hydrogen applications in automobiles

8/10/2019 Hydrogen Applications in Automobiles

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MECHEAVEN 2006

Paper Presentation on

HYDROGEN APPLICATIONS IN ATOMO!ILES"

!#

Nileshkumar subhash kadam Vaibhav Arun Chausalkar

T.E. Mechanical Engineering, T.E. Mechanical Engineering,

K.K. Wagh IEER, Nashik. K.K. Wagh IEER, Nashik.

nileshkadam1!"#redi$$mail.c%m vabs&&'#si$(.c%m


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In$e%

A&stra't 1

H#$ro(en &asi's

)(dr%gen as a $uel

The im*%r+ance %$ h(dr%gen +echn%l%g(

H#$ro(en pro$)'tion

)(dr%gen use +%da(

)(dr%gen *r%duc+i%n me+h%ds

-+eam re$%rming %$ na+ural gas

Elec+r%l(sis

H#$ro(en as a po*er so)r'e +or ,e-i'.es

uel cells !

)(dr%gen /se in In+ernal C%mbus+i%n Engines 0

Transportation o+ -#$ro(en

eliver( and s+%rage 0

)(dr%gen s+%rage %n2b%ard '

)(dr%gen re$ueling s+a+i%ns "

Sa+et# Iss)es

)(dr%gen -a$e+( vs. 3+her uels "

)(dr%gen sa$e+( e4ui*men+s in vehicles 5

E%a/p.es o+ H#$ro(en Po*ere$ Ve-i'.es 1&

Con'.)sion 1&

Re+eren'es 1&


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HYDROGEN APPLICATIONS IN ATOMO!ILES

A&stra't

)(dr%gen has l%ng been adv%ca+ed as a +rans*%r+a+i%n $uel $%r a varie+( %$

reas%ns6 as a means %$ res*%nding +% $%ssil $uel res%urce scarci+( and as a means %$

im*r%ving envir%nmen+al 4uali+(. In+eres+ in h(dr%gen has recen+l( been rene7ed,

7hich is seen as +he devel%*men+ %$ numer%us h(dr%gen research ac+ivi+ies ar%und +he

7%rld and, m%s+ n%+abl(, inves+men+s b( ma8%r au+%m%bile manu$ac+urers in $uel cell

cars and h(dr%gen2$uelled in+ernal c%mbus+i%n engine devel%*men+. Recen+ advances

in $uel cell +echn%l%gies have als% *la(ed a r%le. inall(, h(dr%gen %$$ers +he *%+en+ial

$%r a$$%rdable, c%m*ac+, silen+, e$$icien+, emissi%n2$ree energ( $%r +rans*%r+a+i%n $r%m

9unlimi+ed: res%urces.

M%s+ %$ +he recen+ in+eres+ in h(dr%gen is due +% c%ncerns ab%u+ carb%n

di%;ide %+h +echn%l%gies are brie$l( in+r%duced in +his

*a*er. Als% a real2li$e a**lica+i%n %$ 7%rlds leading au+%m%bile manu$ac+urer is als%

*resen+ed.

e# *or$s6 $uel cell, h(dr%gen2$uelled in+ernal c%mbus+i%n engine, h(dr%gen2

*%7ered vehicle +echn%l%g(.


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H#$ro(en

&asi's

H#$ro(en as a +)e.

)(dr%gen has +he highes+ energ( c%n+en+ *er uni+ 7eigh+ %$ an( kn%7n $uel


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*r%duced each (ear is used mainl( $%r chemicals, *e+r%leum re$ining, me+als, and

elec+r%nics.

H#$ro(en pro$)'tion /et-o$s

Al+h%ugh h(dr%gen is +he m%s+ abundan+ elemen+ in +he universe, i+ d%es n%+

na+urall( e;is+ in i+s elemen+al $%rm %n Ear+h. I+ mus+ be *r%duced $r%m %+her

c%m*%unds such as 7a+er, bi%mass, %r $%ssil $uels. )(dr%gen can be *r%duced +hr%ugh

+hermal, elec+r%l(+ic, %r *h%+%l(+ic *r%cesses a**lied +% $%ssil $uels, bi%mass, %r 7a+er.

Stea/ re+or/in( o+ nat)ra. (as

)(dr%gen *r%duc+i%n $r%m na+ural gas c%mm%nl( em*l%(s a *r%cess kn%7n as

s+eam re$%rming. -+eam re$%rming %$ na+ural gas inv%lves +7% s+e*s. The ini+ial *hase

inv%lves rendering +he na+ural gas in+% h(dr%gen


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An elec+r%chemical cell in 7hich +he energ( %$ a reac+i%n be+7een a $uel, such

as li4uid h(dr%gen, and an %;idan+, such as li4uid %;(gen, is c%nver+ed direc+l( and

c%n+inu%usl( in+% elec+rical energ(.

or3in(4

The basic 7%rking *rinci*le %$ a single $uel cell is +% c%mbine h(dr%gen and

%;(gen +% genera+e elec+rici+( and 7a+er. The %;(gen can be +aken $r%m surr%unding

a+m%s*here. A $uel cell c%nsis+s %$ +7% elec+r%des, a nega+ivel( charged an%de and a

*%si+ivel( charged ca+h%de, sand7iched +%ge+her ar%und an elec+r%l(+e. The h(dr%gen

is $ed in+% +he an%de side %$ +he cell 7here i+ enc%un+ers a ca+al(s+. The ca+al(s+ s+ri*s

+he nega+ivel( charged elec+r%ns $r%m +he h(dr%gen, 7hich are +hen r%u+ed %u+ %$ +he

cell +hr%ugh an e;+ernal circui+. The h(dr%gen i%ns


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The main c%m*%nen+s %$ a $uel cell s(s+em are h(dr%gen s+%rage, $uel cell

s+ack, ba++er( and elec+ric m%+%r. The elec+rici+( crea+ed b( a $uel cell is C2energ(,

and +he v%l+age de*ends %n +he am%un+ $uel cells c%nnec+ed in series a+ +he $uel cell

s+ack, s% +he C@C2c%nver+er ma( als% be re4uired.

The vehicle seen ab%ve uses *ure h(dr%gen, s+%red %nb%ard in a highl(

*ressuriDed +ank. There are vehicles designed +% use a li4uid $uel such as gas%line %r

me+han%l, 7hich is s+%red in a c%nven+i%nal, n%n2*ressuriDed +ank. Vehicles using

+hese $uels als% need a re$%rmer, a $uel *r%cess%r +ha+ breaks d%7n +he $uel in+%

h(dr%gen $%r +he $uel cell, carb%n di%;ide, and 7a+er. Al+h%ugh +his *r%cess genera+es

carb%n di%;ide, i+ *r%duces much less +han +he am%un+ genera+ed b( gas%line2*%7ered

vehicles.

The $uel cells *r%ducing +he elec+rical energ( $%r +he elec+ric m%+%r are arranged in

a s+ack. T(*icall(, $uel cell s+ack c%nsis+ %$ several hundreds %$ individual $uel cells.

>a++er( is em*l%(ed +% s+%re +he elec+rici+( *r%duced $r%m regenera+ive braking %r

$r%m +he $uel cell s+ack. The *%7er c%n+r%ller uni+


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H#$ro(en se in Interna. Co/&)stion En(ines

In+ernal c%mbus+i%n engines %*era+e b( burning $uel +% crea+e hea+, 7hich is

c%nver+ed in+% mechanical energ( and +hen m%+ive *%7er %r, b( +urning a genera+%r,

elec+ric *%7er. The e$$icienc( %$ +his c%nversi%n *r%cess is grea+l( a$$ec+ed b( l%sses%$ 7as+e hea+ and $ric+i%n.

)(dr%gen can be c%mbus+ed in +he same manner as gas%line %r na+ural gas. The

bene$i+ %$ using h(dr%gen c%mbus+i%n %ver $%ssil $uel c%mbus+i%n is +ha+ i+ releases

$e7er emissi%ns, because +he 7a+er is +he %nl( ma8%r b(*r%duc+. N% carb%n di%;ide is

emi++ed, and ni+r%gen %;ides, *r%duced b( a reac+i%n 7i+h +he ni+r%gen in +he air, can

be signi$ican+l( l%7er +han 7i+h +he c%mbus+i%n %$ $%ssil $uels. This +echn%l%g( is

$airl( 7ell devel%*ed 7i+hin +he s*ace shu++le engineering. 3+her c%mbus+i%n

a**lica+i%ns are being researched, such as ne7 designs %$ c%mbus+i%n e4ui*men+

s*eci$icall( $%r h(dr%gen in +urbines and engines. Als% a l%+ %$ h(dr%gen in+ernal

c%mbus+i%n engine vehicles are alread( been dem%ns+ra+ed. Als%, +he c%mbus+i%n %$

h(dr%gen blends is being *rac+iced, as blends have been sh%7n +% emi+ $e7er

*%llu+an+s +han *ure $%ssil.

3ne %$ +hese kinds %$ h(dr%gen blends is called h(+hane, 7hich is a mi;+ure %$

h(dr%gen and me+hane. The idea %$ h(+hane is +% im*r%ve +he burning *r%*er+ies %$

na+ural gas b( adding h(dr%gen +% i+. This is +%*ical ma++er, because during +he near

$u+ure 7hen +he *ure h(dr%gen in$ras+ruc+ure is n%+ (e+ devel%*ed, +he h(dr%gen 7ill

be an e;*ensive min%ri+( $uel in vehicle $lee+s *%7ered m%s+l( b( $%ssil $uels.

)(+hane is being used in *ublic +rans*%r+a+i%n vehicles such as buses, and i+:s been

*r%ved +% emi+ much less N3; gases +han iden+ical buses +ha+ burn *ure na+ural gas.

De.i,er#

an$

stora(e

Transportation o+ -#$ro(en

There are several 7a(s +% +rans*%r+ h(dr%gen $r%m i+s *%in+ %$ manu$ac+ure +%

a c%nsuming si+e %r +% a $ur+her deliver( *%in+, e.g. h(dr%gen $illing s+a+i%n. In all, a

h(dr%gen energ( in$ras+ruc+ure 7%uld include *r%duc+i%n and s+%rage $acili+ies,

s+ruc+ures and me+h%ds $%r +rans*%r+ing h(dr%gen, $ueling s+a+i%ns $%r h(dr%gen

*%7ered a**lica+i%ns, and +echn%l%gies +ha+ c%nver+ +he $uel in+% energ( +hr%ugh end2

use s(s+ems +ha+ *%7er buildings, vehicles, and *%r+able a**lica+i%ns. )(dr%gen c%uld

"


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be +rans*%r+ed +hr%ugh *i*elines %r via c(linders and +ube +railers, and cr(%genic

+ankers, 7i+h a small am%un+ shi**ed b( rail %r barge.

Gi*elines *r%vide an e$$icien+ 7a( $%r +rans*%r+ing h(dr%gen, bu+ due +% +he

c%ns+ruc+i%n c%s+s %$ a *i*eline ne+7%rk, +he( usuall( demand high v%lumes %$

h(dr%gen +% +rans*%r+ and +here$%re are n%+ 7idel( used. C%ncerns regarding +he

7eakening %$ carb%n s+eel *i*es in a *r%cess called h(dr%gen embi++ermen+ are being

addressed. Al+erna+e deliver( $%rms such as +he +rans*%r+ %$ h(dr%gen in sa$e

c%m*%unds %r chemical $%rms, are being devel%*ed +% ge+ h(dr%gen +% end2use si+es

%n an as2needed and real +ime usage basis.

H#$ro(en stora(e on5&oar$

)(dr%gen can be s+%red as a gas %r li4uid %r in a chemical c%m*%und using a

varie+( %$ +echn%l%gies.

Cr(%genic c%n+ainers

i4uid h(dr%gen is s+%red in cr(%genic c%n+ainers, 7hich re4uires less v%lume

+han gas s+%rage. )%7ever, +he li4ue$ac+i%n %$ h(dr%gen c%nsumes large 4uan+i+ies %$

elec+ric *%7er, e4uivalen+ +% ab%u+ %ne2+hird +he energ( value %$ +he h(dr%gen.

Me+al h(drides

)(dr%gen can be s+%red in me+al h(drides. Me+als are generall( all%(ed +%

%*+imiDe b%+h +he s(s+em 7eigh+ and +he +em*era+ure a+ 7hich +he h(dr%gen can be

rec%vered. When +he h(dr%gen needs +% be used, i+ is released $r%m +he h(dride under

cer+ain +em*era+ure and *ressure c%ndi+i%ns, and +he all%( is res+%red +% i+s *revi%us

s+a+e.

Carb%n2based s+%rage

)(dr%gen s+%rage in carb%n s+ruc+ures is achieved chemicall( in $ullerenes %r

b( *h(sical s%r*+i%n in carb%n nan%+ubes. These *r%cesses are c%n+r%lled +hr%ugh

+em*era+ure and *ressure.

Ever( s+%rage me+h%d has i+s %7n advan+ages and disadvan+ages. %r ins+ance,

a li4uid s+%rage s(s+em l%ses u* +% 1B a da( b( b%iling and u* +% &B during $illing,

as 7ell as re4uiring insula+i%n +% kee* +he h(dr%gen a+ & K +em*era+ure. Has

c%n+ainers su$$er $r%m *ermeabili+( %$ +he +ank h%using and high energ( in*u+ +%

achieve *ressuriDa+i%n. )(drides reduce +he risk $ac+%rs %$ gase%us %r li4uid h(dr%gen.

)%7ever, +he large des%r*+i%n energ( re4uired as 7ell as +he 7eigh+ and c%s+ %$ an(

resul+ing s(s+em makes me+al h(drides less +han ideal $%r au+%m%+ive a**lica+i%ns.The m%re recen+l( disc%vered nan%ma+erials such as gra*hic nan%$ibres


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carb%n nan%+ubes


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densi+( %$ &.&"55g@li+er making i+ ligh+er +han +he surr%unding air. This als% means

+ha+ h(dr%gen ra*idl( dissi*a+es i$ released in+% +he a+m%s*here %r s*illed %n+% +he

gr%und. When c%m*aring energ( densi+( b( 7eigh+ %$ all $uels, h(dr%gen rises +%

number %ne *%si+i%n. 3n +he %+her hand, h(dr%gen ranks las+ 7hen c%m*aring energ(

densi+( b( v%lume. )(dr%gen *%ssesses .0 kWh@li+er as a li4uid, na+ural gas

c%n+ains F." kWh@li+er and gas%line regis+ers a+ ".'0 kWh@li+er. These $ac+s are

relevan+ +% +he anal%g( %$ +he siDe %$ a h(dr%gen +ank and +he siDe %$ a c%m*arable

gas%line +ank as 7ell as +he e;*l%si%n haDard ass%cia+ed 7i+h +he $uels.

There are als% s%me im*%r+an+ $ac+s +ha+ clearl( su**%r+ +he use %$ h(dr%gen as

a $uel. irs+ %$ all, h(dr%gen is n%n2+%;ic. Has%line and %il are +%;ic and *%is%n%us +%

human and 7ildli$e 7hen released in+% +he envir%nmen+. I$ a h(dr%gen s*ill %ccurred,

+he h(dr%gen 7%uld eva*%ra+e alm%s+ immedia+el( leaving %nl( 7a+er behind. 3il and

gas%line, %n +he %+her hand, re4uire immense cleanu* e$$%r+s 7i+h +he resul+ being +ha+

m%s+ %$ +he s*illed gas%line %r %il see*s in+% +he surr%unding ec%s(s+em causing severe

harm.

An%+her in+eres+ing *%in+ is +ha+ h(dr%gen re4uires a higher c%ncen+ra+i%n in

+he a+m%s*here +han %+her $uels. When h(dr%gen a**r%aches levels %$ !B

c%ncen+ra+i%n in +he a+m%s*here, +he *%ssibili+( %$ i+ igni+ing increases grea+l(. This

c%ncen+ra+i%n level d%es n%+ seem high, bu+ 7hen c%m*ared +% gas%line, 7hich is 1B,

h(dr%gen %$$ers a signi$ican+l( l%7er risk %$ e;*l%si%n. The *r%blem here is +ha+ i+ is

n%+ easil( n%+iced 7hen +here is an increased c%ncen+ra+i%n %$ h(dr%gen in +he air,

7hereas gas%line can easil( be smelled in +he air in a ver( small c%ncen+ra+i%ns.

H#$ro(en sa+et# e7)ip/ents in ,e-i'.es

es*i+e s%me *re8udices addressed %n +he h(dr%gen, i+ has a l%ng his+%r( %$

sa$e use in +he chemical and aer%s*ace indus+ries. T% $acili+a+e h(dr%gen sa$e+(, an

im*%r+an+ research area is +he devel%*men+ %$ h(dr%gen sens%rs +% de+ec+ leaks and

m%ni+%r gas *uri+(. %r e;am*le in /ni+ed -+a+es, The Na+i%nal Rene7able Energ(

ab%ra+%r( researchers are devel%*ing a $iber %*+ic sens%r c%n$igura+i%n +ha+ is

inheren+l( sa$e and resis+an+ +% elec+r%magne+ic in+er$erence. In addi+i%n +% devel%*ing

+he sens%r i+sel$, researchers are devel%*ing *r%+ec+ive and sel$2cleaning %ver la(er

c%a+ing $%r +he sens%r. 3+her %**%r+uni+ies $%r sens%r devel%*men+ include +he

devel%*men+ %$ 7ide2area visible h(dr%gen sens%rsJ assess l%72c%s+ sens%r arra(s,

s*eci$icall( addressing +he +rans$er %$ ins+rumen+ calibra+i%n be+7een devices and +hes+abili+( %$ devices %ver +ime. I+ is als% an aim +% e;*l%re +he a**lica+i%n %$ ge++ering

11


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*%l(mer $ilms $%r c%a+ing %n+% *i*e and 8%ined sur$aces, ge++ering gaske+ ma+erials

based %n Te$l%n c%m*%si+e ma+erials, and +he inc%r*%ra+i%n %$ sens%r chemical in+%

+he c%a+ing and gaske+ ma+erials.

E%a/p.es o+ H#$ro(en Po*ere$ Ve-i'.es

>eing a7are %$ +he im*%r+ance %$ devel%*ing cleaner +echn%l%gies +% +he

+rans*%r+a+i%n indus+r(, ever( ma8%r au+%maker is in+r%ducing +heir %7n dem%ns+ra+i%n

%$ a h(dr%gen2*%7ered vehicle. >%+h in+ernal c%mbus+i%n engines MW:s 'F&h sedan, h(dr%gen is used in in+ernal

c%mbus+i%n engine. The car can run %n ei+her li4ue$ied h(dr%gen %r gas%line. Wi+h i+s

bivalen+ F.! li+er and 12c(linder V2engine ma;imum s*eed %$ 0 km@h%ur has been

measured. The h(dr%gen is s+%red as a li4uid in a 1!& li+er +ank. In h(dr%gen drive,

car:s range is a**r%;ima+el( F& kil%me+ers. es*i+e an IC engine, >MW ' -eries

vehicles d% have a $uel cell %n b%ard ins+ead %$ a c%nven+i%nal ba++er( and an

al+erna+%r. The cells *r%duce elec+rici+( $%r +he elec+rical a**liances %$ +he vehicle, e.g.

air c%ndi+i%ning.

Con'.)sion4

I$ 7e c%nsider ab%u+ +he greenh%use gases, 7hich are *r%duced in en%rm%us

am%un+s each (ear +hr%ugh%u+ +he 7%rld, +he h(dr%gen +echn%l%g( c%uld be a

signi$ican+ $ac+%r in reducing +h%se emissi%ns, es*eciall( i$ +he h(dr%gen is *r%duced

using rene7able res%urces, nuclear *%7er, %r clean $%ssil +echni4ues.

)(dr%gen c%uld als% 8%in elec+rici+( as an im*%r+an+ energ( carrier. An energ(

carrier +ha+ s+%res, m%ves, and delivers energ( in a usable $%rm +% c%nsumers.

Al+h%ugh, +he use %$ h(dr%gen is n%+ an e$$ec+ive ch%ice acc%rding +% i+s c%s+,

bu+ $u+ure research 7ill cer+ainl( make i+ a sa$e and c%s+2e$$ec+ive $uel.

Re+eren'es4

/.-. e*+. %$ Energ(, 777.eere.%rg

The In+erna+i%nal >MW 7ebsi+e, 777.bm7.c%m

The Na+i%nal Rene7able Energ( ab%ra+%r(, 777.nrel.g%v@h(dr%gen

The 3nline uel Cell In$%rma+i%n Cen+er, 777.$uelcells.%rg

1

hydrogen applications in automobiles

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