hydrogen fuel for transportation deena patel and abigail mechtenberg
TRANSCRIPT
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Hydrogen Fuel for Transportation
Deena Patel and Abigail Mechtenberg
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Introductory Questions• What is the most abundant element in
universe?– Hydrogen
• What percentage of the atoms are hydrogen?– 90 %
• Where is hydrogen found on Earth?– H20 and Hydrocarbons (i.e. fossil fuels)
• Is hydrogen a source or carrier on Earth– Carrier
• Where is hydrogen found as a source (not bound to other atoms?– Sun
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World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years.
1881 UM Engineering
Today’s UM Engineering
1917
Shop
1942 Engineering Class
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World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years.
1913 Model-T 2003 cars with navigation systems
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World has transformed dramatically in one life time – say in the last 80 years.
Today’s UM Computer Lab
1948 IBM Computer
Today’s IBM Computer
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Original Gasoline Delivery - Innovative
1901
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President Bush Launchesthe Hydrogen Fuel Initiative
"Tonight I am proposing $1.2 billion in research funding so that America can lead the world in developing clean, hydrogen-powered automobiles.
"With a new national commitment, our scientists and engineers will overcome obstacles to taking these cars from laboratory to showroom so that the first car driven by a child born today could be powered by hydrogen, and pollution-free.
"Join me in this important innovation to make our air significantly cleaner, and our country much less dependent on foreign sources of energy."
President George W. Bush2003 State of the Union Address
January 28, 2003
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Energy Consumption – 100 Quads
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Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode (1970-2025) 2003 Total = 13.42 mbpd
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Mill
ion
bar
rels
per
day Marine
Rail
Actual Projection
Cars
Air
Light Trucks
Heavy Vehicles
U.S. ProductionOff-Road
Note: Domestic production includes crude oil, natural gas plant liquids, refinery gain, and other inputs. This is consistent with EIA, MER, Table 3.2. Previous versions of this chart included crude oil and natural gas plant liquids only.Source: Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 24, ORNL-6973, and EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Preliminary release, December 2004.
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Dependence on Oil Imports
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GHG Emissions
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GHG Emissions by Fuel Type
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Approaches to Reducing the Oil Gap• Produce More Domestic Oil• Use Less
– Improve Efficiency (hybrid techology)– Use Alternative Fuels (hydrogen,
biofuel)– Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) -
Policy
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DOE Partners with Industry– FreedomCAR focuses on
fuel cell vehicle and hybrid component technologies
– Hydrogen Fuel Initiative focuses on hydrogen production, storage, delivery and infrastructure technologiesThe Goal: Fuel Cell Vehicles in the The Goal: Fuel Cell Vehicles in the
Showroom and Hydrogen at Fueling Showroom and Hydrogen at Fueling Stations by 2020Stations by 2020
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Hydrogen Pathway
.
Distributed Generation
TransportationHydro
Wind
Solar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
Biomass
Natural Gas
Oil
Wit
h C
arb
on
Seq
ues
trat
ion
Note: Nuclear Power Plant does not need carbon sequestration
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Conventional Vehicle: GV
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles: HEV
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle: HFCV
Fuel 50
Transmission Losses = 6
Accessories2
Power to Wheels16
Efficiency FC: Losses = 26
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Entering Market Prediction
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Fuel Economy Predictions
Assuming PEMs are more efficient
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Hydrogen Fuel Cell
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Inside a Fuel Cell
1. The red Hs represent hydrogen molecules (H2) from a hydrogen storage tank.
2. The orange H+ represents a hydrogen ion after its electron is removed.
3. The yellow e- represents an electron moving through a circuit to do work (like lighting a light bulb or powering a car).
4. The green Os represent an oxygen molecule (O2) from the air.
5. The blue drops at the end are for pure water--the only byproduct of hydrogen power.
2H2 +O2 2H2O + electrical energy
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Proton Exchange Membrane: PEM
• The proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell uses a fluorocarbon ion exchange with a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte.
• The PEM cell appears to be more adaptable to automobile use than the other types of cells. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures and can vary their output to meet shifting power demands.
• Efficiency is about 40 to 50 percent with outputs generally ranging from 50 to 250 kW
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Fuel Cell Demonstration Fuel Cell Demonstration VehiclesVehicles
4-5 passengers4-5 passengers 80-90 mph speed80-90 mph speed180-250 miles range180-250 miles range
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PerformancePowerPower
kW, hpkW, hpTop Top
SpeedSpeed
mphmph
RangeRange
mimiAccel.Accel.
0-600-60FuelFuel
CamryCamry 135135 400400 GasolineGasoline
EV1EV1 137137 8080 70-9070-90 BatteryBattery
Necar 5Necar 5 90, 12090, 120 9090125125
(250)(250)MethanolMethanol
P2000P2000
FordFord90, 12090, 120 9090 100100 14 s14 s
CompComp
HydrogenHydrogen
FCHV-3FCHV-3
ToyotaToyota90, 12090, 120 >90>90 190190
HydrideHydride
HybridHybrid
HydroGeHydroGen1 GMn1 GM 120, 163120, 163 8585 250250 16s16s
LiquidLiquid
HydrogenHydrogen
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Fuel Cell SystemFuel Cell System
•Fuel CellFuel Cell•Fuel Processor (if present)Fuel Processor (if present)•Fuel StorageFuel Storage•Fuel InfrastructureFuel Infrastructure
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Possible System Possible System ConfigurationsConfigurations
Methanol
Gasoline
Direct Methanol
FC
H2-FC Methanol Reformer
Gasoline Reformer
CompressedHydrogen
Hydrogen
SolidHydride
Hydrogen
MethanolTank
GasolineTank
MethanolTank
Methanol
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Weight of Sub-SystemsWeight of Sub-Systems
Methanol
Gasoline
Direct Methanol
FC
H2-FC Methanol Reformer
Gasoline Reformer
CompressedHydrogen
Hydrogen
SolidHydride
Hydrogen
MethanolTank
GasolineTank
MethanolTank
Methanol
90 kg90 kg 100 kg100 kg
52 kg52 kg
50 kg50 kg
85 kg85 kg
100 kg100 kg
80 kg80 kg
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How large of a gas tank do How large of a gas tank do youyou want? want?
Schlapbach & Züttel, Nature, 15 Nov. 2001
Volume Comparisons for 4 kg Vehicular H2 Storage
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Minimum Performance Goal
Volumetric Energy Density vsMass Energy Density
Ultimate Goal
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Storage Issues for Various H2 Fuels
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Hydrogen Safety
Photo 3 - Time: 1 min, 0 sec - Hydrogen flow is subsiding, gasoline vehicle engulfed in fire
Photo 2 - Time 0 min, 3 seconds - Ignition of both fuels occur.Hydrogen flow rate 2100 SCFM. Gasoline flow rate 680 cc/min.
Vehicle with hydrogen tank
Vehicle with gasoline tank
From: M.R. Swain, Fuel Leak Simulation, University of Miami,
Hydrogen Flame
• Cannot be seen
• Temperature
• Flame goes up
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Varied Views on Timing
• “Fuel-cell cars, in contrast [to hybrids], are expected on about the same schedule as NASA’s manned trip to Mars and have about the same level of likelihood.”
Scientific AmericanMay 2004
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Perspectives to Consider
• Even “in the advanced technology case with a carbon constraint … hydrogen doesn’t penetrate the transportation sector in a major way until after 2035.” Jae Edmonds et al.,
PNNL, 2/04• Before then, H2 cars likely to increase GHGs.
– Zero-CO2 H2 cars avoid CO2 at cost of $700/ton!E.C. Joint Research Center & EUCAR, 1/04
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Back to Original Goals
In the meantime, we can reduce the oil gap by:
• Fuel Efficient Vehicles• Alternative Fuel Use
• Reduce VMT (Vehicle Miles Traveled)
If we choose to use hydrogen in transportation, thenwe have to ask where is the hydrogen coming from
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Current Worldwide Hydrogen Uses
Source: NRC Hydrogen Economy (2004)
42 million tons (US 9 million tons)
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Where does H2 come from?
• Most H on earth is bound to other atoms– Water: H20
– Fossil Fuels: hydro-carbon chains– Organic matter: biomass
• Need to input energy to break these bonds in order to isolate the hydrogen.
• Energy carrier like electricity.
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H2 from H2O
• Electrolysis– Running an electric current through water produces
hydrogen and oxygen (reverse of fuel cell).– Dates back to 1800’s – Produces high purity H2
– Can use any fuel to generate electricity• Fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind
• Other ways of splitting water:– Photolysis, biological, thermo-chemical
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Renewable Resource Potential
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H2 from fossil fuels
• Fossil fuels, like oil, are made up of hydrogen and carbon chains.
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H2 from fossil fuels – natural gas
• Steam reforming of natural gas:
CH4 +H2O (1100° C) CO + 3H2
• Need to purify: CO can poison catalystsWater gas shift reaction:
CO +H2O CO2 + H2
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H2 from fossil fuels – coal, coke, biomass
• Gasification to synthetic gas (syn. gas)
C +H2O (1000° C) CO + H2
Followed by water gas shift reactionCO +H2O CO2 + H2
• CO2 can be vented or captured (carbon capture).
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Current World Hydrogen Production
Source: DOE (2003)
Current US production: 9 million tons.By 2040 fuel cell cars and light trucks will require 150 million tons of hydrogen(DOE estimate)
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Peak Oil Production
Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004
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Natural Gas Supplies
Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004
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Coal Supplies
Source: P. Weisz Phys. Today July 2004
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Carbon Capture
• If fossil fuels are used to generate hydrogen, green house gasses (primarily CO2) can be captured at the production site.
• Underground storage: geologic formations such as depleted gas and oil reservoirs.– Done in Norway since 1996: 1 million metric
tons of CO2 per year.
• Economical for large centralized sites
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Carbon Capture Potential
Current US CO2 emissions: 6 billion metric tons
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Delivered H2 Cost ($/kg)
$2.50/gallonof gasoline
Source: LIpman (2004)
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GHG Emissions - Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Natural Gas
Reforming
Electrol-
ysis
Nuclear
SolarBiomass
Source: LIpman (2004)
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Major Air Pollutants – Hydrogen FC
Natural Gas
Reforming
Electrol.
Nuclear
Solar
Biomass
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Summary• Hydrogen is abundant worldwide, but not in an
isolated form (H2).• Fuel cells convert H2 to electricity.• Currently, Hybrids-GHEV get better efficiencies
than Conventional Vehicles-GCV, but Hydrogen-FCV offer higher efficiencies (HEV could run on H2)
• H2 can be produced from renewable or nonrenewable sources– Long term goals should include moving towards
renewable sources.– Carbon capture to reduce greenhouse pollution from
fossil fuel sources.
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References/Further Reading
• National Research Counsel: Hydrogen Economy 2004.
• APS Revised Hydrogen Report, October 2004• G. Crabtree et al. The Hydrogen Economy, Physics
Today, December 2004.• P. Weisz, Basic Choices and Constraints on Long-
Term Energy Supplies, Physics Today, July 2004.• T. Lipman, What Will Power the Hydrogen Economy?
Present and Future Sources of Hydrogen Energy.
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Thank you.Abigail Mechtenberg and Deena Patel
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Current Cost Estimate
kgmiHkg
mi/40
5.7
Range300
2
gallonmi
gallon
mi/27
1
Range27
gallon US/50.2$
Gas Natural/00.5$ kg
equivalent/gallon 13.3$
13.3$25
40
00.5$
gallon
mi
mi
kg
kg
Hydrogen Fuel Cost Gasoline Fuel Cost