
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Vegetative Patterns
• Likelihood of a particular spp. occupying a given landform is a function of:
– The suitability of the site for germination – The environmental conditions that permit persistence until
reproductive age
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Vegetative Patterns cont…
• Spatial distribution (pattern) of a spp. is limited by: – Spp. ability to survive or tolerate local conditions (disturbance, stress
regimes) – Competitive and facilitative influences
Stress Gradient
Competition Geomorphic processes
Important: Species grow where they can compete successfully and tolerate local conditions, NOT where they grow best.
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Bottomland Forests
• Bottomland forests are some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems in the United States
• Myriad of different species with different site requirements and growth habits makes management extremely complex and variable
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Bottomland Hardwoods
• The silviculture is similar to upland forests except for: – Flooding that is largely, unpredictable and uncontrollable, and – Site/Species relationships
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Bottomland Hardwoods
• Water – Depth – Frequency – Duration – Seasonal Timing
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Bottomland Hardwoods
• Site/Species Relationships Landform Soil Drainage Soil Texture Deposition
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Patterns of Deposition
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Major Bottoms
• Bars and Fronts --- willow, elm, cottonwood, sycamore • Flats --- Nuttall oak, green ash, sugarberry, elm, red maple • Slough --- overcup oak, water hickory • Swamp --- water tupelo, bald cypress • Ridge --- sweetgum, green ash, hickory, water/willow oaks
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Minor Bottoms
• Bar --- river birch • Levee --- beech, sycamore, sweetgum, sycamore, yellow-
poplar, oaks • Flat --- sweetgum, oaks, hickories, blackgum • Slough --- bald cypress, swamp tupelo • Terrace --- white oaks, red oaks, hickory, yellow-poplar,
sweetgum, loblolly pine
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Bottomland Succession Patterns
Poorly drained, low elevation
Better drained, “high” elevation
Minor Bottoms
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Bottomland Ecology Summary
• Know your sites • Know the hydrology • Know the ecological requirements of the species • • INTEGRATE ---- Match the species to the site conditions
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Bottomland Systems are Dynamic!
Rapid change is part of the system. Sites and soils are in a constant state of change because of
deposition and erosion. This in turn is reflected in the vegetational composition
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Questions, Comments or Opinions…..
Courtesy, National Geographic Society
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Even-aged stand ~60 yrs old in small creek bottom, red oak-gum
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Silviculture of Bottomland Stands
• Cottonwood and Willow Type – Rotation Age or Size:
• Natural stands: < 50 years sawtimber, 30 to 35 years most common • Plantations: 20 year sawtimber rotation
– Thinning greatly enhances growth – Regeneration:
• Seed-tree method • Site prep may be necessary to control non merchantable shade tolerant
species due to intolerant nature of target species
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Silviculture of Bottomland Stands
• Cottonwood and Willow Type – Rotation Age or Size:
• Natural stands: < 50 years sawtimber, 30 to 35 years most common • Plantations: 20 year sawtimber rotation
– Thinning greatly enhances growth – Regeneration:
• Seed-tree method • Site prep may be necessary to control non merchantable shade tolerant
species due to intolerant nature of target species
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Silviculture of Bottomland Stands
• Baldcypress and Tupelo Type – Rotation Age or Size:
• 75 to 100 years – Thinning
• Pre-thin BA > 250 common in this type • Residual BA 110 ft2 or less should be goal
– Heavy thinning can increase epicormic branching – Regeneration:
• Regeneration is difficult and highly variable – Seedling establishment dependant on dry periods
• Advance regeneration and stump sprout dependent – Clearcut when sufficient advance reproduction present – Otherwise, shelterwood
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Silviculture of Bottomland Stands
• Mixed Bottomland Hardwood Type – Growth rate:
• Yield > 250 board feet per acre per year – Rotation age or size:
• 60 to 80 years – Thinning
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Silviculture of Bottomland Stands
• Mixed Bottomland Hardwood Type – Regeneration:
• Light seeded species (e.g., sweetgum, yellow-poplar) – Clearcut or seedtree
» Some research suggests that seedtree has minimal impact on species composition in this type
• Oaks – Advance regeneration and stump sprout dependent – Clearcut when sufficient advance reproduction present – Shelterwood system in absence of advance reproduction
» Control shade tolerant midstory and understory competition