“HYDRO POWER PLANT”

PREPARED BY :

DISHANT PATEL 140123109009

VISHAL GOHEL 140123109003

JAY PANCHAL 140123109007

MANTHAN PANCHAL 140123109008

GUIDED BY : Prof. Rahil Parikh

Gandhinagar Institute of Technology.

CONTENTS:IntroductionSite selectionSchematic diagramWorking Elements of HPSClassification of HPSTypes of turbineAdvantages & DisadvantagesComparisonPower plant in gujarat

INTRODUCTION In Hydro Power Plant the water is utilized to move

the turbines which in turn run the electric generator’s.

The Potential energy of the water stored in the dam gets converted into the Kinetic Energy of the moving water in the penstock. And this Kinetic Energy gets converted into the Electrical Energy with the help of Turbine & Generator combination.

Hydro Power Plant was invented by H.F. Rogers.

Hydro power = WQH × n × 9.81 watts

SITE SELECTION1. Availability of water

– All other designs are based on it.– Estimate should be made about the average

quantity of water available throughout the year and also about maximum and minimum quantity of water available during the year.

– These details are necessary to decide the capacity of the hydropower plant, and

– It also provide adequate spillways or gate relief during flood period.

2. Water storage– Since there a is wide variation in rainfall during

the year, therefore it is necessary to store the water for continuous generation of power. The storage capacity can be calculated with the help of mass curve.

– The two types of storages in use are1. The storage is so constructed that it can make water

available for power generation for one year only.

2. Water is available in sufficient quantity even during the worst dry periods.

3. Water head– In order to generate a requisite quantity of power it

is necessary that a large quantity of water at sufficient head should be available.

– An increase in effective head for a given output, reduces the quantity of water required to be supplied to the turbines.

4. Accessibility of site– The site where hydro-electric plant is to be

constructed should be easy accessible. This is important if the electric power generated is to be utilized at or near the plant site.

– The site selected should have transportation facilities of rail and road.

5. Distance from the load centre– Power plant should be set up near the load centre,

this will reduce the cost of maintenance of transmission line.

6. Type of the land of the site– The land to be selected for the site should be

cheap and rocky.– The ideal site will be one where the dam will have

largest catchment area to store water at high head and will be economical in construction.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

WORKING Initially the water of the river is in Catchments Area.

From catchments area the water flows to the dam.

At the dam the water gets accumulated . Thus the potential energy of the water increases due to the height of the dam .

When the gates of the dam are opened then the water moves with high Kinetic Energy into the penstock.

Through the penstock water goes to the turbine house.

Since the penstock makes water to flow from high altitude to low altitude, Thus the Kinetic Energy of the water is again raised.

In the turbine house the pressure of the water is controlled by the controlling valves as per the requirements.

The controlled pressurized water is fed to the turbine.

Due to the pressure of the water the light weight turbine rotates.

Due to the high speed rotation of the turbine the shaft connected between the turbine and the generator rotates .

Due to the rotation of generator the ac current is produced.

This current is supplied to the powerhouse .

From powerhouse it is supplied for the commercial purposes.

ELEMENTS OF HPS1. CATCHMENT AREA :

2. RESERVOIR :

3. DAM :

The whole area behind the clam training into a stream as river across which the dam has been built at suitable place is called catchments area.

A reservoir is employed to store water which is further utilized to generate power by running the hydroelectric turbines.

A dam is a barrier which confines or raise water for storage or diversion to create a hydraulic head.

Dam’s are generally made of concrete, Stone masonary, Rock fill or Timber.

4. SPILWAYS :

5. SURGE TANK :

6. PENSTOCKS :

Spill Way’s is a kind of canal provided besides the dam.

Spill Way’s is used to arrange the excess of accumulation of water on the dam because excess accumulation of water may damage the dam structure.

Penstock is the connecting pipe between the dam & the turbine house.

It helps to increase the kinetic energy of the water coming from the dam.

Penstock is made up of a very strong material which can sustain the high pressure of water.

Surge tank is used to absorb the fluctuation in pressure caused due to changing demand of water quantity.

7. POWER HOUSE : The power house is a building in which the turbines, alternator

and other auxiliary are housed.

8.TAIL RACE : Tail race is a passage for discharging the water leaving the

turbines, into the river.

9.SWICH YARD FOR TRANSMISSION OF POWER :

The electrical equipment of a hydro-electric power station includes like transformer, circuit breaker & other switching & protective devices.

CLASSIFICATION OF HPS

1. LOW HEAD PLANTS :

Low head hydro power applications use river current or tidal flows of 60 meters or less to produce energy.

These applications do not need to dam or retain water to create hydraulic head, the head is only a few meters.

Using the current of a river or the naturally occurring tidal flow to create electricity may provide a renewable energy source that will have a minimal impact on the environment.

• MEDIUM HEAD PLANT :

A power station operating under heads from 60m to 300m.

3. HIGH HEAD PLANTS :

A power station operating under heads above about 300m.A head of 200m/250m is considered as the limit between

medium and high head power stations.

Figure- high head hydropower plant

1. Impulse Turbine

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

Impulse turbine : One in which all the energy of water is converted to kinetic energy before the water strikes the vanes of the runner wheel.

This is done by passing the flow through nozzle or some guidelines.

The runner is rotated by the force of water and water passes over the wheel at atmospheric pressure.

2. Reaction Turbine : Here, water entering the runner wheel of the turbine has both kinetic energy and pressure energy that is total head of water striking the runner wheel ,consist partly of pressure head.

E.g.- Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine

ADANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:

No fuel charges, Running cost almost nil, No stand by losses, Highly reliable, Efficiency does not decrease with time, Construction and operation wise very simple, Maintenance cost very less, Starts quickly and synchronizes fast, Minimum staff when plant is operational, No ash problems thus pollution free,Also useful in flood control and irrigation and

drinking water purpose, Comparatively quiet long life.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:

Higher initial cost,

Takes long time of erection,

Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses increases,

Totally dependent on the availability of water,

Larger area required,

Period of installation time is high,

COMPARISON OF HYDRO,THERMAL & NULCEAR POWER PLANT:

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN GUJARAT

STATE NAME OF POWER PLANT

LOCATION RIVER

CAPACITY(MW)

GUJARAT

SARDAR SAROVAR DAM NARMADA 1450

UKAI TAPI 305

KADANA MAHI 242

REFRENCES :

Dr. D.M.Patel

Wikipedia

Thank You