hydrogen sulfide in the oilfield. overview general h 2 s information api guidance blm onshore order...
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WHAT IS HWHAT IS H22SS
Colorless gasColorless gas FlammableFlammable Heavier than airHeavier than air Extremely toxic Extremely toxic ““Rotten egg” smellRotten egg” smell Deadens sense of Deadens sense of
smellsmell
WHY DOES HWHY DOES H22S OCCURS OCCUR
Biological breakdown of organic matter in Biological breakdown of organic matter in an anaerobic environmentan anaerobic environment
HEALTH EFFECTSHEALTH EFFECTS
Low concentrations (<10ppm)– Low concentrations (<10ppm)– irritation of eyes, nose, throat and irritation of eyes, nose, throat and respiratory systemrespiratory system
Moderate concentrations Moderate concentrations (10<x>30ppm)– headache, (10<x>30ppm)– headache, dizziness, nausea, coughing, dizziness, nausea, coughing, vomiting and difficulty breathingvomiting and difficulty breathing
High concentrations (>30ppm)– High concentrations (>30ppm)– shock, convulsions, coma, deathshock, convulsions, coma, death
EXPOSURE LIMITSEXPOSURE LIMITS
ACGIH TLV (8hr)= 10 ppmACGIH TLV (8hr)= 10 ppm OSHA ceiling (15 min)= 20 ppmOSHA ceiling (15 min)= 20 ppm OSHA peak (instantaneous) = 50 OSHA peak (instantaneous) = 50
ppmppm IDLH = 100 ppmIDLH = 100 ppm ATSDR MRL = 0.07 ppm (acute), 0.03 ATSDR MRL = 0.07 ppm (acute), 0.03
ppm (intermediate)ppm (intermediate)
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ExplosiveExplosive Reacts with water to form Sulfuric AcidReacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid
– TearsTears– LungsLungs
Reacts with iron/steel to form Iron Sulfide Reacts with iron/steel to form Iron Sulfide (extremely flammable)(extremely flammable)– Iron spongeIron sponge
Burns to form Sulfur Dioxide (toxic gas)Burns to form Sulfur Dioxide (toxic gas) May lead to metal fatigueMay lead to metal fatigue
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE Recommended Practice 49 -Recommended Practice
for Drilling and Well Servicing operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide Applies to well drilling, completion, servicing, workover,
downhole maintenance and plug & abandonment procedures.
Establishes location classifications Addresses personnel training, monitoring equipment,
personal protective equipment, contingency planning and emergency procedures.
Also establishes Sulfur Dioxide requirements
LOCATION CLASSIFICATIONS No Hazard Area Condition 1 Area – low hazard
<10 ppm Condition 2 Area – medium hazard
>10ppm, <30 ppm Condition 3 Area – high hazard
>30 ppm
WARNING SYSTEMS Condition 1 Area –
warning sign with green flag or light
Condition 2 Area - warning sign with yellow flag or light; visual and audio alarms
Condition 3 Area – warning sign with red flag or light; visual and audio alarms
MONITORING Equipment
Manufacturer certified for H2S and SO2
Accurate in a range from well below to well above action levels (H2S = 10 ppm, SO2 = 2 ppm)
Mixture of fixed and portable monitors as needed to protect workers
MONITORING EQUIPMENT Used during all activities where a potential of H2S
and SO2 to exceed action levels exists. Located in the following areas:
Bell nipple Mud return line or shale shaker Pipe-trip tank Driller’s station Living quarters Other areas of potential accumulation
Calibrated and functionally tested per manufacturer
TRAINING All personnel working in an area with potential of
H2S and SO2 to exceed action levels exists. Minimum topics;
Hazards, characteristics and exposure symptoms Sources Detection equipment, warning signs and wind direction
awareness Workplace procedures, location of safety equipment and
location of safe breathing areas PPE Emergency response
CONTINGENCY PLAN May be required by certain federal, state or local
agencies. Must contain:
Facility specific description and maps Monitoring equipment locations Safety equipment locations Safe breathing area locations Evacuation routes
Training and drill requirements Emergency response procedures
BUREAU OF LAND BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Onshore Oil and Gas Order No. 6, Onshore Oil and Gas Order No. 6, Hydrogen Sulfide OperationsHydrogen Sulfide Operations
APPLICABILITYAPPLICABILITY
All onshore Federal and Indian oil and All onshore Federal and Indian oil and gas leases.gas leases.
Drilling, completing, testing, reworking, Drilling, completing, testing, reworking, producing, injecting, gathering, storing, producing, injecting, gathering, storing, or treating operations.or treating operations.
Involving zones which are known or Involving zones which are known or could reasonably be expected to could reasonably be expected to contain Hcontain H22S present in concentrations S present in concentrations equal to or greater than 100 ppm.equal to or greater than 100 ppm.
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
Written HWritten H22S Drilling Operations Plan S Drilling Operations Plan submitted with APDsubmitted with APD
Written Public Protection Plan submitted Written Public Protection Plan submitted with APD, notification of production or with APD, notification of production or when radius of exposure criteria are metwhen radius of exposure criteria are met
Training Program available for review Training Program available for review upon requestupon request
All plans and programs available at siteAll plans and programs available at site
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
HH22S Drilling Operations PlanS Drilling Operations Plan– Site diagrams showing all safety Site diagrams showing all safety
equipment, topography, exit roads, briefing equipment, topography, exit roads, briefing (safe breathing) areas, flare lines and pits(safe breathing) areas, flare lines and pits
– Appropriate well control equipment, Appropriate well control equipment, personal protective equipment, Hpersonal protective equipment, H22S S monitoring equipment, visual and audio monitoring equipment, visual and audio warning system, appropriate mud system, warning system, appropriate mud system, appropriate metallurgical plan and means appropriate metallurgical plan and means of communication from wellsiteof communication from wellsite
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
Public Protection PlanPublic Protection Plan– Drilling or production site where:Drilling or production site where:
The 100 ppm radius of exposure is The 100 ppm radius of exposure is greater than 50 feet and includes any greater than 50 feet and includes any occupied residence, scholl, church, occupied residence, scholl, church, park, school bus stop, place of business park, school bus stop, place of business or other are where the public could be or other are where the public could be reasonably expected to frequentreasonably expected to frequent
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
Public Protection PlanPublic Protection Plan– Drilling or production site where:Drilling or production site where:
The 500 ppm radius of exposure is The 500 ppm radius of exposure is greater than 50 feet and includes any greater than 50 feet and includes any part of a federal, state, county or part of a federal, state, county or municipal road maintained for public municipal road maintained for public useuse
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS
Public Protection PlanPublic Protection Plan– Drilling or production site where:Drilling or production site where:
The 100 ppm radius of exposure is The 100 ppm radius of exposure is equal to or greater than 3,000 feet and equal to or greater than 3,000 feet and includes any facility or part of a federal, includes any facility or part of a federal, state, county or municipal road state, county or municipal road maintained for public use.maintained for public use.
RADIUS OF EXPOSURERADIUS OF EXPOSURE
Pasquill-Gifford derrived equation:Pasquill-Gifford derrived equation:X = [1.589)(HX = [1.589)(H22S concentration)(Q)]S concentration)(Q)]0.62580.6258
X = radius of exposureX = radius of exposure
HH22S concentration = decimal equivalent of the S concentration = decimal equivalent of the volume fraction of Hvolume fraction of H22S in the gas streamS in the gas stream
Q = maximum volume of gas determined to Q = maximum volume of gas determined to be available for escape in cubic feet per daybe available for escape in cubic feet per day
ESCAPE RATE (Q)ESCAPE RATE (Q)
Gas production facility = maximum Gas production facility = maximum daily absolute open flow gas daily absolute open flow gas production rateproduction rate
Oil production facility = (gas/oil ratio of Oil production facility = (gas/oil ratio of production) (maximum daily production) (maximum daily production rate)production rate)
Exploration well = use the above from Exploration well = use the above from producing wells from the target producing wells from the target interval in the areainterval in the area
PUBLIC PROTECTION PUBLIC PROTECTION PLANPLAN Must include: Must include:
– responsibilities of key personnel and responsibilities of key personnel and institutions for alerting the public and institutions for alerting the public and requesting assistance; requesting assistance;
– list of telephone numbers and names of list of telephone numbers and names of response agencies or contractors, response agencies or contractors, residents, those responsible for occupants residents, those responsible for occupants of public buildings and those responsible of public buildings and those responsible for safety of public roadways; for safety of public roadways;
– a plat of the 100 ppm and 500 ppm radius a plat of the 100 ppm and 500 ppm radius of exposure showing all private and public of exposure showing all private and public buildings and roads; buildings and roads;
– emergency response measuresemergency response measures
PUBLIC PROTECTION PUBLIC PROTECTION PLANPLAN May be required May be required
to include: public to include: public education education seminars, mass seminars, mass alert systems alert systems (including (including telephone, telephone, commercial radio commercial radio or television), and or television), and public input public input allowancesallowances
OTHER REGULATIONSOTHER REGULATIONS
OSHAOSHA Process Safety Management Process Safety Management
DOTDOT Pipeline Safety RequirementsPipeline Safety Requirements
EPAEPA Risk Management Plan requirementsRisk Management Plan requirements SARA Title 3 requirementsSARA Title 3 requirements
STATE SPECIFICSTATE SPECIFIC