hydrogen - fuel for future propulsion technologies · hydrogen - fuel for future propulsion...
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Hydrogen -Fuel for Future Propulsion Technologies
John HollisHead of Government and Industrial Affairs
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Challenges in the Transportation Sector. Mobility of the Future.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 2
+1970’s - 1980’s Air quality ZEV mandate
1990’s +Climate changeKyoto Protocol
+
Hydrogen Powered Vehicles2000’s +Supply guarantee
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The Challenge of “Air quality”.Development of Car Emissions (Germany).
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 3
8000
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0
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01980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Driving [Mrd. km/pa]
0
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
CO [kt /pa]
HC [kt /pa]
NOx [kt/pa]
Particles [kt /pa]800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
01980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
800
700
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500
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300
200
100
0
Driving [Mrd. km/pa]
Driving [Mrd. km/pa]
Driving [Mrd. km/pa]
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 4
The Challenge of “Climate Change”.Political Indicators.
Rio Conference (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change)
• The ultimate objective.....is the stabilization of greenhouse gases …to prevent dangerous interference with the climate system.
Kyoto Protocol
• Reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions at least 5% below 1990 levelsin the period 2008 to 2012 (developed countries)
• European Community - 8%• Germany- 21%• UK - 12.5 %
European Commission (interpretation of IPCC results)• medium term:Reduction of worldwide CO2 emissions by 20-40% by 2020• long term: Reduction of worldwide CO2 emissions by 70%
UK Legislation?
• 60% reduction by 2050
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Categorisation of anthropogenic CO2 Emissions.EU-15 in 2004 and Changes since 1990.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 5
20041990
CO2 total
Industry
Power plants and district heating plants
Households and small consumers
Transportation sectorin general
100%
25.8
34.8
19.0
20.5
100%
22.8
34.2
18.5
24.5
3369 mio. t 3507 mio. t
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Development of CO2 Emissions.Cars in EU-15.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 6
CO
2-Em
issi
ons
[Mt]
3750
3500
3250
3000
2750
2500
2250
20001995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
Driv
ing
[Mrd
. km
]
Driving
CO2-Emissions
Source: Tremove, 2006.EU-15: Österreich AT, Belgien BE, Dänemark DK, Finnland FI, Frankreich FR, Deutschland DE, Griechenland GR,Irland IE, Italien IT, Luxemburg LU, Niederlande NL, Portugal PT, Spanien ES, Schweden SE, Großbritannien UK.
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The Challenge of “Energy Supply”.Independence, Stability and Security.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 7
Source: Green Paper, European Commission, 2006.
World Energy Demand [Exajoule]
Timetoday + 25 years
Import Dependancy50
EU Energy Requirements [%]
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Time
70
200
1.000
800
600
400
Source: World Energy Council
Energy Diversification
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Possible Types of Energy for Passenger Cars.From Primary Energy to Fuel.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 8
Petrol HydrogenPropane/Butane MethaneDiesel EthanolSeed oil Methanol
Batterypower
Electricity
Exhaustible Energy
Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal Nuclear fuel
Renewable EnergySolar irradiation, Hydro-electric power, Wind power
Biomass
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Energy Strategy of the BMW Group. Control Tools.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 9
Basic Technology - Drive Electrification Hybridisation
Lightweight Construction
Energy Carrier
Additional Units
AerodynamicsHeat Management
Rolling Resistance
Hydrogen
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Well-to-Wheel Comparison of Fuels.CO2 Emissions in Combustion Engine.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 10
g C
O2/k
m
Source: Verkehrswirtschaftliche Energiestrategie
Well-to-tank
H2 from natural gas and electrical current mixture: higher CO2emissions as compared to petrol
H2 from renewable energies: significant CO2 reductions
Petrol Diesel CNG LH2 ICE(Wind off-shore)
LH2 ICE(Natural gas)
Tank-to-wheel
280
240
200
160
120
80
40
0
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Two Basic Scenarios.Potentials for sustainable CO2-Reduction.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 11
Biomass Wind off/onshore
Wasserkraft
Natural Gas/Energy Mix EU
distinct CO2-Reduction (approx. 25 % per vehicle-km)
Wind off/onshore
Water Power
Clean Energy 50
Clean Energy 100maximum CO2-Reduction (approx. 90 % per vehicle-km)
+ 50 %
100 %
50 %
Source: Transport Energy Strategy TES
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Hydrogen as an Automobile Energy Carrier.Fuel Costs and CO2 Emissions.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 12
CO
2-Em
issi
ons
[g/k
Wh]
Source: Transport Energy Strategy TES
Costs [€ cent/kWh]
500
400
300
200
100
00 5 10 15 20 25
WindWater power Biomass Solar-thermal
Petrol with tax
Petrol without tax LH2 -Mix
50 % LH2 from regenerative energies
50 % LH2 from natural gas
Wind LH2 with tax
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Different Hydrogen Propulsion Systems.Common Infrastructure Requirements.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 13
Internal Combustion Engine ICE:+ power/weight & power/volume ratio+ cost-efficient production+ Proven durability
Fuel Cell & E-Motor:+ High starting torque+ Zero Emission Vehicle+ Wide-spread public
acceptance for urban traffic?
Both drive train concepts include specific advantages and further development potential. The entry into a
“hydrogen world” requires both: setting up activities of the petroleum
industry and extensive choice of automobiles
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BMW Hydrogen 7.Hydrogen Technology Features.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 14
Vehicle
CFK strengthening in side frame
Hydrogen gas warning system
LH2-fuel tank system
LH2-coupling system
Control System
Boil-off-ManagementSystem
LH2-Storage System
New components
Adapted components
H2-Powertrain
Bifueled internal combustion engine
Adapted ignition system
Digital Motor Electronics (DME)
H2 mixture generation system
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 15
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 16
6.0 litres
191 kW (260 bhp) at 5100 rpm
390 Nm at 4300 rpm
External Fuel-Mixture Generation
Direct Injection
Bi-fuelled 12-cylinder engine (LH2 / petrol)
Capacity
Maximum output
Maximum torque
H2:
Petrol:
BMW Hydrogen 7.Bi-fuelled H2 Combustion Engine.
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BMW Hydrogen 7.Lowest NOX emissions in all Driving Conditions.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 17
NO
x-E
mis
sion
s [p
pm]
Air ratio [l]
5.00.0 2.0 3.0 4.01.0
Suppressed area Lean combustion(without catalytic converter)
Rich combustion(Catalyticconverter)
Stoichiometric combustion
Catalyticconverter
Raw emissions Emissions
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 18
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Fuel Tank Concept for Liquid Hydrogen.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 19
Cryogenic at approx. - 250 °C
Double-walled
High Vacuum with Aluminium reflective FoilMulti-layer Insulation
approx. 8 kg < 8 minutes17 h9 d
Type:
Shape:
Super Insulation:
Fuel tank Capacity: Refuelling Time:Start Boil-off*:Holding Time*:
*Basis: half-full Tank
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 20
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BMW Hydrogen 7Operating Principle
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 21
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 22
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BMW Hydrogen 7 Safety Features.Vehicle Tests.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 23
Tests throughout the whole year:
- High speed routes - Testing in cold regions- Testing in hot regions> 1 mio. testing-kilometres
H2 technology - tested for the user.
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BMW Hydrogen 7Active Safety System
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 24
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BMW Hydrogen 7Active Safety System
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 25
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BMW Hydrogen 7Passive Safety System
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 26
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BMW Hydrogen 7. Interior Design Features.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 27
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Pioneering the H2-Infrastructure. In Europe, USA and Japan.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 28
H2Win
Environmental Protection Agency/ DaimlerChrysler/ UPS (Michigan)
FreedomCAR/FreedomFUEL
CUTE Clean Urban Transport for
Europe & ECTOS Ecological City
Transport System & STEP
SINERGY (Singapore)
Lighthouse Projekte(EU)
NEDO
HyLights
JHFCJapan Hydrogen
and Fuel Cell Demonstration
Project
Fleet operators/ Prototypes
TESTransport Energy
Strategy
CEPClean Energy Partnership
China
HyWays
Californian Hyway
Californian Fuel Cell Partnership
DOEDepartment of
Energy
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CleanEnergy Partnership CEP Berlin. Hydrogen Demonstration Project.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 29
Publicly available, integrated Hydrogen Filling Stations:ARAL Messedamm TOTAL Heerstraße
Test and Demonstration of:
Production, Transport and Distribution of H2Storage and Refuelling of H2Operation, Service and Maintenance of H2 Vehicles
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Future Hydrogen Demand for Transport. Start of Market Penetration not before 2020.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 30
Source: International Energy Agency, Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, 2005
IEA Scenario Parameter
E: Environmental Policy
S: Supply Security
T: Technology Process
E: Economic Conditions
C: Competing Options
Start of market penetration for hydrogen as fuel not before 2020Further development & growth strongly dependent on policy factors and technological progressFeasible demand projections today impossible!
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Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 31
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World Technical Potential for H2from Wind and Solar Power.15 - 30- fold Coverage of World Fuel Requirements.
1.00
0 TW
h/a
World fuel requirements
H2(Solar thermal power)
BTLH2(Wind power)
800
600
400
25
0
Source: IfE, Lehrstuhl für Energie- und Anwendungstechnik, Prof. U. WagnerEnergie aus Biomasse, M. Kaltschmitt, H. Hartmann Hrsg., 2001
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Future Hydrogen Demand for Transport in the EU. Initial Concentration on few “Lighthouse Regions”.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 32
Common position of following industry partners:
Phase I until 2010: Technology Development and Cost Reduction. Bundling of hydrogen demand for cars to one pilot region in Europe
Phase II from 2010 to approx. 2015: Pre-commercial Technology Refinement and Market Preparation. Further build up of infrastructure in one European pilot region and for buses in a few selected European regions
Phase III starting around 2015: Commercialisation. Ramp-up of production leading to mass production within at least 10 years for every OEM.
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The Hydrogen Circle.Conclusion.
Sustainable H2WorkshopApril 11th 2007Page 33
Production of Hydrogen from unlimited available sources
Distributionand Refuelling
Utilization and technology of Hydrogen
H2A closedcircle