hybrid and pure electric vehicles for land, water and air ... · hybrid and pure electric vehicles...

Hybrid and Pure Electric Vehicles for Land, Water and Air 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players

Contents Page 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1

1.1. The value market for electric vehicles EVs of all types 1

1.2. Market sectors and technology trends 2

1.3. Small and Medium Enterprises SME come to the fore 6

1.4. Numbers of manufacturers 23

1.5. Stronger value growth, hybrids gain value share 23

1.6. Mark ups through the value chain 24

1.7. Electric cars – the most unpredictable market 25

1.7.1. Pure electric cars 26

1.7.2. Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars 27

1.7.3. The most unpredictable market 29

1.7.4. Market drivers 30

1.8. Market by territory 34

1.8.1. Global 34

1.8.2. China 35

2. INTRODUCTION 39

2.1. Definitions and scope of this report 39

2.1.1. Learning from the past 39

2.1.2. Organisations involved in the EV industry value chain 40

2.1.3. Commonality 41

2.1.4. Key components and systems 42

2.2. Pure electric vehicles 42

2.3. Hybrid electric vehicles 44

2.3.1. Largest sector by value 45

2.3.2. Here come range extenders 46

2.3.3. Hybrids at no price penalty 53

2.4. Born electric – in-wheel electric motors 54

2.5. Born Electric – smart skin 60

2.6. Objectives 62

2.7. Benefits 62

2.8. Electric vehicles become less poisonous 63

2.8.1. How green are electric vehicles really? 65

2.8.2. Contrast global automotive production 2012: major polluter 68

3. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS 71

3.1. What is included 71

3.2. Challenges 71


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3.3. Listing of manufacturers 72

3.3.1. Statistics for all types of industrial lift truck 72

3.3.2. Manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs 75

3.4. Market size 76

3.5. Market forecasts 2012-2023 76

4. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL, BUSES AND OTHER COMMERCIAL EVS 77


4.1.2. Sub categories 78

4.1.3. Buses 79

4.1.4. Trucks 81

4.2. Market drivers 87

4.2.1. Governments get involved 88

4.3. Important initiatives 88

4.4. EVs for local services 89

4.5. Airport EVs: Ground Support Equipment GSE 89

4.6. Small people-movers 90

4.7. Light industrial aids 91



5. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED 99

5.1. Compelling and enduring need 99

5.2. The demographic time-bomb 99

5.2.1. Ageing population, obesity and the dependent elderly 100

5.2.2. Laws make mobility easier 101

5.3. Types of mobility vehicle 101

5.3.1. Growth by new market segments 102

5.3.2. Interchina Industry Group China 104


5.4.1. Geographical distribution 105

5.4.2. Needs creating new segments 106

5.4.3. What is driving regional differences? 107

5.4.4. Zhejiang R&P Industry China 108

5.4.5. Pride Mobility, USA 109



5.6.1. Growth by creating new markets 112

6. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES 115


6.1.1. China - unprecedented growth of electric two wheelers 115


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6.1.2. Other countries 116

6.2. Prices and performances compared 117

6.3. Electric two wheeler companies 119

6.3.1. Yamaha Japan 120

6.3.2. Eko Vehicles hybrid scooters India 121

6.3.3. Interchina Industry Group foldable electric bike China 122

6.3.4. Honda Japan 122

6.3.5. Suzuki fuel cell bike Japan 123


6.4.1. Bicycles and electric bicycles 124

6.4.2. Hybrid motorcycles 125

6.5. Statistics for all bicycles 126


6.6.1. China 128


7. CAR-LIKE VEHICLES NOT HOMOLOGATED AS CARS: MICROEV, QUADRICYCLE,

E-TRIKE, NEV, GOLF CAR 133

7.1. Many names, common factors 133

7.2. Car-like vehicles that evade restrictions, taxes and other costs 136

7.3. Philippines: big new commitments to e-trikes 138

7.4. Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars 139

7.5. Golf cars 142

7.5.1. What is included 142

7.5.2. Market drivers 143

7.5.3. Listing of manufacturers 146

7.5.4. Market forecasts 2012-2023 147

8. CARS 149

8.1. Adoption of electric cars 149

8.2. Rapid increase in number of manufacturers 154

8.3. Providing charging infrastructure 159

8.3.1. Recharging points 159

8.3.2. Battery changing points 160

8.3.3. Can the grid cope? 160

8.4. Market 2012-2023 161

8.5. National targets for plug-in (PHEV, BEV) on road vehicle sales 2010-2020 163

8.5.1. United Kingdom 165

9. PURE ELECTRIC CARS 167

9.1. Déjà Vu 168

9.1.1. Pure electric cars are a necessary part of the range? 173


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9.2. Examples of pure EV cars 173

9.2.1. Renault-Nissan Alliance France, Japan 173

9.2.2. China 174

9.2.3. High performance pure EVs – Tesla USA 174

9.2.4. Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar France, Italy 175

9.2.5. REVA India 176

9.2.6. Club Car USA 177

9.2.7. Toyota Japan 178

10. HYBRID CARS 181

10.1. Construction and advantages of hybrids 181

10.2. Evolution 181

10.3. Chevrolet Volt USA 182

10.4. Ford hybrids USA 183


10.5.1. Leading indicators 183

10.6. History of hybrids and planned models 184

11. MILITARY 193

11.1. Examples of military EVs 193

11.1.1. Hummer USA / China 194

11.1.2. Quantum Technologies USA Aggressor AMV 194

11.1.3. US Army trucks etc – ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA 195

11.1.4. Oshkosh Truck Corp USA 195

11.1.5. Plug-in trucks – BAE Systems UK 197

11.1.6. Electric robot vehicles USA 198

11.1.7. UQM unmanned combat vehicle USA 198

11.1.8. Balqon Corporation 198

11.2. Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 199

11.2.1. Small electrical UAVs 200

11.2.2. SUAV batteries 200

11.2.3. The most successful electric UAV 201

11.2.4. Micro nano air vehicles 203

11.2.5. Large electrical UAVs 204

11.2.6. COM-BAT robot bat USA 205

11.3. Examples of military EVs – in the water 206

11.3.1. US Naval Undersea Warfare Center 206

11.4. Manufacturers of military EVs 207


12. MARINE 211

12.1.1. Hybrid and pure electric tugboats 211


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12.2. Market segments 214

12.2.1. Total market 214

12.2.2. Underwater 214

12.2.3. On the water 215

12.3. Commonality with land EVs 216

12.3.1. Grants for land and water 216

12.3.2. Effect of land EV manufacturers entering marine 216


12.4.1. Pollution laws back electric boats – India, Europe, USA 217

12.4.2. Energy harvesting superyacht UK 217

12.4.3. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) – Europe, USA 219

12.5. Manufacturers by country and product 219

12.6. Selling prices 221


12.7.1. Outboard motor market size 222

13. AIRCRAFT, MOBILE ROBOTS AND OTHER EVS 223

13.1. Definition 223


13.3. Listing of other manufacturers by country and product 224

13.4. Market size and trends 224

13.4.1. Aircraft – Renault, Piccard 225

13.4.2. Solar Impulse 226

13.4.3. Non-military mobile robots – USA, UK, Japan 227

13.4.4. The Electrolux Automower Sweden 229

13.4.5. Rescue robots in Germany 230

13.4.6. Robots on Mars 230

13.4.7. Leisure on land 232

13.4.8. Research and hobbyist 233

13.4.9. Electric aircraft for civil use 233

13.4.10. Robotic lawn mowers 233


APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY 239


Tables Page

Table 1.1 Categories of electric vehicle, saturating and growth subsectors within these categories and

technology trends by size/ duty cycle. 9

Table 1.2 Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector 11

Table 1.3 Explanation of trends in market numbers by sector and background statistics and forecasts

by other analysts of future numbers by sector and country 13

Table 1.4 Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by

applicational sector, rounded 18

Table 1.5 Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational

sector, rounded 20

Table 1.6 Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2013 by application

with numbers for China 23

Table 1.7 Main market drivers 2013-2023 24

Table 1.8 The value of the electric vehicle market by territory % East Asia, Europe, North America,

Other 2013 and 2023 % 34

Table 1.9 NEV output in China for 2011 and 2012 including exports 36

Table 2.1 Energy, number of riders and energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road

travel options. 44

Table 2.2 Some reasons why ICE vehicles are replaced with EVs 63

Table 2.3 Global automotive production by country 2012 69

Table 3.1 27 examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country 75

Table 3.2 Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks 76

Table 3.3 Global sales of heavy industrial EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-

2023, rounded 76

Table 3.4 Sales of heavy electric vehicles by region by percentage of units 76

Table 4.1 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and

examples of their products 93

Table 4.2 Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded 95

Table 4.3 Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs excluding buses by numbers thousands,

ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023,

rounded 95

Table 4.4 Approximate number of light industrial and commercial vehicles by type in 2013 in thousands

excluding buses 96

Table 4.5 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2013 and 2023 by percentage of units 96

Table 5.1 Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population 100

Table 5.2 Evolution of three families of powered vehicles for the disabled to 2013 103

Table 5.3 Evolution of power chairs 1980 to 2013 104

Table 5.4 Evolution of scooters for the disabled 1980 to 2013 104

Table 5.5 The continental percentage split of markets for vehicles for the disabled by value in 2013 105

Table 5.6 The percentage split of market for vehicles for the disabled by country within Europe 105


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Table 5.7 The numbers in thousands of scooters plus power chairs that were and will be sold in Europe

2005 to 2015 106

Table 5.8 Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future 107

Table 5.9 The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of

vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015 110

Table 5.10 Market for EVs for the disabled by geographical region, ex works pricing and percentage split

in 2005, 2010 and 2020 110

Table 5.11 82 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country 110

Table 5.12 Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex-factory unit price in

thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2012-2023, rounded 113

Table 6.1 Prices and performance of electric two wheelers 117

Table 6.2 70 examples of manufacturers of two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes 127

Table 6.3 Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order) 128

Table 6.4 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry 129

Table 6.5 Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but

there is a move to lithium-ion batteries 130

Table 6.6 Global sales of two wheel and allied EVs number, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars

and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded 131

Table 6.7 Sales of Light Electric Vehicles LEVs (two wheelers and allied eg electric quad bikes and on

road three wheel micro cars) by region by percentage of units2013 and 2023 131

Table 7.1 Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars 139

Table 7.2 MicroEV quadricycle forecasts 2012-2023 142

Table 7.3 19 examples of golf EV manufacturers 147

Table 7.4 Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised caddies in number thousands, ex-factory unit

price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 147

Table 7.5 Geographical split of golf EV sales by value 2010, 2015 and 2020 148

Table 8.1 Global stimulus for fuel efficient cars in 2009 149

Table 8.2 121 examples of manufacturers of EV cars 155

Table 8.3 Global sales of car hybrid number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars

and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161

Table 8.4 Global sales of car pure electric number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of

dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161

Table 8.5 Global sales of micro EV quadricycle number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of

dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 161

Table 10.1 Major market drivers for growth in hybrid sales 183

Table 10.2 Hybrid electric vehicles and associated events 1876-2013 184

Table 11.1 Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven 202

Table 11.2 27 suppliers of military EVs 208

Table 11.3 Global sales of electric military vehicles in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in

thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 208

Table 11.4 Military electric vehicle sales by region 2013 and 2023 in percentage units 209

Table 12.1 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft 219

Table 12.2 Leading manufacturers of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles for sale 220


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Table 12.3 Indicative prices for marine EVs in 2013 221

Table 12.4 Global sales of electric marine craft in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands

of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded 221

Table 12.5 Forecast for trolling electric outboard motors 2013-2023, numbers k, $k ex-factory price,

$million market value 222

Table 12.6 Forecast for medium sized electric outboard motors (500W-10kW) 2013-2023, numbers k, $k

ex-factory price, $ million market value 222

Table 12.7 Forecast for large sized electric outboard motors (10kW-150kW ) 2013-2023, numbers k, $k

ex-factory price, $ million market value 222

Table 13.1 36 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by

country and product 224

Table 13.2 Global sales of other electric vehicles (including civil aircraft and robot) in number thousands,

ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023,

rounded 236


Figures Page Fig. 1.1 Breakdown of the electric vehicle market in 2023, land water and airborne, hybrid and pure

electric 2

Fig. 1.2 Basic schematic of pure EV power train 3

Fig. 1.3 Size of vehicle, broadly indicated by price and battery kWh, related to when up-front cost

becomes competitive with a conventional version 5

Fig. 1.4 SMEs have more opportunity 6

Fig. 1.5 FlyNano pure electric flying jet ski Finland 7

Fig. 1.6 Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector 12

Fig. 1.7 Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by

applicational sector, rounded 19

Fig. 1.8 Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector,

rounded 21

Fig. 1.9 Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2013, percentage by applicational sector 22

Fig. 1.10 Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2023, percentage by applicational sector 22

Fig. 1.11 The various types of car, the precise definitions, regulations and user preferences varying

greatly between countries 25

Fig. 1.12 kWh per passenger for conventional or electric on-road vehicles related to type of vehicle and

showing cars to be uniquely inefficient 26

Fig. 1.13 The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas

the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure

electric car in the UK for ten years with sales of only hundreds yearly 27

Fig. 1.14 Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The

standard model has no windows 27

Fig. 1.15 Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels 28

Fig. 1.16 Cumulative and monthly plug-in on-road vehicle sales in the USA through 2012 according to

trade association EDTA 32

Fig. 1.17 The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light

industrial and commercial vehicles outselling pure electric passenger EVs, according to trade

association AVERE 33

Fig. 1.18 Adoption of different car power trains past and present 33

Fig. 1.19 Unit sales in China 2008-2012: total autos, total passenger cars and buses and BEV and

HEV/PHEV 35

Fig. 2.1 EV sectors with the largest gross sales value and profits over the years 40

Fig. 2.2 Electric vehicle value chain 41

Fig. 2.3 Increasing inefficiency of private vehicles with size, even when fully occupied 43

Fig. 2.4 Increasing efficiency of buses with size when fully occupied 43

Fig. 2.5 Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options 44

Fig. 2.6 The Bladon Jets microturbine range extender is the size of two cans of beans 49

Fig. 2.7 Boeing fuel cell plane trial 50


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Fig. 2.8 Principle of a PEM fuel cell 51

Fig. 2.9 Toyota hybrid fork lift for heavy outdoor duty 51

Fig. 2.10 Tyrano Big Rig 52

Fig. 2.11 Ford MKZ Hybrid 54

Fig. 2.12 The Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 1898 showing its two in-wheel electric motors. Another

version had four 55

Fig. 2.13 Mitsubishi in-wheel motor 55

Fig. 2.14 Mine resistant ambush protected – All Terrain Vehicle MATV 57

Fig. 2.15 MATV structure 57

Fig. 2.16 Volvo ReCharge concept hybrid 58

Fig. 2.17 Fraunhofer in-wheel motor on an Artega GT 58

Fig. 2.18 SIM Drive in wheel traction 59

Fig. 2.19 EMRAX 222 Duplex Motor 60

Fig. 2.20 The dream of smart skin for land, sea and air vehicles 61

Fig. 2.21 Competing electric drive train technologies and their targets by market sector 62

Fig. 2.22 Carbon Intensity CO2 kg/kWh and % Fossil fuel in power sector 66

Fig. 2.23 LCA greenhouse emissions of a compact car with different drive trains 67

Fig. 2.24 Carbon emissions, in grams CO2 per km, of a selection of cars for sale in the UK 68

Fig. 3.1 Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer 72

Fig. 3.2 Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter 72

Fig. 3.3 Top 20 industrial lift truck suppliers in 2011 73

Fig. 3.4 Lift truck market demand increase in 2012 73

Fig. 3.5 World industrial truck statistics/orders and shipments 74

Fig. 4.1 The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light

industrial and commercial vehicles outselling passenger EVs, according to trade association

AVERE 78

Fig. 4.2 Orion VII hybrid electric bus USA 80

Fig. 4.3 Nova RTS hybrid electric bus USA 80

Fig. 4.4 Gillig low floor hybrid bus in USA 80

Fig. 4.5 Two buses in Brazil using the locally made Eletra hybrid power trains 80

Fig. 4.6 Kent electric city bus from China 81

Fig. 4.7 Hino Blue Ribbon hybrid diesel electric bus in China 81

Fig. 4.8 Balqon Pure Electric Trucks and Bus Drive 82

Fig. 4.9 PG&E and VIA Motors displayed a new SUV version of its extended-range electric vehicle at the

Detroit auto show 85

Fig. 4.10 The full-size pickup and a cargo van introduced by VIA Motors in 2012, in use by PGE 86

Fig. 4.11 Electric bus in Nepal 91

Fig. 4.12 Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics 92

Fig. 4.13 Garbage collecting electric car 92

Fig. 4.14 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2013 by percentage of units 96

Fig. 4.15 Sales of light electric/commercial vehicles by region 2023 by percentage of units 97

Fig. 5.1 Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040 100

Fig. 5.2 New Pihsiang Shoprider pure electric mobility vehicle for the disabled 103


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Fig. 5.3 The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group 104

Fig. 5.4 Zhejiang R&P Industry ES 413 108

Fig. 5.5 Pride Jazzy – making new things possible 109

Fig. 6.1 Gasoline two wheelers G2W and electric two wheelers E2W sales compared to passenger

vehicles 1991-2006 in China 116

Fig. 6.2 Yamaha EC-f and EC-fs concept electric scooters 120

Fig. 6.3 Yamaha EC03 121

Fig. 6.4 Eko Vehicles ET-120 hybrid scooter 121

Fig. 6.5 Foldable Electric Bike (LNEB-9601 122

Fig. 6.6 Honda EV Cub sports twin, front and rear electric drive motors. 122

Fig. 6.7 Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter powered by Intelligent Energy 123

Fig. 6.8 e-bikes parked in Yangzhou China 124

Fig. 6.9 Electric mopeds parked in Cheghdu China 124

Fig. 6.10 World bicycle and automoblie production, 1950-2007 126

Fig. 7.1 IMAs “Colibri” Micro EV presented at the Geneva Motorshow 2013. 134

Fig. 7.2 Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars, in the context of two wheelers and Europe. Love

them or hate them? 135

Fig. 7.3 The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas

the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure

electric car in the UK for ten years with sales of only hundreds yearly 136

Fig. 7.4 Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The

standard model has no windows 137

Fig. 7.5 Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels 137

Fig. 7.6 E-trikes 139

Fig. 7.7 Tonaro golf and general purpose vehicle from China 144

Fig. 7.8 Suzhou Eagle two and four seat golf cars from China 145

Fig. 7.9 Yongkang Fourstar golf vehicles from China 145

Fig. 7.10 Shadong Wuzheng golf cars from China 146

Fig. 7.11 Jinhua Ryder golf car from China 146

Fig. 8.1 Features of leading electric cars in 2012 150

Fig. 8.2 Projections of lithium-ion traction battery price 151

Fig. 8.3 A summary of the theoretical energy density of advanced rechargeable battery chemistries

compared with theoretical graphene supercapacitor 152

Fig. 8.4 Distribution of cars made in Europe 153

Fig. 8.5 Detailed breakdown of car parameters by type 154

Fig. 8.6 Geographical distribution of 120 companies making or intending to make electric cars in 2013 159

Fig. 8.7 Number (thousands) of hybrid cars, pure electric cars and MicroEV/Quadricycles 2013-2023 162

Fig. 8.8 Total market value (US$ billion) of hybrid cars, pure electric cars and MicroEV/Quadricycles

2013-2023 162

Fig. 8.9 National targets for plug-in on road vehicle sales of EVI members in number of vehicles

purchased yearly 163

Fig. 8.10 Planned PEV vehicle stock by year 2010-2020 in national targets 164

Fig. 8.11 Government targets and sales by company of PEV (PHEV/BEV on-road vehicles) 164


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Fig. 8.12 Early sales of new EVs by year superimposed showing comparative early adoption 165

Fig. 9.1 Trouvé pure EV car in 1881 169

Fig. 9.2 Red Bug pure EV in 1930 170

Fig. 9.3 Sinclair C5 170

Fig. 9.4 Aptera 171

Fig. 9.5 Gemcars 172

Fig. 9.6 Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car 174

Fig. 9.7 Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar showing solar panels on roof and hood 175

Fig. 9.8 Pininfarina Bolloré Bluecar cross section 176

Fig. 9.9 REVA pure EV car 177

Fig. 9.10 The Club Car street legal car 178

Fig. 9.11 Toyota pure EV city car 179

Fig. 10.1 Evolution of EV design for on-road and many non-road vehicles 182

Fig. 10.2 Chevrolet Volt battery, generator and drive unit positioning 183

Fig. 11.1 Oshkosh truck 196

Fig. 11.2 Balqon Mule M150 199

Fig. 11.3 SPI electrical SUAV 200

Fig. 11.4 Examples of SUAV rechargeable lithium batteries. Top: Flight Power "EVO 20" Lithium Polymer

battery. Bottom: Sion Power lithium sulfur 201

Fig. 11.5 AeroVironment Raven 202

Fig. 11.6 AeroVironment Aqua Puma UAV completes Royal Australian Navy Sea trials in 2007 203

Fig. 11.7 AeroVironment Helios 204

Fig. 11.8 Aurora Flight Sciences solar plane that takes off in parts and self-assembles at altitude 205

Fig. 11.9 COM-BAT 205

Fig. 11.10 Robotic Bat 206

Fig. 11.11 Large autonomous robot jellyfish 207

Fig. 12.1 Hybrid tugboat 212

Fig. 12.2 Engine room of the hybrid tugboat 212

Fig. 12.3 Bratt electric tugboat 213

Fig. 12.4 Electric deck boat by Leisure Life 215

Fig. 12.5 Electric launch 215

Fig. 12.6 Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva 217

Fig. 12.7 The rigid-wing superyacht concept called 'Soliloquy' 218

Fig. 13.1 "Zep'lin"s 225

Fig. 13.2 "Zep'lin" photovoltaic sail adjustment 226

Fig. 13.3 Solar Impulse 226

Fig. 13.4 The Electrolux Automower 230

Fig. 13.5 Robots for Mars 231

Fig. 13.6 LawnBott 234

hybrid and pure electric vehicles for land, water and air ... · hybrid and pure electric vehicles...

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