hydro link - École polytechnique fédérale de lausanne · often willing to change his views in...

NUMBER4/ 2012INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRO-ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

HYDRODYNAMICPROCESSES IN CURVED CHANNELS SEE PAGE 106

CHENGDU WELCOMESYOU IN 2013SEE PAGE 120

FIELD-SCALE EXPERIMENTATIONSEE PAGE 114

SPECIAL ISSUE ON FLUID MECHANICS

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Many centuries, millennia have passed by sinceArchimedes gave us the fundamental principlesof hydrostatics in his work On Floating Bodies(around 250 BC). We can consider that work asthe starting point of the fluid mechanics disci-pline. Archimedes also formulated the first non-destructive method in history to determine theamount of gold contained in the crown of Hiero II,king of Syracuse. There were no calculationseven with the great need for water supply andtransportation.Aside from Archimedes Sextus Julius Frontinus(30-104 AD) wrote the oldest treaty on thehydraulic technique, “De aquis urbis Romae”.Less well-known, but no less important, is thework of Islamic scientists, particularly AbuRayhan Biruni (973–1048 AD) and later Al-Khazini(1115-1130 AD) who were the first to apply exper-imental scientific methods to fluid mechanics, especially in the field offluid statics, such as for determining specific weights. They applied themathematical theories of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, and intro-duced algebraic and fine calculation techniques into the field of fluidstatics. In the 9th century, the Banū Mūsā brothers wrote the wonderful“Book of Ingenious Devices” which describes a number of earlyautomatic controls in fluid mechanics.

Further progress in fluid mechanics was made by Leonardo Da Vinci(1452-1519) who built the first chambered canal lock near Milan. He alsomade several attempts to study flight and developed some concepts onthe origin of the forces.After this initial work, knowledge of fluid mechanics increasingly gainedspeed thanks to the contributions of Galileo Galilei, who introduced theso-called “scientific method”. By the standards of his time, Galileo wasoften willing to change his views in accordance with observation. Inorder to perform his experiments, Galileo had to set up standards oflength and time, so that measurements made on different days and indifferent laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion. Thisprovided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical lawsusing inductive reasoning. Galileo observed that two elements arenecessary in the scientific method: 1) experience and 2) demonstration.Other developments in Fluid Mechanics followed Galileo’s work, thanksto the contributions of Castelli, Torricelli, Euler, Newton, the Bernoullifamily, and D’Alembert. At this stage theory and experiments stillshowed some discrepancy. This fact was acknowledged by D’Alembertwho stated that “The theory of fluids must necessarily be based uponexperiment.”Until the end of the eighteenth century the theoretical developments offluid mechanics had a negligible impact on engineering. This situationbegan to change with the contributions of Antoine de Chézy (1718-

1798), Henri Navier (1785-1835), Gaspard Coriolis(1792-1843), Henry Darcy (1803-1858) and manyother researchers and engineers. During the mid-1800s important results wereobtained thanks to the work of the French doctorJean Poiseuille (1797-1869), who, studying bloodcirculation, established the law of viscous laminarflows in circular ducts. The work of Poiseuille can beconsidered as one of the first attempts to apply fluidmechanics to bio-engineering, a theme of greatinterest today. Asis well-known, in that same periodfurther advances were made by George Stokes(1819-1903), Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912),William Froude (1810-1879), Giovanni BattistaVenturi (1746-1822) and, then, by Lord Kelvin(1824-1907), Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) and Sir

Horace Lamb (1849-1934). Successively, enormousconsequences on a practical level were obtained thanks to the work onthe boundary layer by Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953) and his colleaguesTheodore von Karman (1881-1963), Paul Blasius (1883-1970) andJohann Nikuradse (1894-1979).Many questions are still open and unresolved in the (turbulent) fasci-nating history of Fluid Mechanics, such as the need for a deeperknowledge of the turbulence. On this point, how can we forgetBradshaw’s quotation: “Turbulence was probably invented by the Devilon the seventh day of Creation when the Good Lord wasn’t looking” (P.Bradshaw, Experiments in Fluids, 16, 203, 1994)?What will be the development of fluid mechanics in the comingdecades? Although it is difficult to make predictions, I think thatbiomedical engineering is a fascinating research area where co-operation between experts of fluid mechanics and human physiologywill have an increasing interest. In addition, fluid mechanics will havemore and more impact in the field of environment protection,contributing in various ways to the development and welfare of oursociety. The recommendation to explore this research field is verystrong, considering that now connections to physics, geology, geomor-phology, erosion science, ecology, biology, plant physiology, etc. are tobe considered obvious. In the future, research teams which will be ableto co-operate between disciplines and which bring an open mind tonarrow and closes research areas, will surely be successful. It is time towork with the sole fascinating purpose of protecting this small space-craft which is our planet Earth. This is why this issue of Hydrolink is mainly devoted to Fluid Mechanics,presenting several articles on the subject and an interview with Prof.George Constantinescu, Chair of the Fluid Mechanics Committee ofIAHR.I would like to end this editorial by sending my Season’s Greetings toour readers.

Prof. Michele MossaTechnical University of Bari (Italy)Editor of [email protected]

THE (TURBULENT) FASCINATINGHISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICSEDITORIAL BY PROF. MICHELE MOSSA

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IN THIS ISSUEIAHRInternational Associationfor Hydro-EnvironmentEngineering and Research

IAHR SecretariatPaseo Bajo Virgen del Puerto, 328005 Madrid SPAINTel. : +34 91 335 79 08Fax. : +34 91 335 79 [email protected]

Editor:Michele Mossa, Technical University of Bari, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Contact us:

Estibaliz Serrano Publications ManagerIPD Programme Officer tel.: +34 91 335 79 86e-mail: [email protected]

Hydrolink Advisory BoardChair: Angelos Findikakis Bechtel National Inc., USA

Luis BalaironCEDEX –Ministry Public Works, Spain

Jean Paul ChabardEDF Research & Development, France

Jaap C.J. KwadijkDeltares, The Netherlands

Yoshiaki KuriyamaThe Port and Airport Research Institute, PARI, Japan

James SutherlandHR Wallingford, UK

Ole MarkDHI, Denmark

Jing PengChina Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Re-search, China

Luis Zamorano RiquelmeInstituto Nacional de Hidraulica INA, Chile

ISSN 1388-3445

Cover picture: Coherent structures on flow past a surface mounted porous cylinder.George Constantinescu.

EDITORIAL ..................................................................................98

IAHR PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 2013 ..........................100

CAN IAHR BE HELPFUL TO YOUNG RESEARCHERS AND PROFESSIONALS?Is IAHR iattractive to young researchers and young professionals and If it is not, then why? .........................................103

10 QUESTIONS TO... George Constantinescu, Chair of the IAHR Fluid MechanicsCommittee ......................................................................................104

HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES IN CURVEDCHANNELS: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TOENGINEERING APPLICATIONA summarize of research performed during the last 15 years on hydro-dynamic processes and their implications for rivermorphology, ecology, engineering and management. ..................106

MEANDERING RIVER ADJUSTMENTS OFEQUILIBRIUM – FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 2013 AND BEYONDThe word meandering is derived from the Menderes River, located in southwestern Turkey, and in ancient times known to the Greeks by Maiandros. ...........................................................110

FIELD-SCALE EXPERIMENTATION IN FLUVIAL HYDRODYNAMICS: EXPERIENCE AND PERSPECTIVESThe development of an alternative approach which combines field measurement studies with the techniques of control on experimental variables.. ............................................112

THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SHALLOW FLOWSIowa City, IA, June 4-6 2012 ...........................................................117

CHENGDU, A CHARMING CITY READY TOWELCOME YOU IN 2013Chengdu is famous as a “leisure city.” While you are walking on the street, you can easily find many local people enjoying their life in different ways,. ...............................................................120

A GLIMPSE OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIAA delegation of representatives from IAHR China Chapter and IAHR Hong Kong Chapter made a five-day visit to Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.....................................................123

21ST IAHR INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ICE 2012The Symposium on Ice was held at the International Convention Center of Dalian University of Technology in Dalian, China, from June 11 – 15, 2012. ........................................124

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR.Reflections on the Bologna Process ..............................................126

PEOPLE & PLACES ..............................................................127

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New WebsiteOne of our key challenges has been to developbetter communication between our members,our Madrid Secretariat, our committees etc. andby the time you receive this issue of Hydrolinkour new website will have become live. This isthe last major component of our new“Association Management System” which wehave been developing behind the scenes overthe past two years. The new accounts and backoffice systems were implemented early last yearand have enabled us to improve significantlyand streamline our membership managementand accounting activities in the Madrid Secre-tariat.

The new website is the public-facing part of thenew system and includes a wealth of new

Dear Members,At the beginning of the New Year I would firstlike to send you my very best wishes for thecoming year and I hope that the year aheadwill be a peaceful, prosperous and healthyone for you and your family. The past year has been my first full year inoffice and a time to continue to build onsome of the previous initiatives, and developnew initiatives, to address some of thechallenges our Association faces now and inthe future. Some of these key initiatives aresummarised below:

Prof. Roger A. FalconerCH2M HILL – Halcrow Professor, Cardiff University, UK

IAHR President

features compared with our old website. Webelieve our new system will allow us tostrengthen our community and facilitate the activities of our vital volunteer groups: n All members can access and update their ownpersonal records in their our own private andsecure on-line library – including adding information on expert fields, photographs and links to personal websites and otherdocuments;

n We are creating a library for the Proceedingsof IAHR Congresses and Symposia – accessible to all our members; and

n Committee (and Division and Working Group)leaders will be able to manage their activitieswithin dedicated “Communities” via thewebsite and share information and documentsand collaborate on Wiki articles and Blogs.

More information on our new platform will beprovided in upcoming issues of Hydrolink.

Connecting with PractitionersA major objective of my Presidency is toreconnect our current more science-basedcommunity with engineers in practice. In myview our current membership level is notsustainable and to increase our membership weneed to engage more with practitioners andmake our Association more attractive toconsultants, government departments and thehydro-environmental industry. In the early yearsof IAHR, and when I joined in 1980, ourmembers were both university teachers andresearchers and at the same time were active inpractice. As the world has become more globalthe two parts of our discipline have tended to

IAHR PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE


Practice-oriented papers and case studies areparticularly welcome. The Editor is TobiasBleninger and the Deputy Editor is Ramiro AurinLopera. Our new journal JAWER willcomplement our research-oriented journal JHRand our specialist rivers journal JRBM.

n Development of our Hydrolink membersmagazine

We will continue to strive to make our membersmagazine into a vibrant forum for presentinginnovation in research and practice in the formatof short and easily-readable articles. As part ofthis effort we have established an AdvisoryBoard comprising senior representatives ofleading practitioners from IAHR Institute

Members, from around the world, to work withthe Editor Michele Mossa in developing themesfor the coming issues and with a more practiceorientated focus. At the same time we will notforget the important value of Hydrolink as aforum for our members and we will furtherdevelop the non-themed part of Hydrolink as aplace to present our Association’s activities andmember news and views etc.

CongressesOver the years the IAHR World Congress, ourflagship meeting point every two years, hasbeen steadily growing with a high point beingthe 1500 delegates attending the IAHRVancouver Congress in 2009. Of coursesuccess is not measured only in numbers – butthe attendance at our Congresses does indicatethat our domain of interest is important. I wasalso delighted to note that the organisors of theBrisbane Congress managed to attract so manypractitioners to their meeting. I am also highlyoptimistic that the Chengdu Congress, whichwill take place this September, will maintain thissuccess. Certainly the location of Chengdu inSzichuan Province with its world-famousDujiangyan Irrigation system (a UNESCOheritage site) and the famous Panda Sanctuarywill add to the attraction of the Congress.

The current IAHR strategy is to increase supportfor our regional congresses in the even yearsand I had the honour last year of being the firstIAHR President in many years to attend all threeof our regional congresses – in Munich,Germany, in June; in Jeju, Korea, in August; andin San Jose, Costa Rica, in September. I wasdelighted and honoured to deliver keynoteaddresses at the first two congresses and jointlyopen the Latin-America Division Congress andsign a national agreement with the Costa RicaEngineers Association.

In addition to our World and RegionalCongresses, I also had the privilege of givingkeynote addresses at IAHR sponsored conferences, including our own 10th Hydro-informatics conference in Hamburg, Germany,in July; and the International Conference onHydroScience and Engineering in Orlando,USA, in November; I also attended the closingceremony of our Rivers 2012 conference in SanJose. At these events I was encouraged to see

separate to such an extent that very few profes-sional engineers now read our excellent flagshipjournal, namely the Journal of HydraulicResearch. At the same time I believe thatengineers in practice need more help from ouracademic community so that they can be keptabreast of the rapid innovations taking place,especially in numerical modelling, sensortechnology, renewable energy turbinetechnology, flood risk management etc.

To this end during the coming year I amdelighted to welcome several new initiativeswhich are aimed at making our Associationmore attractive to practitioners and which, indue course, I hope will benefit all of us byproviding the forum for practitioners to engagemore with our current community. Theseinclude:n Launch of our new Journal of Applied WaterEngineering and Research (JAWER) inpartnership with the World Council of CivilEngineers and Taylor and Francis

The first issue of our new peer-reviewed Journalwill be published in June as an online publi-cation. JAWER will specifically welcome paperson the application of research and practicalcase studies on all aspects of hydro-environment engineering and research.

IAHR

2013


some of the vibrant communities within ourAssociation at work and to realise the opportu-nities for closer collaboration between ourspeciality conferences and others and am keento encourage closer collaboration between ourHydroinformatics community and the ICHEcommunity.

Our Executive Director, Chris George, andmyself have also had preliminary discussionswith a number of other water associations abouthow we can work together more closely in thefuture, including: IWA, IAHS, IWRA, EWRI andCIWEM, and at the Chengdu Congress we arehosting a meeting of the Presidents of a numberof water associations to establish a frameworkas to how we might be able to take forward ajoint global initiative on Water Security. We hopethis will be just the start of a closer workingrelationship with other water associations andthat we can develop stronger partnerships withother such associations in the future.

These activities and initiatives are just a smallpart of all the activities which our varioustechnical committees have organised during theyear. The world faces ever increasing waterrelated challenges, as I realised when preparingmy keynote on extreme flood events for theICHE conference just a week after HurricaneSandy. For this disaster I noted that: over 140people lost their lives, 6.2 million were withoutpower, 1 million residents were ordered to leavetheir homes, 32 cm of rainfall fell over Maryland,29 hospitals lost power in New Jersey, 10,000flights were grounded globally, a 4 m tidal surgesent seawater into large parts of New York’ssubway, Oyster Creek nuclear power stationwas offline for maintenance, but officials saidSandy's storm surge was 15 cm off damagingits cooling system. This tragic disaster – like somany in recent years - highlights the crucialneed for our Association; that is a globalnetwork of high level expertise covering allaspects of hydro-environmental engineeringand research. However, it also highlights theneed for us to ensure that all our technicalcommittees and working groups etc. arecovering the key relevant topics of today. Withthis in mind I am currently working with theExecutive Committee and Secretariat to try andensure that we are more visible in key areassuch as: Water Security, Flood RiskManagement, Renewable Energy, and ClimateChange. If you have any other thoughts on keyhigh profile topics which we should beaddressing then please feel free to advise methrough the Secretariat or directly.

In the meantime, I would like to conclude thismessage by again extending to you my verybest wishes for 2013 and on behalf of IAHR Iwould like to express my sincere thanks to allthose members who have contributed so muchof their time to the committees, workshops,journal editorships, books, monographs etc.

and to all the Staff in Madrid who do such anexcellent job with limited resources. Finally, Iwould also like to express our sincere appreci-ation to CEDEX, who provide us with consid-erable support in terms of monetary and in-kindresources; without their support our fees wouldhave to rise considerably.

Flooded tunnel in New York City (Photo from Wikipedia).

Signing an agreement with the Costa Rica Engineers Association.

IAHR


IAHR

A first meeting of a new group within IAHR, the“Young Professionals” was held during theBrisbane IAHR Congress last summer. Thismeeting, organized by Ioana Popescu under theauspices of the Education and ProfessionalDevelopment Committee, was chaired by Mrs.Sharon Nunes (Vice President of Strategy &Integration Board IBM Corporation) with the aimof addressing specific issues, on how IAHR canhelp young scientists and professionals. To feedthe discussions, presentations of their personalexperience were made by young professionals,e.g. Sandra Soares Frazao (UCL, Belgium), Eva Fenrich (Univ. Stuttgart, Germany), George Constantinescu (Univ. of Iowa, USA),and Francesca de Serio (technical University ofBari, Italy)

The question that was identified was to firstknow if IAHR is attractive to young researchersand young professionals. If it is not, then why?Several reasons were pointed out to explain thelow participation and apparent lack of interest ofyoung researchers in IAHR. First of all theorganization itself is not well-known. It appearsthat the structure including the Council, thetechnical divisions and the technical

committees is not clear to all the researchers.Young researchers and professionals see thisorganization as a large body of often oldexperts, and do not see where they could playan active role.

Another reason that arose from the discussionsis the rapid turnover of young researchers.Indeed, who can take time for IAHR when thepressure for scientific production and publica-tions is so high? In a world of “publish orperish”, where young scientists often do nothave a clear vision of their future after the PhDor the PostDoc, giving their time to an associ-ation such as IAHR appears as something theycannot afford. What recognition can they obtainfrom such an involvement? Of course, all theactive members certainly will claim that there iscertainly a valuable recognition, but this is unfor-tunately not clear for most young researchersand even more for young professionals.

Finally, the sometimes unclear links with otherassociations involved in water-related fields wasalso pointed out as a reason for lessinvolvement of young researchers and profes-sional. What can IAHR bring that anotherassociation cannot?

However, despite this quite negative picture, thediscussions showed that opportunities foryoung researchers and professionals do exist.Many ideas were proposed, showing theinterest of the participants who, through theirattachment to IAHR, would like the associationto improve its image towards younger persons.

The Technical Committees, replacing the formerSections, are in the process of adopting astructure fostering a larger participation of themembers. Through the new IAHR website, infor-mation will be available in an attractive way topromote the activities of these committees.Initiatives especially devoted to youngresearchers already exist, such as the Master

Classes launched at the first River Flowconference, and now organized during othertypes of events. These mainly need betteradvertising to be known and to attract youngpeople. Similarly, the existing media library is afantastic tool for young researchers andprofessors in their teaching activities thatdeserves more visibility.

As was generally recognized by the partici-pants, IAHR has a lot to offer, and really shouldbe better known by the young generation. It isnow our task within the division to make all thegood ideas come true!

“Young researchersand professionalssee this organi-zation as a largebody of often oldexperts, and do notsee where theycould play an activerole.”

Sandra Soares-Frazão is an AssociateProfessor at Université Catholique deLouvain, Belgium and she is currentlythe Secretary of the IAHR IPD Division

Ioana Popescu is a Senior Lecturer inHydroinformatics at The UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education and she isalso the Chair of the IAHR Educationand Professional Development Committee

CAN IAHR BE HELPFUL TOYOUNG RESEARCHERS ANDPROFESSIONALS?BY SANDRA SOARES-FRAZÃO AND IOANA POPESCU


10George Constantinescu,Chair of the IAHR Fluid Mechanics Committee

Dr. Constantinescu is Associate Professor of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering at the University of Iowaand is an Associate Editor of the ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering and of the IAHR Journal ofHydraulic Research. He serves as the chair of theIAHR Fluid Mechanics Committee. He has co-authored 55 journal papers in the area of environ-mental fluid mechanics and hydraulics and more than100 conference papers.

between researchers who use mainly physical modelsand those who mainly use numerical models. What isyour opinion on this point?

I do not think that this is really the case! I would rather say that bothapproaches have advantages and disadvantages and that a joint approachis nearly always the best solution and worth pursuing. Much can be learntfrom the application of cutting edge experimental (e.g., particle imagevelocimetry) and numerical (e.g., highly resolved direct numericalsimulation, large eddy simulation-LES, large-scale predictive models)techniques to study the physics of flows and transport processes ofrelevance to river engineering.

4. Fluid Mechanics sweeps from topics that are verytheoretical to others that have an immediate technicaland engineering application. Sometimes this creates adiscrepancy in the possibility to obtain funds forresearch. What is the situation on this point in youruniversity and, generally speaking, in the USA?

It is true that, especially in US, it is very hard to get funding from theNational Science Foundation in what I would call classical hydraulics orriver engineering. The key is to link classical problems (e.g., sedimenttransport in rivers) to ‘hot’ research areas like river sustainability (e.g.,stream restoration, protection of endangered species like fish and fresh-water mussels, nutrient transport). The secret is to start by considering avery relevant applied problem and then to try to isolate the parts where fluidmechanics can be used to explain some of the fundamental mechanismsthat will help find answers to some of the more applied technical questions.

5. Recent environmental disasters have drawn majorpublic attention to the need to safeguard our seas,rivers, and lakes. What is your opinion on the potentialcontribution of Fluid Mechanics on the protection of theenvironment?

1. What do you think are the main questions in riverengineering where fluid mechanics can provide ananswer?

I think Fluid Mechanics can play a major role in answering three mainquestions related to present research challenges in river engineering:1) To what extent are the physics of flows dependent on scale effects? 2) How the physics changes between simpler geometries studied in thelaboratory in controlled environments and more realistic and complexgeometries that are characteristic of natural environments? 3) How does our understanding of river flows and their interaction withnatural elements can lead to better predictive models

2. What are the areas where fluid mechanics researchcan make an important impact as related to hydraulicsand water resources in general?

I think that new instrumentation which has become available over the last10-15 years together with the development of novel experimental andeddy-resolving numerical techniques helped us gain a better under-standing and increases the accuracy of our prediction of flows relevant tohydraulics and related transport and dispersion of heat, sediment andcontaminants, as well as fluid-driven ecological processes. Most of theflows of relevance to different areas of water resources occur over alluvialbeds, and investigations on morphodynamic processes in such flows area major current thrust of research. In many cases flow stratification,rotation and flow shallowness play an important role in determining thedynamics of such flows. In many aquatic environments, the interactionsamong flow, turbulence, vegetation, macroinvertebrates and otherorganisms as well as the transport and retention of particulate matter,have important consequences on the ecological health of rivers, marshesand coastal areas. In all these types of applications fluid mechanics playsa critical role.

3. Sometimes there is a sort of “competition”

INTERVIEWED BY MICHELE MOSSA, HYDROLINK EDITOR

QUESTIONSTO...


state-of-the-art experimental, field and numerical investigation methods,fostered collaboration and rapid dissemination of latest findings. Thesymposium provided an opportunity for discussing how novel methodsand techniques developed in a certain area of shallow flows can be usedinterchangeably in various fields and application areas of engineering andscience. The 3rd ISSF symposium was the first in the series to introduceecological aspects and large scale geophysical flows as main topics. Ishould also mention that a highlight of the symposium was the specialsession honoring the contributions of the late Prof. G. Jirka who was one ofthe strongest promoter of fluid mechanics research in IAHR.

9. I cannot avoid a question on the development of theknowledge of turbulence. Sir Horace Lamb said: “I aman old man now, and when I die and go to Heaven thereare two matters on which I hope for enlightenment.One is quantum electrodynamics and the other is theturbulent motion of fluids. And about the former I amrather optimistic.” Explain briefly to our readers thepotential development of this topic.

I think we are much closer to understanding turbulence and its effects. Asfar as hydraulics is concerned, major advances were reported in under-standing flow over rough beds, the coupling between turbulent flows andthe evolution of bedforms, 2-D turbulence which is important in shallowenvironments and how stratification affects turbulence structure. We have amuch better qualitative and quantitative idea about the role that large-scaleturbulence (macro turbulence) is playing in controlling momentum andmass transport. We also are much more aware that in some cases turbu-lence is subject not only to quantitative but also to qualitative changes asthe Reynolds number increases past a certain threshold. All this waspossible because of development of sophisticated experimental andnumerical techniques that resolve most of the relevant turbulent structuresin turbulent flows

10. As usual, in the last question you are free to directto our readers to send them a message of yours on atopic that is dear to your heart.

Given my research, I feel very strongly about the role that numericalsimulations which resolve the dynamics of the energetically importantcoherent structures in the flow can play in understanding some ‘oldproblems’ in river engineering. With the advent of large-scale parallelcomputing we can now talk of ‘numerical experiments’ that produce datasimilar to that obtained from a real experiment. Of course, this assumesthat the boundary conditions are specified in a way consistent with thephysical problem one simulates and that the meshes are fine enough toresolve the dynamically important eddies. What is exciting is that thismethod of investigating turbulent flows is not anymore restricted to verysimple geometries and to very low Reynolds numbers. Together withprogress in the development of near-wall models and hybrid RANS-LESapproaches, we are at the point where we can perform high-resolutioneddy-resolving simulations of flow and transport processes in naturalstreams of a length of several kilometers at field conditions. Given the factthat field experiments are very costly and data available from such experi-ments are fairly limited, especially in terms of spatial resolution, data fromhigh-resolution eddy resolving simulations can provide a lot of valuableinsight into flow and turbulence structures. This should allow us to betterunderstand the fundamental mechanisms that control the momentum andmass transport processes in critical regions of river networks (e.g. at riverconfluences).

I think prediction and monitoring of river- and hurricane-induced floods aremaybe the best example. For example, recent natural and anthropogenicdisasters such as floods, hurricane damage, oil spills and mudslides, havebeen critical components of the national discourse in US. The impacts offloods and the effects of failure of hydraulic structures during floods (e.g.,levees) is a major engineering problem in which fluid mechanics and, inparticular, computational fluid mechanics has a critical role to play. This isbecause floods are generally simulated using shallow flow models. We areat a point where we can simulate flood scenarios over very large areas.This is possible because of the development of robust and accurate 2Ddepth-averaged flow solvers and of numerical algorithms and codes thatscale well when run on hundreds and even thousands of processorsneeded to perform these simulations in a relatively short amount of time.

6. What do you think about the future development ofFluid Mechanics?

I think more and more Fluid Mechanics will come into play as we try toaddress multi-disciplinary problems related to important problems thatface our society. A good example is the field of eco-hydraulics that hasseen a huge growth over the last decade. For example, vegetation is veryimportant for maintaining the quality of water in rivers because of it’sefficiency for nutrient purification through the absorption, sedimentation,and biochemical functions of microbes around plant stems and roots. At amore general level, sustainability of river ecosystems, stream restorationand improvement of water quality are high stake challenges for our society.Our understanding of the interactions among flow, suspended particles,nutrients and river organisms play an important role in the health of thestream and needs to be refined. A multiple scale approach where physicalprocesses and biology are considered at each representative (basin, river,and organisms) scale is the obvious way to proceed. I am a strongadvocate of the use of state-of-the-art eddy-resolving experimental andnumerical techniques as a main way of investigating the physical mecha-nisms that underlie the biological and ecological functions of vegetation,macro invertebrates and other river organisms that play an important rolefor fluvial ecology processes

7. How do you think that IAHR could help this futuredevelopment of Fluid Mechanics?

I think IAHR is already doing the right thing by organizing a series of highprofile educational and scientific activities that try to emphasize therelevance of fluid mechanics beyond what I would call classical hydraulicsand river engineering. I am referring here in particular to IAHR events suchas the Environmental Summer School, the International Symposia onEnvironmental Hydraulics, Stratified Flows and Shallow Flows. Providing acommon forum for presentations and discussions at a thematic meetingfosters interdisciplinary research and collaboration, rapid dissemination oflatest findings, and provide an opportunity for discussing how novelmethods and techniques can be used interchangeably in various fieldsand application areas of engineering and science It is also a way for IAHRto be better known by the scientific community at large.

8. What was your experience with organizing a majorIAHR event which has a strong fluid mechanicscomponent? What was the secret for its success?

It was a very interesting and rewarding experience for me to organize the3rd International Symposium on Shallow Flows. Some 170 papers werepresented. The Symposium provided a common forum for discussionsamong researchers and groups active in shallow flows research using


This article summarizes some researchperformed during the last 15 years on hydro-dynamic processes and their implications forriver morphology, ecology, engineering andmanagement. The investigated processesinclude curvature-induced and turbulence-induced secondary flows, flow separation fromboundaries, shear layers and turbulence. Theseprocesses do occur in natural rivers andchannels and play a prominent role in, forexample bends, confluences and bifurcations.Three-dimensional flow processes enhancemixing and transport processes, but they alsoenhance the energy losses and thereby reducethe conveyance capacity. They have animportant influence on the sediment transportand lead to the formation of zones of depositionand scour, which may affect navigability orendanger structures like bridge piers,abutments and riverbanks. They also enhanceheterogeneity in substrate, flow andmorphology that may enrich habitat. Ongeological timescales, they affect the planformevolution of the river and the development ofthe floodplain stratigraphy, which is relevantwith respect to the exploration of hydrocarbons.The research described in this article, wasperformed in a collaboration that exploitssynergies between expertise in field experi-ments, laboratory experiments, analyticalmodelling, numerical modelling and ecologicalprocesses available in different groups at EcolePolytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(Switzerland), Delft University of Technology(The Netherlands), Leibniz Institute ofFreshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries(Germany), University of Iowa (USA), andChinese Academy of Sciences (China). Allcolleagues who contributed to this jointresearch are acknowledged: G. Constantinescu, V. Dugué, W. Ottevanger, M. Koken, W. Uijttewaal, W. van Balen, H.J. deVriend, A. Schleiss, M. Ribeiro, I. Schnauder,F.X. Garcia, M. Pusch, A. Sukhodolov, R. Li, R. Han, Q. Chen.The main objectives of the research were: toenhance insight in these hydrodynamicprocesses, to convert the new knowledge into

HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO ENGINE BY KOEN BLANCKAERT

Figure 1. Mobile bed experiments in a curvedlaboratory flume. (a) Bedlevel with an interval of 0.02m. The black lines indicatethe position of dunes. Thewhite lines delineate thepoint bar and pool. (b)Visualization of the flow atthe water surface: (1) outer-bank cell of secondaryflow; (2) zone of flowseparation; (3) zone of flowrecirculation. (c) Depth-averaged vertical velocitynormalized with the flume-averaged velocity. Figuremodified from Blanckaert(2010).

practical tools for application in a wide range ofspatial and temporal scales, and to transfer theknowledge to students, scholars and practi-tioners. The present article highlights some ofthe results on hydrodynamic processes in open-channel bends, and tries to identify someremaining directions for future research andapplication.

1 Experimental researchLaboratory experiments are being performedsince 1998 at Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale deLausanne in the flume shown in Figure 1, whichwas designed to be representative of sharplycurved natural open-channel bends. Thislaboratory flume provides a setting with

controlled flow and boundary conditions definedwith an accuracy exceeding that which couldpossibly be obtained in a field study. Asystematic series of experiments has alreadybeen performed that investigates the influenceof parameters, such as the degree of curvaturedefined by the ratio of flow depth to centrelineradius of curvature, the configuration of thebathymetry, the roughness of the banks, andthe inclination of the banks.Figure 1 shows some results in a live bed exper-iment with a typical equilibrium bathymetry thatconsists of a shallow point bar at the inner sideand pronounced bend scour at the outer side ofthe bend. Figure 1b shows that horizontal flowrecirculation occurs over the shallow point bar.


This flow separation captures fine sedimentsand plays an important role with respect toaccretion at the inner bank. Moreover, it reducesthe effective width and directs high velocity flowtowards the outer bank, thus enhancing the flowattack on the outer bank. In spite of its impor-tance, important knowledge gaps remain, suchas the parameters of influence, the conditions ofoccurrence, the dependence on the geometryand roughness of the bank, and the underlyingphysical processes.Figure 1c shows the depth-averaged verticalvelocity, based on measurements in theindicated cross-sections. The flow cannot followthe abrupt change in direction at the bendentrance, and collides with the outer bank at anoblique angle near the cross-section at 60°,resulting in abrupt flow reversal and importantvertical velocities that impinge on the channelbed and contribute to the formation of themaximum bend scour. The velocities impingingon the bed are deflected inwards near thebottom, and permit the sustaining of a trans-verse bed shape that is steeper than the angleof repose of the sediment. Zeng et al (2008)have satisfactorily predicted the flow and themacroscopic features of the bed morphology inthis experiment with a 3D RANS flow model andEngelund-Hansen’s sediment transport formula.The maximum bend scour and the maximumtransverse bed slope, however, were underesti-mated. This indicates that the sedimenttransport formulae could be improved byincluding effects of vertical velocities impingingon the channel bed, which are found in a varietyof other configurations, such as bridge piers,jets, etc.

2 Numerical researchIn the experiment illustrated in Figure 1, about50 vertical profiles of the three-dimensionalvelocity vector were measured at high temporalresolution in 12 cross-sections around theflume. In spite of this unprecedented detail, themeasurements cannot provide all relevant infor-mation on the flow: the spatial resolution instreamwise direction is relatively low, importantvariables such as the boundary shear stress

and pressure fluctuations are not measured,and information on coherent turbulence struc-tures is incomplete. This information can beobtained from numerical simulations, aftervalidation of the numerical model by means ofthe available experimental data. The hydrody-namics in the illustrated experiment have beennumerically investigated by Van Balen et al.(2010) at Delft University of Technology, and byConstantinescu et al. (2011) at the University ofIowa, by means of so-called eddy-resolvingtechniques, which directly resolve the largescales of the turbulent motion. Figure 2 illustrates some numerical resultsobtained by Constantinescu et al. (2011). Figure2a shows an instantaneous pattern of thevertical vorticity at the free surface, i.e, vorticesthat rotate around a vertical axis. A shear layercharacterized by high vorticity is clearly visible atthe edge of the zone of horizontal flow recircu-lation over the shallow point bar (Figure 1b).Flow animations based on the simulation resultsshow that vortices shedding from thedownstream part of this shear layer, at times,impinge on the outer bank near the cross-section at 90° (Figure 2a). This results in largepressure fluctuations on the outer bank (Figure2b). The effect of such pressure fluctuations on

Koen Blanckaert is an invitedprofessor at the Research Center forEco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS) in Beijing. He has previouslyworked at Ecole PolytechniqueFédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland),Delft University of Technology (TheNetherlands), Leibniz Institute ofFreshwater Ecology and InlandFisheries (Germany). His researchactivities focus on river hydrody-namics, and their linkages withmorphological and ecologicalprocesses. In addition, he doesconsultancy in civil and environmentalengineering at CERT engineering sa(Switzerland).

IAHRIAHR

IN CURVED CHANNELS: EERING APPLICATION

Figure 2. Results ofnumerical simulations bymeans of Detached EddySimulation. (a)Instantaneous pattern ofthe vertical vorticity at thewater surface, normalizedby U/H (U and H are theflume-averaged velocityand flow depth, respec-tively). (b) Distribution ofthe pressure RMS fluctua-tions at the outer bank,normalized by �2U4 where �is the water density.Modified fromConstantinescu et al.(2011).


the potential for bank erosion, and the inclusionof this effect in sediment transport models andin design methods for bank protection, would bechallenging and highly relevant research topics.Numerical models are powerful tools for thebroadening of the investigated parameter spaceand the generalization of the results. Changingthe radius of curvature of the bend, for example,is practically not feasible in a laboratory flume,but straightforward in a numerical simulation.

3 Engineering tools and techniques

3.1 Model for flow and morphology in open-channel bends

The computational cost of eddy-resolving flowmodels is still prohibitive for most practical appli-cations. Therefore, knowledge gained from theexperiments and the numerical simulationsneeds to be converted into practical tools forengineering. Common one-dimensional modelspredict the average water depth and flowvelocity in each cross-section of the river. For thecase of meandering rivers, one-dimensionalmodels exist that also predict the transversegradients of the bed profile and the velocity(Figure 3a). A review of such models is given inCamporeale et al. (2007). Secondary flow,defined as the flow component perpendicular tothe channel axis (Figure 3a), plays an importantrole in the transverse redistribution of themorphology and the velocities. Most existing models for curved open-channelflow account for the effects of the secondaryflow by means of a parameterization that isbased on the hypothesis of mild curvature. Thisparameterization is known to overestimate the

effects of the secondary flow in moderately andstrongly curved bends. Based on the enhancedinsight provided by laboratory experiments andnumerical simulations, Blanckaert and deVriend (2003, 2010) and Ottevanger et al.(submitted) have developed a parameterizationfor the secondary flow that remains valid formoderately and strongly curved bends. Figure3b shows the evolution of the transverse bedslope around the flume for the experimentshown in Figure 1: it compares the measuredevolution to predictions by mild-curvaturemodels and the newly developed model withoutcurvature restrictions. Mild-curvature modelsconsiderably overestimate the maximum trans-verse bed slope in sharply curved bends, whichleads to an overestimation of the maximumbend scour and the flow attack on the outerbank. The newly developed model considerablyimproves the accuracy of the predictions, atonly a marginal increase in computational cost. Obviously, such a one-dimensional model canonly predict the macro-scale features of the flowfield and the morphology, and is intrinsicallyunable to resolve features on a spatial scalesmaller than the channel width. Such a modelis, however, a valuable practical tool. With littleinput information and at a low computationalcost, it allows estimating the morphology andflow field. Based on the river planform, providedfor example by aerial images or the design of are-meandering scheme, it allows identifying theregions with maximum scour depth andmaximum velocity that will be most vulnerableto bank erosion. The low computational costfurthermore allows large-scale and long-termsimulations. When coupled to a model for bank

erosion and planform evolution, the modelallows investigating meander dynamics atgeological timescales, including processesoccurring in sharp meander bends that areclose to cut-off.The combined experimental-numericallyresearch is being pursued, and focuses on theimprovement of the parameterization of the flowattack on the banks, by accounting forprocesses such as flow separation, pressurefluctuations, and turbulence-induced near-banksecondary flow cells.

3.2 Modifying flow in morphology by means of bubble screens

Curvature-induced secondary flow redistributesthe flow and contributes to the development ofthe typical bar-pool morphology. Figure 1 illus-trated that vertical velocities impinging on thechannel bed contribute to the development ofthe maximum scour. Based on the insightgained in hydrodynamic and morphodynamicprocesses by means of the laboratory experi-ments and numerical simulations, a techniquehas been developed that consists in counter-acting the curvature-induced secondary flow bymeans of a bubble screen situated near theouter bank. The rising air bubbles counteractthe vertical velocities impinging on the bed. Figure 4 compares the flow field and themorphology in the cross-section at 180° in thelaboratory flume shown in Figure 1 (Dugué et al.2013). In the reference situation without bubblescreen, a curvature-induced secondary flow celloccurs in the deepest part of the cross-section.Maximum scour depth is found where thevertical velocities associated with this secondary

Figure 3. (a) Conceptual representation of flow and morphology in open-channel bends. (b) Evolution around the bend of the transverse bed slope, definedas A/R = H-1∂h/∂n in the experiment shown in Figure 1. Comparison of experimental data to simulation results with a weak-curvature model (labeled“linear”) and a model without curvature restrictions (labeled “non-linear”).


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outer bank. The maximum scour, core of verticalvelocities impinging on the bed, and core ofmaximum streamwise velocities are all foundnear the junction of the curvature-induced andthe bubble-screen induced secondary flow cells.Morphological gradients are considerablyreduced, as illustrated by the reduced scour

flow impinge on the bed. In the presence of abubble screen, the rising air bubbles entrainfluid, and cause a secondary flow cell with asense of rotation opposite to the curvature-induced secondary flow. This bubble-inducedsecondary flow redistributes the flow and shiftsthe core of highest velocities away from the

near the outer bank and the reduced depositionnear the inner bank.This laboratory experiment demonstrates thecapability of the bubble-screen technique tomodify the flow field and the morphology inrivers. The potential use of the technique is notlimited to open-channel bends, but to configura-tions where local scour occurs due to verticalvelocities impinging on the bed, such as bridgepiers, abutments or obstacles in the flow.Further research is required to investigate scaleeffects, estimate the range of applicability, anddevelop the bubble-screen technique into apractically applicable tool.

4 Knowledge transferA list of publications related to the resultsdescribed in the present article is available at: https://documents.epfl.ch/users/b/bl/blanckae/www/Blanckaert_PublicationsBesides knowledge transfer by means of publi-cations, it is important to promote collaborationbetween hydrologists, fluid mechanicians,hydraulic engineers, geomorphologists, geologists, ecologists, etc. Two events havebeen organized in the framework of the reportedjoint research program. In 2008, theInternational Summer School "Complex flows,turbulence, morphodynamics and ecology inrivers” was held at Delft University ofTechnology, The Netherlands. In 2011, theEuromech Colloquium 523 “Ecohydraulics:linkages between hydraulics, morphodynamicsand ecological processes in rivers”, was held inClermont-Ferrand, France. A special issue of theJournal “Ecohydrology” will be devoted to it in2013. These were stimulating events thatpromoted collaboration, multi-disciplinarity, andknowledge transfer, and provided optimalconditions for the germination of new ideas. I take the opportunity to thank IAHR forsupporting these events.

ReferencesBlanckaert K, de Vriend HJ, 2003, Nonlinear modeling of mean flowredistribution in curved open channels, Water Resources Research,39(12), 1375, doi:10.1029/2003WR002068.Blanckaert K, de Vriend HJ, 2010, Meander dynamics: A nonlinearmodel without curvature restrictions for flow in open-channel bends,Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, 115, F04011,doi:10.1029/2009JF001301.Camporeale C, Perona P, Porporato A, Ridolfi L, 2007, Hierarchy ofmodels for meandering rivers and related morphodynamic processes,Reviews of Geophysics, 45, RG1001, doi:10.1029/2005RG000185.Constantinescu G, Koken M, Zeng J. 2011, The structure of turbulentflow in an open channel bend of strong curvature with deformed bed:insight provided by detached eddy simulation, Water ResourcesResearch, 47, W05515, doi:10.1029/2010WR010114.Dugué V, Blanckaert K, Chen Q, Schleiss AJ, 2013, Reduction of bendscour with an air-bubble screen - morphology and flow patterns,International Journal of Sediment Research (in press).Ottevanger W, Blanckaert K, Uijttewaal WSJ, de Vriend HJ, Meanderdynamics: a nonlinear model without curvature restrictions, submittedto Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface.Van Balen W, Uijttewaal WSJ, Blanckaert K. 2010, Large-eddysimulation of a curved open-channel flow over topography, Physics ofFluids 22: 075108. DOI: 10.1063/1.3459152.Zeng J, Constantinescu G, Blanckaert K, Weber L. 2008, Flow andbathymetry in sharp open channel bends: experiments and predic-tions, Water Resources Research, 44, W09401,doi:10.1029/2007WR006303.

Figure 4. Cross-section at 180° in the bend shown in Figure 1. Bed morphology, streamwise velocitynormalized by the cross-sectional averaged velocity (color contours indicate ) and secondary flow (vectorpattern). (a) Reference experiment without bubble-screen. (b) Experiment with bubble screen.

We may nowadays consider the explanation forlateral displacements of a meandering river inthe previous paragraph rather naïve orsimplistic, but the fact remains that a systematicresearch on meandering was only initiatedtowards the end of the 19th century. Anexcellent review of this early research isprovided by Serge Leliavsky (1959), in his fasci-nating book “An Introduction to FluvialHydraulics”. Since then, and especially over thepast 50 or 60 years, a voluminous literature hasbeen produced on various aspects ofmeandering. The rapid development ofcomputers in the later part of the 20th century


Ana Maria da Silva (Past Chair of theFluvial Hydraulics Committee, 2011-2013) is a Professor in theDepartment of Civil Engineering ofQueen’s University, Kingston,Canada, where she divides her timeprimarily between teaching under-graduate and graduate courses influid dynamics, river mechanics andriver engineering, and her researchwith a special focus on large-scaleriver morphology and morphody-namics. She has been activelyinvolved in IAHR activities since thelate 90’s. She served as Chair (2009-2011) and Secretary (2005-2009) ofthe Fluvial Hydraulics Committee; andas Co-opted Council Member from2007 to 2009.

MEANDERING RIVER ADJUS FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 2013 BY ANA MARIA FERREIRA DA SILVA

has greatly contributed to developments in thefield, with difficulties in making the computermodels to reproduce reality prompting therelated scientific community to substantiallydeepen our understanding of the underlyingphysical processes and improve their mathe-matical expressions. Towards the end of the20th century, it had become possible to quiteaccurately simulate the process of bed defor-mation of a meandering stream with rigid banks.This may actually appear as a rather trivialachievement to a person not at all familiar withadvanced fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling,sediment transport, the solution of complex

The word meandering is derived from the Menderes River, locatedin southwestern Turkey, and in ancient times known to the Greeks asMaiandros (see Fig. 1). In Greek mythology, the Maiandros was notjust a river, but actually, at the same time, a god. As it happens, theriver itself was very active. Its ‘restlessness’ was explained as theworks of a playful, or perhaps temperamental, god Maiandros, whooften faced lawsuits for “altering the boundaries of the countries onhis banks” (in Geographica (12.8.19), by the Greek geographer,philosopher and historian Strabo (64/63 BC - ca. 24 AD).

Figure 1. Photo of the Menderes River (courtesy of Prof. Gary Parker, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).

IAHR


TMENTS OF EQUILIBRIUM – AND BEYOND

systems of differential equations, and the difficulties (and cost)associated with the acquisition of laboratory and field data to verify andvalidate the models. To those early scientists dealing with meandering atthe end of the 19th and first part of the 20th century, such simulationswould be unimaginable. Given the length limitations of this article, it isnot possible to provide here references to multiple papers where verysuccessful calculations of meandering bed deformation have beenpresented. However, the interested reader needs only to do a Googlesearch under “Computation of bed deformation of meandering streams”to acquire such information.

Recent research on meandering is marked by substantial efforts byseveral authors from different parts of the world to extend previousmodels for the computation of bed deformation also to the computationof bank deformation, with the goal of capturing the plan developmentsof meandering streams (which involve both downstream migration andlateral expansion of meander loops, as illustrated in Fig. 2, showing oneof the landmark experiments carried out by Friedkin 1945, at the USArmy Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg,Mississippi). The problem is challenging, as the physical processesinvolved in the shifting of the banks are complex and far from beingcompletely understood and/or satisfactorily described in mathematicalterms. The problem is compounded by the spatial and temporal scalesinvolved. Planimetric adjustments of equilibrium in a meandering streamcan range from a matter of hours/days in a laboratory stream, years in a small creek, to many decades (and sometimes centuries) in largerivers. An insightful discussion of some of the existing challenges has been presented by Mosselman (1995) in a paper which, despitesubstantial progress in the field over the past ten years or so,nonetheless remains nowadays as up-to-date as when it was firstpublished. A comprehensive review of post-1995 research efforts has been presented by Nasermoaddeli (2012).

The present focus on meandering planimetric adjustments ofequilibrium is motivated by practical needs. On one hand, there is anincreasing demand for stream re-naturalization and, in particular, stream “re-meandrization”. On the other, the need to develop mitigationand adaptation strategies to climate change has been brought to theforefront of our concerns. For these reasons, it has become particularlypressing to develop the ability to accurately answer the question “How exactly will a meandering river respond, over time, to changes inwater and sediment yields caused by land-use changes at the watershedscale, or changes in intensity and patterns of precipitation as a result ofclimate change?” (This question is, of course, pertinent to all rivers, bethey straight, meandering or braiding; the reference to meanderingrivers only in this question is merely because this article is restricted tothe case of such rivers).

Figure 2. Temporal evolution of a meandering stream in a laboratory stream(from Friedkin 1945).

Figure 3. Plots of stream sinuosity versus meandering deflection angle at thecrossover (from Yalin and da Silva 2001).

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A completely satisfactory answer to the questionrequires that we become proficient in accuratelysimulating the evolution of a meandering river,as it simultaneously undergoes bed and plani-metric changes until it adjusts to a new state ofequilibrium. Echoing Mosselman (1995), “so farnone of the (existing computer) models hasreached the level of being a generally valid andeasy-to-use software package”. Yet, at thebeginning of the 21st century, we can standconfident that it is only a matter of time untilsuch a day will arrive – even if it is clear thatsubstantial research efforts will be requiredbefore such a state is reached.

Insight into the question above can also beobtained by resorting to the very extensive bodyof knowledge on river morphology and riverdynamics accumulated over the past 100 years.In the following, the author will attempt to brieflyillustrate this point, by seeking an answer to thefollowing hypothetical (and obviously simplisticin its nature) question: “A meandering riverappears as stable over a long stretch, where thesinuosity is 1.57. The bankfull flow rate is Q =1670 m3/s; the average grain size of thecohesionless alluvium is 0.18 mm. What kind ofmorphological changes in flow plan can weexpect this river to undergo if some changes(climatic or of land-use at the watershed level)will, over some period of time, result in abankfull flow rate increase of 30%?” The streamused as example here is, however, nothypothetical: the conditions of the original riverare based on those of the Bhagirathi River(India), as reported by Chitale (1970). To getinsight into the problem, the considerations onregime (or stable) channels and meandering inYalin and da Silva (2001) will be combined withthe findings on meandering river morphology byLeopold and Langbein (1966). In particular, usewill be made of the following principles andrelations:

1. In agreement with Yalin and da Silva (2001)(see also Bettess and White 1983 and Chang1988), the expansion of meander loops isviewed here as a means for a stream to achieveits regime (or stable) state: starting from theinitial slope when the stream is straight (= thevalley slope SV ), the meander loops will expandas much as needed until the (positive)difference (SV – SR), where SR is regime slope,will be eliminated.

2. According to Leopold and Langbein (1966),regular meandering streams closely follow sine-generated curves. It can be shown, as done by

Yalin and da Silva (2001), that in this case thestream sinuosity is uniquely related to themeandering deflection angle at the crossover,�0. This relation is illustrated in Figs. 3a and b. It should be recalled that the stream sinuosity � is given also by � = SV/S, where S is stream slope. Therefore, at the regime state,� = �R = SV/SR.

We start by calculating the regime channelcharacteristics (regime width BR, depth hR andslope SR) with the aid of the computer programBHS-STABLE (in Yalin and da Silva 2001). Themethod of calculation incorporated in thisprogram was tested against numerous field andlaboratory data by da Silva (2009), showingsatisfactory agreement between measured andcomputed values of BR, hR and SR. For the caseof the example under consideration, BHS-STABLE yields:

a) For the original flow rate (= 1670 m3/s): BR = 235m; hR = 6.37m; SR = 0.000086(noting that these values are comparable to the measured values of B, h and S reported byChitale 1970);b) After the 30 % increase in flow rate: BR = 267m; hR = 7.28m; SR = 0.000074.

From the just calculated values of SR and thegeometric relations and graphs mentioned inpoint 2 above, it follows that the increase in flowrate would lead to an increase in sinuosity from1.57 to 1.82, corresponding to an increase in �0 from approximately 72˚ to 82˚. By plottingthe sine-generated curves corresponding tothese angles (by assuming that the meanderwavelength would remain unchanged), it is

found that such increase in sinuosity isassociated with an “outwards shift” of 95 m ofthe channel centerline at the apex section.

The calculations above indicate that, over time,the increase in 30% in flow rate in such a streamshould lead to an increment in flow width ofsome 30m. Repositioning of the stream in thelandscape would also be observed. When bothstream widening and meander loop expansionare taken it account, the expected amount oflateral shifting at the apex would be of the orderof 110m. This amount of bank shifting is by nomeans insignificant, and the associated bankerosion would be substantial. Outer bankerosion in a meandering stream is illustrated inFig. 4, showing a photo of the Hardebek-Brokelander Au River in northern Germany,currently undergoing very active meander loopexpansion.

I would like to end this article by thanking myPh.D. student Mohsen Ebrahimi for producingthe sine-generated curve plots mentionedabove.

ReferencesBettess, R., and White, W.R. (1983). Meandering and braiding ofalluvial channels. Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., Part 2, 75, Sept.Chang, H.H. (1988). Fluvial processes in river engineering. John Wileyand Sons, New York.Chitale (1970). River channel patterns. J. Hydr. Div., 96(HY1).da Silva, A.M.F. (2009). On the stable geometry of self-formed alluvialchannels: theory and practical application. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 36.Friedkin, J.F. (1945). A laboratory study of the meandering of alluvialrivers. U.S. Waterways Exp. Sta., Vicksburg, Mississippi.Leopold, L.B. and Langbein, W.B. (1966). River meanders. Sci. Am.,214(6).Mosselman, E. (1995). A review of mathematical models of riverplanform changes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 20,661-670.Nasermoaddeli, M.H. (2012). Bank erosion in alluvial rivers with non-cohesive soil in unsteady flow. Hamburger Wasserbauschriften 14,TuTech Verlag, Hamburg, Germany.Yalin, M.S. and da Silva, A.M.F. (2001). Fluvial Processes. IAHRMonograph, IAHR, Delft, The Netherlands.

Figure 4. Erosion of outer bank in the Hardebek-Brokelander Au River, in northern Germany (courtesy ofDr. M. Hassan Nasermoaddeli, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg).

Dr. Alexander N. Sukhodolov is an asso-ciate editor of the Journal of HydraulicResearch, and a senior scientist of theLeibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecologyand Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Ger-many. He has over thirty years of experi-ence in field studies in river hydrody-namics, transport processes, andflow-biota interactions. he participatedand organized more than fifty fieldmeasurement studies and expeditions inRussia, Ukraine, Moldova, Poland, Ger-many, Italy, and the USA. These studieswere focussed on river turbulence, hy-drodynamics of recirculation flows andconfluences, flow structure in meanderbends, effects of bedforms, longitudinaldispersion and implications of hydrody-namics for benthic invertebrates, fish,and aquatic vegetation. During the lastdecade he has been developing an origi-nal field-scale experimental approach inwhich high resolution flow measure-ments are combined with in-situ controlof flow variables. Presently he is a coor-dinator of IGB research platform on theTagliamento river.


During the last century research in fluvialhydraulics has demonstrated severalsuccessful attempts to expand the methods ofexperimentation to a prototype scale – the scaleof natural streams. With a few exceptions thoseresearch activities were primarily focusing onthe propagation of flood waves in rivers and theresults of those studies were used to verify andcalibrate numerical models. An experimentalcontrol of principal variables – a core element oflaboratory experimentation – in those studieswas achieved through the manipulation of flowrates during the releases of water from reser-voirs. These studies allowed rigorous testing ofmany theoretical approaches, for instance atheory of kinematic wave propagation, andexpanded their application for large-scalemanagement and engineering of fluvialsystems.

Although the advantages of experimentation onthe prototype-scale are quite obvious, imple-

mentation of this approach to the study of riverhydrodynamics until recently was almost impos-sible due to the technical limitations. Most of thestudies carried out in the field until 1995 can beclassified as measurements rather than true“experiments”. The measurements facilitatedthe assessment of flow resistance and mainlyfocused on the vertical structure of mean flowand, sometimes, turbulence. However, some ofthose studies, as for example the systematicstudies of river turbulence carried out in theUSSR by the late Prof. David I. Grinvald and hiscolleagues over thirty years period [1] andsystematic research on river confluencescarried out over the last two decades by Prof.B.L. Rhoads [2] in the USA, have contributed tothe development of experimental techniquesand established a methodology for interpre-tation of the results.

In the mid- nineties, with the invention ofcommercial acoustic doppler velocimeters

FIELD-SCALE EXPERIMENTATION IN FLUVIAL HYDRODYNAMICS: EXPERIENCE AND PERSPECTIVESBY ALEXANDER N. SUKHODOLOV

Field measurements and observations have been traditionally basicmethods in fluvial hydraulics before laboratory studies becamesuccessful and widespread. Despite the success of laboratorywork, observations and measurement studies in nature haveremained a major source of inspiration. Up-scaling the resultsobtained in the laboratory is often performed against coarse andepisodic measurements completed in the field. Recentdevelopments in acoustic velocimetry, computer technologies,laser survey and global positioning systems have greatly expandedthe possibilities for carrying out detailed field measurements.Nevertheless, the results of field observations remain snapshots ofreality while laboratory experiments give an insight into thedynamics of idealized systems. This paper reports on experienceand outlines perspectives in development of an alternativeapproach which combines field measurement studies with thetechniques of control on experimental variables.


Fisheries (IGB) – the largest research center inGermanyfocused on the ecology of freshwatersystems. The necessity to quantify fluxes ofmomentum, heat, solutes and particulate matterwhich drive the functionality of aquaticecosystems in lotic and lentic environmentscomprises a modern paradigm in ecology. Thisinterest and the financial support provided bythe Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and bythe Netherland Organization for ScientificResearch allowed establishing of a researchplatform called the “Environmental FluidDynamics Laboratory in the Field (EFDL)”.EFDL was initiated by the Ecohydraulics groupof IGB in 2005 and joined by the EnvironmentalFluid Mechanics Section of Delft University ofTechnology in 2006 [4].

EFDL was launched with a series of pilot-studies which were focused on flow hydrody-namics around a finite size patch of aquaticvegetation [5] and on the dynamics of shallowlateral shear layers [6]. Those studies werecarried out on the lowland river Spree andemployed two types of experimental controltechniques. In the case of aquatic vegetationthe experimental control was established byselection of position specific for the vegetation

patch and its composition (plant species, size ofthe plants, and spatial pattern). Populationdensity in the patch was varied between theexperimental runs and the response in the flowstructure was documented by detailedmeasurements. This experimental approachhas supported the development of severaltheoretical solutions and a rigorous comparisonwith laboratory results [5]. In the studies oflateral shallow shear layers experimental controlwas provided by the regulation of flow rates intwo parallel flows separated by a splitter wall.This field experiment included several factors(unhomogeneity of riverbed roughness andpressure distribution) which were excluded inthe previous laboratory studies. The resultsobtained provided new insights into the problemand have facilitated the development of atheoretical approach that accounts for thefactors ubiquitous in natural environments [6].

International Research PlatformTagliamentoSince 2008 the studies of EFDL are continuingon the river Tagliamento in Italy, Fig. 1. Thisalmost intact Alpine river system represents amodel fluvial ecosystem of European impor-tance on which intensive research has been

(ADV), research on river hydrodynamics hasgained a new inspiration and valuable prerequi-sites for the development of experimentation ona prototype scale. Several field measurementstudies have proved ADVs as reliable androbust instruments capable of the accurateassessment of turbulent flows [2, 3]. Progresswas further strengthened by developments ingeodetic instrumentation and acoustical surveytechnologies which made routine surveys ofextended river reaches easy and accurate.Concomitant with these technical advancesthere appeared an obvious trend for carryingout experimental research on larger scale facil-ities. Probably the most well-known exampletoday of these facilities is the OutdoorStreamLab built in 2007 at the University ofMinnesota in the USA. This paper informs onanother initiative in field-scale experimentationwhich for a while received less attention in themedia though it has proven a success througha series of recent research projects.

Environmental Fluid DynamicsLaboratory in the FieldField studies of turbulent flows have been of aspecial interest for the scientists of the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland

IAHR

Fig. 1 A view of the experimental river reach on the Tagliamento riverin Italy.

Fig. 2 Experiments in vegetated groynefields with rigid emergent vegetation (left), and flexible submerged models of aquatic plants (right).

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carried out by several international teams duringthe last decade [7]. This research is based on aresearch station located at the village ofManazzons in Friuli, Italy. The station has anecological lab, a set of field equipment, a dormfor the personnel and a field vehicle for trans-portation to the study sites. The region of theTagliamento River provides highly diversenatural environments suitable for a widespectrum of scientific research. Typical studiescarried out during the last decade includeresearch on bio-diversity of fluvial ecosystems,morphodynamics of braided channels and theeffects of riparian vegetation, transportprocesses of organic matter.

Most recent studies of EFDL have benefitedfrom the advantages of the Tagliamentoresearch platform. In August-September 2012the studies of hydrodynamics in a vegetatedgroyne field were carried out there. A series ofseven emergent groynes was built of gravel in astraight and shallow river reach. An experimentalgroyne field was populated with the modelvegetation of two kinds: rigid cylinders andflexible silicone models of aquatic plants, Fig. 2.In the experimental runs the population densityof vegetation, its submergence and spatialpatterns were varied. The experimental setupconsisted of portable rails that supported a flatframe with an array of ADV and a bridge fordeployment operation. Detailed measurementsresolved the flowfield on a fine grid. In total eightexperimental runs were successfully completedat the steady conditions of the main flow in theriver thus allowing for further direct evaluation ofthe vegetation effect in this complex recircu-lation flow.

Perspectives and new directionsThe interest to EFDL is steadily growing andmore research groups are joining this initiative.Since 2010 the IGB EFDL team was extendedby the participation of Prof. H.M. Nepf (MIT,USA) and Prof. G.S. Constantinescu (Universityof Iowa, USA) in the research project on flow-vegetation interaction at a scale of a patch (DFGSU 629/1). This project exploits the synergybetween the field, laboratory and numericalexperimental approaches carried on the samemethodological platform. The studies of thisproject will deliver understanding on howrelevant are species-specific properties ofnatural aquatic plants for hydrodynamicprocesses at the scale of individual plants and ascale of a vegetation patch.In 2012 the EFDL research program wasexpanded with a new direction focusing on the

dynamics of atmospheric boundary layers overfluvial floodplains and the role this dynamicsplay in the dispersal of aquatic insects. Aquaticinsects are vital components of fluvialecosystems. They spend most of their life cycleunderwater as benthic invertebrates. Toreproduce aquatic insects emerge for shortperiods of time and are subjected to the aerialflows over river floodplains. Only little is currentlyknown about these linkages between environ-mental factors and dispersal of aquatic insectsand the new research within the context of EFDLseeks to bridge this knowledge gap. In thisresearch the experience gained in EFDL onvegetated flows in rivers will be expanded to theaerial flows and their interaction with riparianvegetation in river corridors. In these studies theEFDL team employs ultrasonic anemometersmounted on the portable expositional musts,Fig. 3

There is strong evidence that field-scale experi-mentation has become a reliable approach thatopens new fascinating perspectives in fluvialhydrodynamics. Most of the experimental and theoreticalresearch in fluvial hydrodynamics is focusing onidealized flows. In idealized setups researcherseliminate or minimize some processes orcomponents of dynamic systems and therebyseek for particular solutions in the dynamics ofcomplex systems. Field-scale experiments havethe potential for encountering solutions of amore general character. For example, recentfield measurements on river confluences haveclearly demonstrated the importance of lateralfluxes of mean momentum [2] and inspireddetailed field experimentation research thataddresses the role of those fluxes in thebehavior of the lateral shear layers [4].

Although this short article demonstrates theimportance and effectiveness of the field experi-mental approach, field measurements andexperimentation remain difficult and rare. One ofthe principal reasons for a relatively smallnumber of field studies and field experiments isthe lack of a specialized education and trainingof both scientific and technical personnel.Presently this gap in educational programs isnot compensated by any occasional trainingprogram in framework of summer schools orshort courses. Another reason is the absence ofspecialized equipment for field experiments. Forinstance, mounting equipment for instrumen-tation in the field is presently manufactured onlyon customized basis. There is a lack of guide-lines and information on the methodical aspectsof field measurements and experimentation isscattered among specialized papers. Inconclusion I would like express a hope that theIAHR community might consider these points ofconcern and can improve the situation byoffering some educational courses in theframework of existing summer schools andsupporting the preparation of guidelines.

References[1] Grinvald D. I., and V.I. Nikora (1988) River turbulence,

Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, Russia.[2] Rhoads B.L., and A. Sukhodolov (2008) Lateral momentum flux

and the spatial evolution of flow within a confluence mixinginterface, Water Resources Research, 44, W08440.

[3] Sukhodolov A., Thiele M., and H. Bungartz (1998) Turbulencestructure in a river reach with sand bed, Water ResourcesResearch 34, 1317-1334.

[4] Sukhodolov A., and W.S.J. Uijttewaal (2010) Assessment of a riverreach for environmental fluid dynamics studies. Journal ofHydraulic Engineering 136, 880-888.

[5] Sukhodolova T., and A. Sukhodolov (2012) Vegetated mixing layeraround a finite-size patch of submerged plants: Part I Theoryand field experiments. Water Resources Research 48, W10533.

[6] Sukhodolov A., Schnauder I., and W.S.J. Uijttewaal (2010)Dynamics of shallow lateral shear layers: experimental study in ariver with a sandy bed. Water Resources Research 46, W11519.

[7] Tockner K., J.V. Ward, D.B. Arscott, P.J. Edwards, J. Kollmann,A.M. Gurnell, G.E. Petts, and B. Maiolini (2003) The Tagliamentoriver: a model ecosystem of European importance. AquaticSciences 65, 239-253.

Fig. 3 Measurements of wind profiles over the floodplain of the Tagliamento.


IAHRIAHR

The International Symposium on Shallow Flows(ISSF) series of symposia was established by the(then) International Association of HydraulicResearch (IAHR). ISSF is the key internationalmeeting in the area of shallow flows. The meetingis held every 5-6 years and attracts scientists andengineers interested in understanding funda-mental physics of shallow flows as well as inapplications of shallow flows in diverse areasincluding geosciences, coastal and riverengineering, eco-hydrology and atmosphericdynamics.

The 3rd ISSF symposium was organized for thefirst time in the U.S. by the University of Iowa andthe University of Notre Dame. The Symposium isco-organized by IIHR-Hydroscience andEngineering of the University of Iowa (Convener:George Constantinescu) and by the Departmentof Civil Engineering and Geosciences at theUniversity of Notre Dame (Co-Convenor: H.J.S.Fernando). The meeting was co-sponsored by theUS National Science Foundation (NSF), theAmerican Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE-EWRI)and the American Geophysical Union (AGU). The3rd ISSF symposium was the first in the series tointroduce ecological aspects and large scalegeophysical flows as main topics. A specialsession honoring the contributions of the late Prof.G. Jirka was organized as part of the symposium.

Shallow flows are important in many applicationsin water and air environments. Major advancesare underway in gaining insights into thedynamics of shallow flows using state-of-the-artexperimental (e.g., particle image velocimetry)and numerical (e.g., highly resolved directnumerical simulation, large eddy simulation,large-scale predictive models) techniques. Inparticular, these advances should allow for betterunderstanding of the role played by the quasi-2Dlarge-scale coherent structures and the interac-tions between these large scales and three-dimensional turbulence; the degree ofnon-uniformity of shallow flows in the verticaldirection and the role of vertical motions; and theeffect of the large-scale turbulence on bottomfriction and morphodynamic processes. Shallowwater models are routinely used for coastalconstruction activities as well as to aid riskassessment.

THIRD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ONSHALLOW FLOWS IOWA CITY, USA, JUNE 4-6 2012BY GEORGE CONSTANTINESCU

CONFERENCE REPORT

Dr. Constantinescu is Associate Professor of Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering at the University of Iowaand Chair of the IAHR Fluid MechanicsCommittee

Three of the most important and imminent

challenges in shallow flow research are under-

standing to what extent the physics of these

flows is dependent on scale effects; how the

physics changes between the simpler geome-

tries studied in the laboratory in controlled

environments or using eddy resolving simula-

tions; and how understanding of shallow water

flows and their interaction with natural elements

can culminate to better predictive models.

Another challenge is the use of this detailed

information on processes and mechanisms to

develop accurate simpler analytical models that

can help understand global quantities character-

izing the spatial and temporal development of

these flows. As in nature, shallow flows occur

most often over alluvial beds, the investigation of

morphodynamics processes in shallow flows

was another major focus area of the

symposium. In many shallow aquatic environ-

ments, the interactions among flow, turbulence,

vegetation, macroinvertebrates and other

organisms, as well as the transport and retention

of particulate matter, have important conse-

quences on the ecological health of rivers and

coastal areas. Large scale atmospheric flows

are also often analyzed using shallow water

theory, and hence will be of particular interest in

the symposium. The main themes of the

symposium reflected these areas of active

research in shallow flows:

1 Laboratory and eddy resolving (DNS, LES)

numerical investigations of fundamental

physical processes and transport mecha-

nisms in shallow mixing layers, wakes, jets

and open channels

2 Experimental and numerical investigations oftransport of heat, solutes and pollutants incanonical shallow flows or simplified geome-tries

3 Field studies and numerical investigations ofshallow flows at field conditions and/or inrealistic geometries.

4 Experimental and numerical aspects ofsediment transport and morphodynamics inshallow flows

5 Shallow flows and stratification6 Ecological aspects of shallow flows7 Engineering applications of shallow flows

(more applied experimental and numerical–RANS modeling- studies)

8 Shallow flow models for prediction of floodrelated phenomena

9 Analytical modeling of shallow flows10 Innovative field and laboratory instrumen-

tation for the study of shallow flows

About 200 abstracts were originally submittedand after preliminary selection about 170 fullpapers were submitted and presented in fourparallel sessions. Six recognized internationalexperts in shallow flows presented plenary talks,focusing on broader applications of shallowflows for environmental problems. Additionally,six invited keynote lectures were presented byleading world scientists in different areas ofshallow flow research. An important publiceducation objective was to take advantage ofthe meeting to increase awareness of the impor-tance of shallow flows for the society.

The 3-day program was attended by close to140 participants from 23 countries. Among themclose to 50 were graduate students. The 3rdISSF Proceedings were published on a CD-ROM. The CD-ROM will be available free ofcharge of IIHR members via the IIHR websitestarting in 2014. A special issue of theEnvironmental Fluid Mechanics journal willcontain several review papers on importantaspects of shallow flows as well as extendedversions of papers presented during the ISSFsymposium. We think the special issue has thepotential to become a main reference for scien-tists interested in shallow flows and their appli-cation in the environment.

CHENGDU, A CHARMING CITY READYTO WELCOME YOUBY LIN PENGZHI, AN RUIDONG

See you in

Chengdu, known as “Land of Abundance,” isthe capital of Sichuan Province in West China.Located in the west of the Sichuan Basin, thecity covers a total area of 12,300 km2 with apopulation of over 11 million. Chengdu has fourdistinct seasons and September is one of thebest months of year with the average temper-ature of 22°C.Chengdu has a proud history over 2,300 years.It was the starting point of the well-known “silkroad”, which connected ancient China to India,Iran and the western world 2,000 years ago.Chengdu used to be the capital of the ShuKingdom during the period of Three Kingdoms(220-280 AD). The Wuhou Temple was built tohonor Zhuge Liang -- Prime Minister of the ShuKingdom. In addition, many other historical sitesand artefacts are scattered around the city, suchas the Sanxingdui Museum for the exhibition ofprecious relics discovered in the SanxingduiRuins (3,000 years ago), and the ThatchedCottage of Du Fu, who was one of the mostwell-known Chinese poets (712-770 AD).

Benefiting from the Dujiangyan Irrigation System(constructed in 256 BC and a UNESCO heritagesite), Chengdu became a place richly endowedwith natural resources. The 2,500 years oldirrigation system is still functioning today,protecting the Chengdu Plain from major floodsand irrigating an area of more than 6,687 km2.

Chengdu is famous as a “leisure city.” While youare walking on the street, you can easily findmany local people enjoying their life in differentways, such as playing mahjong, drinking tea inparks and teahouses and walking through theold streets scattered with small local restaurantsand shops of folk antiques. Another popularplace for tourists is the Chengdu ResearchBase of Giant Panda Breeding. Chengdu is blessed with many rare andvaluable world-renowned natural resources in itssurroundings. For instance, the Jiuzhai Valley,located deep in the heart of the AbaAutonomous Prefecture 400 km from Chengdu,has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since1992. Jiuzhai Valley is an impressive spot,known as paradise on the earth, famous for itsstunning natural landscape, including peacefullakes, great waterfalls and colorful rocks.Another natural scenic site is Mount Qingcheng,with over 20 temples and religious sites forTaoism, the very local religion of China, and theSichuan style of architecture.

Record number

of submitted

abstracts!

Dr. PENG Jing Director, Division of Inter-national Cooperation, China Institute ofWater Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR). Secretary General of 35th IAHR Congress

AN Rui-dong, PH.D., Associate Profes-sor, research on environmnetal waterconservancy, State key laboratory of hydraulics and mountain river engineer-ing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, ChinaSecretary of 35th IAHR Congress LOC

hydrolink number 4/2012120

121

CHENGDU, THE PLACE TO BE FROM SEPTEMBER 8-13, 20132147 ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED!!

Chengdu!

Chengdu has its distinctive culture and art. Itproduces one of China’s four most famedembroideries and has its own local genre ofopera. The performance of face-changing isglobally known, and the local tea culture is oldand characteristic. In March 2012, Sichuanwas included into the list of cities with thefastest economic growth in the world. Thesouthwestern city is also one of China’s fourlargest scientific and educational cities, with28 universities, 27 junior colleges, 152 keylabs (among which are 10 state key labs) and111 engineering and technical research insti-tutes. Sichuan University is the most compre-hensive university in southwest China.

Last but not the least, enjoying the spicySichuan food offers a deeper understandingof Chengdu. Sichuan Cuisine is one of theEight Great Cuisines in China and is famousall over the world for its richness and variety oftastes. To name a few, Kung Pao Chicken,Twice Cooked Pork, Tea Smoked Duck andhot pot are the typical dishes of Sichuan food.

When tourists come to Chengdu, they willquickly indulge themselves in the unique andcharming environment of the city. They willfind Chengdu a city mixed with ancient tradi-tions and modern culture. After all, Chengduis the city you will hate to leave once youcome. Chengdu warmly welcomes delegatesfrom all parts of the world and we believe yourstay in Chengdu will be a life-time memory ofhappiness and unique experience.

General Reports

Dr. JIAO Yong, Vice Minister of WaterResources of P. R. China

Title of Report to Be DecidedDr. Gretchen KALONJI, Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences, UNESCO

Keynote Speeches

New Progress in Sustainable DamConstruction

Dr. JIA Jinsheng, VicePresident, China Institute ofWater Resources andHydropower Research, China

Sustainable Delta Development: Livingwith Water, Building with Nature

Prof. Arthur MYNETT,UNESCO-IHE Institute forWater Education, Netherlands

2011 Tohoku Tsunami and FutureDirections for Tsunami Disaster Mitigation

Prof. Shinji SATO, CivilEngineering Department, The University of Tokyo, Japan

Large Eddy Simulation in Hydraulics: the Method and its Potential

Prof. Wolfgang RODI,Institute for Hydromechanics,Karlsruhe Institute ofTechnology, Germany

The Battle of Fluids: Air-Water-FluvialInteractions

Prof. Harindra JosephFERNANDO, University ofNotre Dame, US

Water Policy Elements: Engineering toProvide Solutions

Tomás A. SANCHO,President World Council of CivilEngineers, Spain

Themes Number A Water Engineering and Civilization 13%B Hydro-Environment 20%C Fluvial Hydraulics and River Management 23%D Maritime Hydraulics and Coastal Engineering 10%E Water Resources and Hydroinformatics 18%F Climate Change and Hazard Mitigation 12%J.F.K Competition 3%Total 100%


ABSTRACTS SUBMITTED


A delegation of representatives from IAHRChina Chapter and IAHR Hong Kong Chaptermade a five-day visit to Addis Ababa University,Ethiopia during July 30 to August 3, 2012. Thevisit was initiated by the Local OrganizingCommittee (LOC) of the 35th IAHR Congress tobe held in Chengdu in September 2013. Thepurpose of the visit was to: (i) promote the forth-coming IAHR World Congress; (ii) to initiate adialogue between IAHR and water researchersand professionals in Ethiopia; (iii) to developlong term academic and professionalexchanges between IAHR members and Africa;and (iv) to present opportunities for youngresearchers to connect to the global communityof hydro-environment experts for scientificcapacity building and research collaboration.

The team was led by Prof. Joseph Lee,immediate past IAHR Vice-President andExecutive Chair of the LOC of the ChengduCongress, and Prof. L.X. Wang, SecretaryGeneral of IAHR APD. The delegation consistedof key members of the LOC of the ChengduCongress: Prof. P.Z. Lin (Sichuan University),Prof. Y.C. Chen (Tsinghua University) and ProfK.M. Lam (University of Hong Kong) – as well as

hydraulic experts from academia and industry –Prof Z.W. Liu (Tsinghua), Dr. Ander Chow ofArup and Dr. Feleke Arega of Tetra Tech. Thedelegation was received by the EthiopianInstitute of Water Resources (EIWR) and theInstitute of Technology (AAiT) – of Addis AbabaUniversity – the premier University of Ethiopia.

During the discussion meetings, Dr. TenaAlamirew, Director of EIWR described the needfor sustainable water resources in Ethiopia andthe mission of his Institute. Dr. Yilma Seleshi,

Head of Department of Civil Engineering at AAiT,also introduced some water engineeringprojects undertaken by the University.

Ethiopia has abundant water resources – itclaims to be the “Water Tower of Africa” withLake Tana giving birth to the Blue Nile. Almostall major development problems in Ethiopia arewater-related. There are nine river basins inEthiopia with 122 billion cubic meters of surfacewater with huge irrigation capacity andhydropower generation potential. Thegovernment recognizes the need to developwater resources to enhance food security,energy production and environmentalprotection. And yet there is a significantshortage of water-related researchers and high-level engineering professionals.

EIWR aims to produce 25 PhD and 90 MScwithin five years to serve the water sector and tofurther train the next generation of engineersand water-related professionals. Prof. JosephLee introduced IAHR as a leading global waterorganisation and platform for future collabo-ration with Ethiopia. Prof. Wang went on topromote the forthcoming IAHR Congress in

A GLIMPSE OF WATER RESOUR

Team of delegates and Dr. Tena Alamirew (4th from right) at Addis Ababa University.

BY KIT MING LAM

Record number

of submitted

abstracts!

Special Seminar on Challenges and

Issues in Water Resources Management

in Africa


meters to irrigate 18,000 hectares - with theobjective of developing the local agricultureeconomy. The water supply comes from theAwash River via a diversion structure upstreamof the 10 km long irrigation channel. At thediversion, the water level and diversion flow areregulated by a 110 m wide weir and an 18-meter wide sluice gate section. The diversionproject is entirely Ethiopian designed and built,and succeeded to achieve fertile agricultureyields in an area that used to be a desert.However, high sediment concentrations in thediverted water still presented problems at apumping station which necessitated frequentmanual desilting.

This short visit is the first step towards engen-dering more active collaboration between IAHRand African countries where there are manychallenging water-related problems – IAHRexpertise can definitely help, and it is timely forIAHR to be more pro-active in engaging Africaon global issues such as water and foodsecurity. Members are welcome to participate inthe discussions in the forthcoming SpecialSeminar on “Challenges and issues of waterresources management in Africa” in Chengdu.

Chengdu and invited the participation ofEthiopian researchers in the Congress,especially in the Special Seminar devoted toAfrican issues. During the visit the IAHRdelegation also presented the following talks:“How to write a good paper in a top interna-tional journal” (Lee); "Water issues in China andtheir hydro-informatics solutions" (Lin); and''Super-saturation of total dissolved gas belowthe Three Gorges Dam" (Liu). There was activediscussion and exchanges with EIWR and AAiT.During the wrap-up meeting on the last day ofthe visit, a number of solid proposals wereagreed on by both sides towards future interac-tions and collaboration as well as the imminentparticipation in the Chengdu Congress. It wasagreed that one person each from EIWR andAAiT will participate in the co-organisation of theAfrican special seminar. The Ethiopian hostsalso expressed interest to join IAHR activities –in particular EIWR is eager to enhance capacitybuilding and short term attachments of PhDstudents in international research institutions.

On the third and fourth day of the visit, the teammade site visits to two hydraulic projects in theAwash River Basin, about 200 km to the south-east of Addis Ababa. The first project is theconstruction of a 90-meter tall earth dam acrossthe Kessem River – which is a joint venturebetween Ethiopia and China. The reservoir to beimpounded will provide irrigation to the sugarcane industry in the downstream areas. Thedelegation saw the bottom outlet, overflowspillway, as well as the water intake tower underconstruction. The construction of this dam hasbeen plagued by many difficulties including lackof reliable hydro-geological data, serious damfoundation and grouting problems arising fromthe high ground water table, and a failure of thecofferdam during a flash flood. The delegationalso noted the significant sediment content inthe high-flow river discharge and appreciatedpotential issues with reservoir sedimentationproblems in Ethiopia. The delegation also travelled to visit a riverdiversion – the Fentale irrigation project –whichis built to provide a maximum flow of 18 cubic

CES MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA

Diversion structure on Awash River for Fentale irrigation project (intake to the left of sluice gates).

Kit Ming Lam, University of Hong Kong Vice-Secretary General, LOC, IAHR 2013 World Congress.He is Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Engineering in TheUniversity of Hong Kong. He is Executive Committee Member of theAsia & Pacific Division ofIAHR and Associate Editor of the Journal of Hydro-Environment Research.


condition forecast, impacts of climate changeand engineering. River ice processes, ecologyunder ice and measurement technologysessions included River ice processes, Iceresources and climate changes, Combatingmethods of oil spills in ice, Sea ice remotesensing and measurement technology, and aspecial session on lake ice physical environ-ments under lake ice, Ecology and water qualityin ice-covered lakes.The number of participants was 171 repre-senting 12 countries. There were 89 participantsfrom the host country,

Invited presentationsInvited presentations were given in the openingsession by Professor Yongxue Wang (DalianUniversity of Technology, Dalian, China), whogave a keynote talk on “Ice research andengineering in SLCOE”, and Professor AlekseyMarchenko (The University Centre in Svalbard,Longyearbyen, Norway), who talked of“Measurements of thermally-induced deforma-tions in saline ice with fiber bragg gratingsensors”. Dr. Xingren Wu (NCEP/NWS/NOAA,Camp Springs, Maryland, USA) lectured on“Characteristics of sea ice in the NCEP climateforecast system reanalysis”, Professor PatLanghorne (University of Otago, Otago, NewZealand) lectured on “Influence of a sub-iceplatelet layer on landfast sea ice freeboard andthickness estimates near an Antarctic ice shelf”,Dr. Georgiy Kirillin (Leibniz-Institute ofFreshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries,Berlin, Germany) lectured on “Convectivemixing by solar radiation under lake ice”, and

CONFERENCE REPORT

The 21st IAHR International Symposium on Ice was held at the International Convention Center ofDalian University of Technology in Dalian, China, from June 11 – 15, 2012. Altogether 119 papers werepresented in poster and oral sessions. The orals were divided into three parallel series 1) Iceengineering, 2) Sea ice and lake ice properties and characteristics, and 3) River ice processes, ecologyunder ice and measurement technology, with nearly equal numbers in each series. Each day startedwith invited talks for all participants, and thereafter the three parallel sessions were started.

21ST IAHR INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUM ON ICE 2012JUNE 11 – 15, 2012, DALIAN, CHINABY ZHIJUN LI, PENG LU

ProgrammeThe symposium was completed in five days.Oral presentations were given in 3.5 days, andhalf of the day was set aside for visiting theDalian University of Technology (Exhibition ofUniversity History, State Key Laboratory ofCoastal and Offshore Engineering, School ofNaval Architecture). The official opening was given by ProfessorGuohai Dong, President of State KeyLaboratory of Coastal and OffshoreEngineering, Dalian University of Technology.After that, the Greetings from Professor ZhaoyinWang, Vice-Chairman of IAHR, Senior Research

Scientist, Jizhang Gao, Chairman of IAHR ChinaChapter, and Professor Patricia Langhorn,Chairman of IAHR Ice Research andEngineering Committee were given. Ice engineering sessions included Shipdynamics in ice, Sea ice induced vibrations, Icemanagement, Laboratory and physical modelstudies, Ice loads on structures. Sea ice andlake ice properties and characteristics sessionsconsisted of Ice physics and mechanicalproperties, Water quality and ecology, Sea icecharacteristics, Ice ridges and icebergs, Ice-waves interactions, River ice remote sensingand data collection techniques, Yellow River ice


Dr. Kari Lampela (Finnish Environment Institute,Helsinki, Finland) lectured on “Baltic Sea experi-ences in mechanical oil recovery in ice”. Dr.Kailin Yang (Institute of Water Resources andHydropower Research, Beijing, China) lecturedon “Safety regulations of middle route Project ofSouth to North Water Diversion in winter-springperiod”, Professor Yasuharu Watanab (KitamiInstitute of Technology, Kitami, Japan) lecturedon “Tsunami run-up to the ice covered rivers inHokkaido at the 2011 great east Japan earth-quake”.

AwardsThe Best Student Paper Prize was granted to IanM. Knack, whose presentation was entitled“River ice modeling for fish habitat analysis”. He is a student in Clarkson University, Potsdam,USA and was the first author of the awardedpaper with the co-author of Hung Tao Shen. The other Best Student Paper Prize was grantedto Wenjun Lu, whose presentation was entitled“Ventilation and backfill effect during ice-slopingstructure interactions”. He is a student in theNorwegian University of Science andTechnology, Trondheim, Norway and was thefirst author of the awarded paper with the co-authors of Sveinung Løset, and Raed Lubbad.This award was established in 1994 and in totalthirteen students have been granted the award.

Scientific topicsThe articles and presentations in this congressrelate to all aspects of ice researches, and areespecially associated with the topic of thecongress “ice research for a sustainableenvironment”. They do not only presentadvances in ice research, but also reveal theimproved concerns on the sustainable devel-opment and environmental problems.Ice physical and mechanical properties are thebases for studies on ice dynamics and thermo-dynamics. Laboratory experiment is still themain method employed on such research, butnumerical modeling also begins to expresssome advantages on calculating ice properties,such as Ji of Dalian University of Technologyand Bai of Bohai University.There is a long history of river ice study, and itwas also an important topic of the congress. Onthe river ice processes, except for the traditionalice dam and ice jam, a study on the influence oftsunami on river ice after the earthquake from aJapanese scientist attracted much attention.Because under the background of globalwarming, such kind of ultimate natural disasterand weather accident may occur morefrequently - but similar studies on ice are few.

Besides, for ice observation technology, moreremote sensing methods have been employedin monitoring of river ice. For example, a UAV ofChinese Academy of Sciences had been used inice observations in the Yellow River. Water qualityand ecology under ice is tightly associated withthe congress topic, field observations andnumerical modeling on the Porcupine River,Amur River and the Songhua River werepresented here as examples. Moreover, icemanagement is important for all ice-infestedrivers where river structures are expected tosurvive the winter ice conditions. Nine papersfrom different countries were concerned with thistopic, and most of them were related with realengineering problems. Except the methods onice conditions observations, they wereconcerned with a more systemic method of icemanagement instead of simply defeating the icedisaster. Ice problems in the Yellow River ofChina was another main concern of thecongress, with twelve papers from different insti-tutes and companies presenting the ice condi-tions, ice disaster and anti-ice measures in theYellow River.

Presentations on sea ice characteristics werefocussed on the Arctic Oceans and sub-Arcticseas such as the Bohai Sea, and on the spatialand temporal distribution of sea ice, ridges andicebergs. Besides, the relationship between seaice change and global climate, ice zoneenvironment protections are issues tightlyassociated with the theme of the congress, andthus also received much attention.Interaction of ice on structures is a traditionalissue in ice studies. Except for the static iceforce on fixed structures, the congress focussedmore on dynamic ice forces such as ice inducedvibration. Especially, a study comprising threepapers from the Norwegian University ofScience and Technology presented a systemicexperiments on ice induced vibration, andreceived much attention from the attendees. Onthe other hand, owing to the rapid decay ofArctic sea ice and increased possibilities inusing Northern Route through the Arctic Ocean,more and more projects have been carried outto study ship capability in ice-infested regions,and methods of physical modeling, numericalmodeling and in-situ observations are employedin such researches. Lake ice is a special section organized in thiscongress. Although it has a smaller spatial scalethan sea ice in the polar regions, the influencefrom climate change is also significant, and in-situ observations on lake ice are always easy toconduct. Articles on lake ice in the congress

mainly concerned topics such as the ice opticalproperties, thermodynamic properties, waterquality and ecology under lake ice.

ProceedingsThe Symposium Proceedings was published onUSB and paper version. The PDF proceedingswill be available free in IAHR web site later onthe year. ISBN: 978-7-89437-020-4TITLE: ICE RESEARCH FOR A SUSTAINABLEENVIRONMENTDate of Publication: May, 2012

Next SymposiumIt was announced that the 22nd IAHRInternational Symposium on Ice will be held inNanyang Technological University, Singapore inAugust 18–22, 2014. Invitation to Singapore wasgiven by Associate Professor Adrian Wing-Keung Law.

Zhijun Li, Chairman of the ScientificCommittee of 21st IAHR Ice Symposium.Professor Zhijun Li is professor inDalian University of Technology, China.His professorial research field is sea icephysics and mechanics.

Peng Lu, State Key Laboratory ofCoastal and Offshore Engineering,Dalian University, China.Peng Lu is currently at Dalian Universityof Technology, as an associate profes-sor. His interest includes sea ice dynam-ics, and image processing in sea ice re-mote sensing.

IAHR


LETTERS TO THE EDITORReflections on the Bologna ProcessIn this column we publish brief letters to the editor, where our readers cangive their opinion and comments on subjects tackled in past issues or newones of interest for our readers.Below you will read two letters referring to the Bologna process. Even if it is(desirable) well known to European teachers, some readers of ours mightnot know the Bologna Process, i.e. the series of ministerial meetings andagreements between European countries designed to ensure comparabilityin the standards and quality of higher education qualifications in the differentEuropean countries. If so, our readers interested in the question could visitthe web site www.ehea.info As written in the letters below the huge objective of the Bologna process,that has many positive aspects, is also encountering some difficulties, revealing that implementing the agreement is not so easy, but also highlighting that many achievements have been accomplished. The Editor

Dear Editor,Bologna is not a city anymore! At least it is not a city for most Europeanuniversity students and lecturers. Bologna sounds like a student perspective,not teaching but helping to learn, continuous assessment, learning by doing,more teamwork and less of a master class. It sounds fine to me, but how do wetake it to daily practice in every classroom of every university of every countryin the European University Space (EUS)? is huge objective encounters several difficulties; among others are the clashof education models, force of habit, overcrowding and the rather troubled duoof academic title and professional competence. Two antagonistic educationmodels are present in the EUS: one of them is based on a strong theoreticaltraining and aimed at developing a “general” professional, like in France orSpain, while the Anglo-Saxon model is mainly based on student practice andaims to educate a “specialist” professional. e feeling is that the Anglo-Saxonmodel won the battle in the attempt to harmonize the curricula in the EUS, andthere is resistance to so dramatic a change in the countries with a differenteducation tradition. e weight of tradition and, at a personal level, the forceof habit, lead to changes in the form of fulfilling the legal requirements, butnot in the content. In such a way, the prevailing model remains. Furthermore,university overcrowding hinders the necessary personal contact and inter-action between the lecturer and the students inside and outside of the lectureroom. Finally, as the university gives an education to students which is latertaken to professional work, education and professional models should be

considered jointly in the harmonization process. In some of the countries ofthe EUS the university degree directly and fully entitles graduates to carryout professional work, while in others a period of training outside theuniversity is necessary. Educational requirements should not be the same inthe two cases, so harmonization of the curricula in the EUS should implyharmonization of the method for acquiring professional certification too.Anyway, the change is in motion. University lecturers usually have a certainvagueness in an advanced perception of lightening the university studentworkload. Numbers say the contrary: subject programmes have beencompressed and student workload has risen. In the compression process, acertain rationalization can be observed. In many cases, the opportunity toadapt the subjects to the new times has been seized. e challenge is tomotivate students and help them to acquire an integral and adaptableeducation in a changing environment. Bologna is an opportunity foradvancing in the right direction.Miguel Ángel Toledo, Polytecnic University of Madrid, Spain

Dear Editor,Twelve years have passed since the Bologna declaration has been signedamongst European countries. e ambitions and intentions of the declarationwere very high, driven by the needs for employability of the graduates. eneed of employability changes the teaching demands, compared to five or tenyears back. Demands of graduates are rapidly changing and are significantlydifferent over 5-10 years and this triggers an ongoing evaluation of thecurricula. By having a common European understanding of the curricula,the chances of the graduates to find jobs is increased.In order to meet these new demands of the students and to make theEuropean Higher Education Area attractive for learners all over the world,twenty-nine European countries agreed to adopt the Bologna agreement,which shows their commitment for improving the education and findingcommon ways forward to promote European education. One of the mostimportant changes that comes with the Bologna agreement is the EuropeanCredit Transfer System (ECTS), leveling education in Bachelor’s and Master’s.Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees are formulated with clearly defined learningoutcomes and associated competencies, which can also serve for comparisonof higher education among different universities and countries. ese arechanges that help in shaping the common education arena in Europe. Asecond big advantage of Bologna agreement is the recognition that in additionto all necessary changes in education, there is a clear need for lifelong learning(LLL) and professional development. e LLL is especially relevant forengineering education. e process of implementing the agreement is not an easy one, and still triesto adapt to different views on education. However many achievements havebeen accomplished so far and there are still challenges ahead.Ioana Popescu, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, e Netherlands

Send your comments to the Editor: [email protected]

IAHR

127

PEOPLE &PLACES

Professor Stoesser has joined theHydro-Environmental ResearchCentre at Cardiff University

Professor Thorsten Stoesser (M) has

joined the HRC - hydro-environmental research

centre at Cardiff University as Professor of

Hydro-environmental Engineering. Prior to

joining Cardiff, Thorsten was an Associate

Professor in the School of Civil and

Environmental Engineering at the Georgia

Institute of Technology, Atlanta. USA; he was

previously a Research Associate at the

University of Karlsruhe, Germany and he acquired his PhD from Bristol,

UK. His research interests span a broad range of topics in computational

fluid dynamics, open-channel hydraulics and environmental fluid

mechanics, with his research being funded by US government agencies

such as the US EPA, National Science Foundation and various state

agencies, or by industrial partners for example, British Petroleum.

Thorsten is particularly interested in the modelling of turbulence in

environmental flows and he has developed advanced Computational

Fluid Dynamics models to simulate fluid flow in complex geometries.


IAHR welcomes during 2012 thefollowing new Institute Members!HR Wallingford United KingdomUniversità Degli Studi Di Cassino E Del Lazio Meridionale, Facoltà Di Ingegneria ItalyInstitute of Water Modelling (IWM) BangladeshVietnam Academy for Water Resources (VAWR) VietnamUniversity of Auckland New ZealandThe Key Laboratory of River and Coastal Engineering (KLORCE) Vietnam

10%discount

for members

Introducing the new IAHRCommunications and On line MediaOfficer and Programme Officer,IAHR Hydro- Environment Division

Maria Galanty is responsible for managing

online media in IAHR and in particular looks

after the monthly IAHR NewsFlash World and

Newsflash Europe e-zines. She is also respon-

sible for co-ordinating IAHR-sponsored

events. Last but not least she is Programme

Officer for the IAHR Hydro-Environment

Division in support of the Division Chair Prof.

Zhaoyin Wang and Secretary Prof. Jorge

Matos.

Maria is from Krakow in Poland but lived in the UK, and Vietnam, before

moving to Madrid in 2011. She holds an MA in Philology, and Foreign

Languages from Jagiellonian University in Krakow (one of the oldest

universities in the world). Before joining IAHR she worked for an online

media company in the UK applying new technologies to marketing and

sales. She also worked as a teacher of foreign languages in Vietnam for

two years.

Contact us:

Dr. Christopher George, Executive Directortel.: +34 91 335 79 64e-mail: [email protected]

Estibaliz Serrano Publications ManagerIPD Programme Officer tel.: +34 91 335 79 86e-mail: [email protected]

Maria Galanty Communications and On line Media Officer Hydro-environment Division Programme Officertel.: +34 91 335 79 08e-mail: [email protected]

Elsa IncioMembership and subscriptionsHydraulics Division Programme Officertel.: +34 91 335 79 19e-mail: [email protected]

Carmen Sanchez Accountstel.: +34 91 335 79 48e-mail: [email protected]

New Vice Chair of the IAHRCommittee on Ice Research

Margaret Knuth is a civil engineer at the

US Army Cold Regions Research and

Engineering Laboratory (CRREL). Her primary

research interests are in Arctic and Antarctic

logistics and engineering. Recent projects

have included work on potable water

production in polar environments, firn air

cooling systems for food and scientific sample

storage, snow roads and runway construction

and maintenance and methods for consoli-

dating airfields at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Ms. Knuth is also

involved in discrete element modeling for sea ice and granular materials.

Recent work in this area has included modeling of ice crushing on Arctic

structures and simulations of mobility and excavation tools for Martian

and Lunar rovers..

IAHR SecretariatPaseo Bajo Virgen del Puerto, 328005 Madrid SPAINTel. : +34 91 335 79 08Fax. : +34 91 335 79 [email protected]

Proceedings of River Flow 2012IAHR members have a 10% discount. Please order at

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9780415621298/

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[email protected]

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