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TRANSCRIPT
-
Lo
cati
on
D
escr
ipti
veIn
form
atio
nP
lan
nin
g a
nd
inve
nto
ryL
og
gin
g In
ten
sity
and
Cyc
leR
esid
ual
Den
sity
an
dU
tiliz
atio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
ed
amag
eW
aste
Eco
no
mic
Asp
ects
So
urc
e
And
aman
and
N
icob
arIs
land
s
Vol
ume
of ti
mbe
rre
mai
ning
in th
e fo
rest
in th
e fo
rm o
f bu
ttres
sed
stum
psw
as 8
.2m
3 /ha
for
hard
woo
ds a
nd 5
.89
m3 /
ha fo
r so
ftwoo
dsR
emov
al o
f the
bu
ttres
s be
fore
felli
ngw
ould
min
imiz
e tim
ber
dam
age,
incr
ease
timbe
r yi
eld
and
keep
the
fore
st fl
oor
in a
m
ore
hygi
enic
cond
ition
Bal
acha
ndra
, L.
1988
Afr
ica
Tro
pica
l moi
st fo
rest
s · w
ell
plan
ned
and
care
fully
con
trol
led
harv
estin
g sy
stem
s ar
e su
perio
rec
onom
ical
ly, e
nviro
nmen
tally
and
silv
icul
tura
llyS
uch
harv
estin
g sy
stem
s sh
ould
be
fully
inte
grat
edw
ith th
em
anag
emen
t sys
tem
, but
has
be
en a
n el
usiv
e go
al in
the
trop
ics
Tot
al b
ole
volu
me
in
Fra
ncop
hone
Afr
ican
coun
trie
s av
erag
e 11
1 m
3 /ha
, of w
hich
61
m3 /
ha (
11.5
tree
s/ha
)is
of c
omm
erci
al s
ize
(>70
cm
dbh)
, and
of
whi
ch 1
5 m
3 /ha
(2.
3 tr
ees/
ha)
is
com
mer
cial
vol
ume
of
pref
erre
d sp
ecie
s In
poly
cycl
icsi
lvic
ultu
re, s
yste
ms
mus
t use
RIL
, in
whi
chca
se o
n a
30 y
ear
cycl
e an
d 1
cm/a
dbh
gr
owth
logg
ing
will
be
sust
aina
ble
In C
ôte
d'Iv
oire
they
are
conf
iden
t tha
t the
m
ajor
ity o
f ste
ms
in
the
20-4
0 an
d 40
-60
cm d
bh c
lass
es w
ill
mov
e up
to th
e ne
xtcl
ass
with
a 4
0-ye
arlo
ggin
g cy
cle
Soi
l dis
turb
ance
on 2
0-25
% o
f lo
gged
are
a E
very
felle
dm
atur
e tr
ee
dest
roys
200
-400
m2
of fo
rest
FA
O 1
989a
Afr
ica
Suc
cess
ive
felli
ng a
t a v
ery
shor
t in
terv
alas
soci
ated
with
poo
r fo
rest
inv e
ntor
y is
not
com
patib
lew
ithsu
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t.
Logg
ing
inte
nsity
1-2
tr
ees/
ha o
r 15
-20
m3 /
ha
Gen
eral
lyle
ssth
an 1
0% o
f the
orig
inal
tree
po
pula
tion
dam
aged
dur
ing
logg
ing
Sis
t, P
. 200
0
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
Afr
ica
(c
en
tra
l)
Th
e m
ain
ob
jective
of
the
"E
CO
FA
C"
pro
ject
wa
s t
o
de
term
ine
th
e r
ela
tio
n b
etw
ee
n
ha
rve
stin
g inte
nsity
an
d d
am
ag
e
to t
he
re
sid
ua
l sta
nd
.
Min
imu
m h
arv
estin
g
dia
me
ter
80
cm
db
h
(fe
w t
ree
s <
90
cm
db
h
we
re c
ut)
T
he
ha
rve
stin
g f
rom
0.4
- 4
tre
es/h
a
Mo
st
of
the
d
am
ag
e w
as
ca
use
d d
uri
ng
skid
din
g
op
era
tio
ns
0.8
% o
f th
e
su
rfa
ce
wa
s
aff
ecte
d b
y ro
ad
s
an
d la
nd
ing
s.
Durr
ieu d
e
Ma
dro
n,
L.,
F
on
tez,
B.,
D
ipa
po
un
dji,
B.
20
00
Afr
ica
, A
ng
lop
ho
ne
w
est
Fe
llin
g c
ycle
s
Ca
me
roo
n 3
0-6
0
yea
rs
Nig
eria
50
ye
ars
G
ha
na
40
ye
ars
O
ptim
um
fe
llin
g c
ycle
is
on
e t
ha
t e
nsu
res
co
mp
lete
fo
rest
reco
ve
ry a
nd
su
ffic
ien
t ste
m r
ecru
itm
en
t in
to
the
exp
loita
ble
dia
me
ter
cla
ss
Fe
llin
g lim
its v
ary
be
twe
en
50
-11
0 c
m
db
h d
ep
en
din
g o
n
co
un
try
an
d s
pe
cie
s
In
S.E
. A
sia
33
-67
% o
f th
e r
esid
ua
l tr
ee
s a
re
da
ma
ge
d b
y lo
gg
ing
In
S.E
. A
sia
33
%
of
the
to
tal a
rea
is
da
ma
ge
d d
uri
ng
lo
gg
ing
Dyk
str
a e
t a
l.1
996
Am
azonia
In
th
is s
tud
y, t
he
effe
cts
of
log
gin
g
inte
nsity,
tim
e a
fte
r lo
gg
ing
, a
nd
skid
de
r tr
acks,
on
th
e c
om
po
sitio
n
an
d d
ive
rsity
of
the
gro
un
d-l
eve
l h
erb
co
mm
un
ity
of
a t
err
a-f
irm
e
fore
st
in c
en
tra
l A
ma
zo
nia
we
re
exa
min
ed
. W
e c
on
clu
de
th
at
fore
st
ma
na
ge
d
with
lo
gg
ing
in
ten
sitie
s s
imila
r to
th
ose
use
d in t
his
exp
eri
me
nt
co
uld
be
co
mpa
tible
with
co
nserv
atio
n o
f u
nd
ers
tory
he
rbs.
Skid
de
r tr
acks s
ho
uld
be
m
inim
ise
d,
as t
he
y h
ave
th
e
gre
ate
st
lon
g-t
erm
im
pa
ct
an
d
allo
w s
pe
cie
s f
rom
oth
er
ha
bita
ts
to in
vad
e t
he
fo
rest.
L
og
gin
g w
as c
arr
ied
ou
t a
t vary
ing
in
ten
sitie
s in
eig
ht
4-
ha
exp
eri
me
nta
l p
lots
in
19
87
, th
ree
plo
ts in
19
93
, a
nd
fiv
e p
lots
w
ere
co
ntr
ols
.
R
esu
lts in
dic
ate
th
at
the
he
rb
gro
un
dco
mm
un
ity
is n
ot
se
ve
rely
aff
ecte
d
by
se
lective
lo
gg
ing
at
the
in
ten
sitie
s u
se
d in
th
is e
xp
eri
me
nt.
T
he
alte
ratio
ns in
co
mp
ositio
n a
re
ma
inly
lo
ca
l, a
nd
re
str
icte
d t
o t
he
m
ost
dis
turb
ed
p
atc
he
s.
Co
sta
, F
. &
M
ag
nu
sso
n W
. 2
001
Am
azonia
(B
razil
&
Bo
livia
)
Fo
rest
ow
ne
rs a
nd
op
era
tors
in
B
razil
an
d B
oliv
ia w
ere
in
terv
iew
ed
in
ord
er
to a
sse
ss t
he
le
ve
l o
f im
ple
me
nta
tion
of
RIL
in
th
e t
wo
co
un
trie
s.
In
Bo
livia
th
e c
om
pa
nie
s m
akin
g
the
mo
st
pro
gre
ss t
ow
ard
s R
IL
imp
lem
en
tation
are
la
rge
, w
ell
org
an
ize
d a
nd
ve
rtic
ally
in
teg
rate
d;
wh
ilst
in B
razil
tho
se
Tw
o o
f th
e m
ain
o
bsta
cle
s f
acin
g
RIL
im
ple
me
nta
tio
n
in b
oth
co
un
trie
s is
the
pe
rce
ptio
n t
ha
t R
IL is p
roh
ibitiv
ely
e
xp
en
siv
e a
nd
th
e
lack o
f tr
ain
ed
p
eo
ple
at
all
leve
ls.
Bla
te,
G.M
.,
Putz
, F
.E.
&
Zw
ee
de
, J.C
. 2
001
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
co
mp
an
ies m
akin
g m
ost
pro
gre
ss
tow
ard
s R
IL a
do
ptio
n a
re t
ho
se
w
ith
en
ou
gh
ca
pita
l to
in
ve
st
in
ap
pro
pri
ate
te
ch
no
log
y a
nd
tr
ain
ing
of
pe
rso
nn
el.
Co
mp
an
ies in
Bra
zil
an
d B
oliv
ia
ha
ve
ad
op
ted
th
e R
IL e
lem
en
ts
tha
t in
cre
ase
eff
icie
ncy,
re
du
ce
co
sts
, e
na
ble
th
em
to c
om
ply
with
th
e la
w,
an
d h
elp
the
m im
pro
ve
m
ark
etin
g.
In
Bo
livia
, im
pro
vin
g m
ark
et
acce
ss t
hro
ug
h c
ert
ific
atio
n is
pro
ba
bly
th
e m
ost
imp
ort
an
t re
aso
n f
or
RIL
ad
op
tio
n w
hils
t in
B
razil,
in
cre
ase
d o
pe
ratio
na
l e
ffic
ien
cy
an
d c
on
se
qu
en
t co
st
sa
vin
gs.
Asia
-Pa
cific
A
ne
ce
ssa
ry c
on
ditio
n f
or
imp
lem
en
tin
g R
IL is t
ha
t p
ers
on
ne
l h
ave
th
e q
ua
lific
atio
ns t
o p
erf
orm
th
eir
ta
sks a
nd
re
sp
on
sib
ilitie
s
eff
ective
ly a
nd
eff
icie
ntly.
P
ers
on
ne
l n
ee
d t
o k
no
w a
nd
u
nd
ers
tan
d t
he
na
ture
an
d s
co
pe
of
the
wo
rk t
o b
e d
on
e,
wh
y it h
as
to b
e d
on
e a
nd
ho
w b
est
to d
o it.
In
co
mb
ina
tio
n,
the
se
skill
s e
na
ble
th
em
to
ca
rry
ou
t co
mp
lex t
asks
eff
icie
ntly.
Th
us,
gre
ate
r e
ffic
ien
cy
an
d h
igh
er
pro
du
ctivity
in tim
be
r e
xtr
actio
n u
nd
er
RIL
is a
ch
ieve
d
thro
ug
h t
rain
ing
. R
IL t
rain
ing
ofte
n c
on
ce
ntr
ate
s o
n
felli
ng
/bu
ckin
g a
nd
skid
din
g
op
era
tio
ns s
imp
ly b
eca
use
th
eir
n
eg
ative
im
pacts
on
th
e r
esid
ua
l sta
nd
s a
nd
th
e f
ore
st
eco
sys
tem
a
s a
wh
ole
are
hig
hly
vis
ible
, a
nd
re
ad
ily m
ea
sura
ble
in
ph
ysic
al a
nd
m
on
eta
ry t
erm
s.
Th
is a
pp
roa
ch
oft
en
fa
ils t
o
reco
gn
ize
th
at
oth
er
ke
y sta
ke
ho
lde
rs,
su
ch
as p
olic
y-m
ake
rs,
pla
nn
ers
an
d s
up
erv
iso
rs
als
o n
ee
d t
o u
nd
erg
o t
rain
ing
b
eca
use
th
eir
de
cis
ion
s h
ave
sig
nific
an
t a
nd
lon
g-t
erm
im
pa
cts
o
n t
he
pro
du
ctivity
and
su
sta
ina
bili
ty o
f th
e f
ore
st
reso
urc
es.
Ve
rgara
, N
.T.
20
02
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
Asia
-Pa
cific
A
ba
sic
att
ractio
n o
f R
IL is t
ha
t fo
rests
co
ntinu
e t
o p
rovid
e
eco
no
mic
po
ten
tia
l th
rou
gh
tim
be
r p
rod
uctio
n w
hile
im
pro
vin
g t
he
e
nvir
on
me
nta
l va
lue
50
% o
f th
e g
ree
n-h
ou
se
-ga
s-
be
ne
fits
are
re
alis
ed
ove
r th
e f
irst
few
ye
ars
.
In
cre
asin
g in
tere
st
in u
sin
g c
arb
on
o
ffse
t fin
an
cin
g t
o
ca
rry
ou
t m
ore
e
nvir
on
me
nta
lly
so
un
d f
ore
st
ma
na
ge
me
nt
RIL
pro
vid
es little
m
on
eta
ry
ince
ntive
s f
or
fore
st
co
nce
ssio
na
ire
s to
in
ve
st
in t
he
se
te
ch
niq
ue
s.
FA
O 1
998
Asia
(S
ou
th
Ea
st)
L
og
gin
g in
ten
sity
8
tre
es/h
a o
r 8
0-1
00
m
3/h
a
>5
0%
of
the
o
rig
ina
l tr
ee
p
op
ula
tio
n a
re
da
ma
ge
d d
uri
ng
lo
gg
ing
Sis
t, P
. 2
00
0
Asia
, S
ou
the
ast
Ele
ph
an
ts a
re a
lo
w c
ost,
lo
w
imp
act
me
an
s o
f h
au
ling
lo
gs in
th
e f
ore
st.
H
ow
eve
r n
o s
tud
ies c
om
pa
rin
g t
he
d
am
ag
e le
ve
l ca
use
d b
y e
lep
ha
nt
an
d c
on
ve
ntio
na
l m
ach
ine
-ba
se
d
log
gin
g a
pp
ea
r to
ha
ve
be
en
ca
rrie
d o
ut,
bu
t so
me
ge
ne
ral
ob
se
rva
tio
ns c
an
be m
ad
e.
Whe
n e
lep
ha
nts
a
re u
se
d,
skid
tr
ails
in
th
e
log
gin
g a
rea
are
n
ot
req
uire
d,
gre
atly
red
ucin
g
the
am
ou
nt
of
min
era
l so
il e
xp
ose
d.
Ele
ph
an
ts c
an
a
lso
be
use
d t
o
flo
at
log
s d
ow
n
sh
allo
w s
tre
am
s,
red
ucin
g t
he
ne
ed
fo
r a
cce
ss r
oa
ds.
Th
ey
ca
n h
ow
eve
r ca
use
soil
co
mp
actio
n o
ver
de
fin
ed
tra
ils
thro
ug
h t
he
fo
rest,
a
lth
ou
gh
th
e a
rea
a
ffe
cte
d is m
uch
less t
ha
n u
nd
er
co
nve
ntio
na
l tr
acto
r lo
gg
ing
.
Gra
ce
, K
.T.
&
Ad
na
n,
A. 1
99
6
Asia
, S
ou
the
ast
A m
od
el w
as c
on
str
ucte
d t
o
sim
ula
te c
ha
ng
es in
bio
ma
ss a
nd
ca
rbo
n p
oo
ls f
ollo
win
g lo
gg
ing
of
pri
ma
ry d
ipte
roca
rp f
ore
sts
in
so
uth
ea
st
Asia
. A
ph
ysio
log
ica
lly d
rive
n t
ree
-ba
se
d
mo
de
l o
f n
atu
ral fo
rest
ga
p
dyn
am
ics (
FO
RM
IX)
to s
imu
late
fo
rest
reco
ve
ry f
ollo
win
g lo
gg
ing
.
Th
e r
ela
tio
nsh
ip
be
twe
en
fa
tal
sta
nd
da
ma
ge
a
nd
eco
sys
tem
ca
rbo
n s
tora
ge
w
as n
ot
line
ar,
w
ith
bio
ma
ss
reco
ve
ry f
ollo
win
g
log
gin
g s
eve
rely
Pin
ard
, M
.A.
&
Cro
ppe
r, W
.P.
20
00
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
Fo
llow
ing
se
lective
lo
gg
ing
, sim
ula
ted
eco
sys
tem
ca
rbo
n
sto
rag
e d
eclin
ed
fro
m p
relo
gg
ing
le
ve
ls (
21
3 M
g C
ha
-1)
to a
lo
w o
f 9
7 M
g C
ha
-1,
7 y
ea
rs a
fte
r lo
gg
ing
. C
arb
on
sto
rag
e in
bio
ma
ss
ap
pro
ach
ed
pre
log
gin
g le
ve
ls
ab
ou
t 1
20
ye
ars
aft
er
log
gin
g.
limite
d b
y 5
0-6
0%
sta
nd
da
ma
ge
. R
esu
lts s
ug
ge
st
tha
t w
he
n 2
0-5
0%
o
f th
e s
tan
d is
kill
ed
du
rin
g
log
gin
g,
rep
lacin
g
pe
rsis
ten
t fo
rest
sp
ecie
s w
ith
p
ion
ee
r tr
ee
sp
ecie
s c
an
re
du
ce
th
e s
ite
's
po
ten
tia
l fo
r ca
rbo
n s
tora
ge
by
15
-26
% o
ve
r 4
0-
60
ye
ars
. A
sia
, S
ou
the
ast
Th
e in
teg
ration
of
silv
icu
ltu
ral
pri
ncip
les a
nd
gu
ide
line
s is
e
sse
ntia
l fo
r im
pro
vin
g R
IL
tech
niq
ue
s t
ow
ard
s s
usta
ina
ble
h
arv
estin
g p
ractice
s.
Fo
ur
of
the
se
silv
icu
ltu
ral
pri
ncip
les a
re:
(a)
min
imu
m
dia
me
ter
cu
ttin
g lim
it b
ase
d o
n
sta
nd
str
uctu
re (
b)
Min
imu
m
sp
acin
g d
ista
nce o
f 35
m
be
twe
en
ha
rve
ste
d t
ree
s (
c)
Sin
gle
-tre
e f
elli
ng
ga
ps a
nd
(d
) m
axim
um
dia
me
ter
cu
ttin
g lim
it.
Th
ese
pri
ncip
les a
im a
t ke
ep
ing
e
xtr
actio
n r
ate
s b
elo
w s
et
thre
sh
old
s;
limit t
he
im
pa
ct
of
ha
rve
stin
g o
n t
he
sta
nd
an
d
ma
inta
in t
imb
er
sp
ecie
s
po
pu
latio
ns.
Sis
t, P
. 2
00
1
Au
str
ala
sia
T
asm
an
ia h
as p
ion
ee
red
im
pro
ve
me
nts
in
fo
rest
op
era
tio
ns
with
in t
he
Au
str
alia
n f
ore
st
ind
ustr
y, w
ith
th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f th
e F
ore
st
Pra
ctice
s A
ct
in 1
98
5,
of
wh
ich
th
e F
ore
st
Pra
ctice
s
Co
de
(F
PC
) is
an
in
teg
ral p
art
. T
he
co
de
ou
tlin
es m
inim
al
en
vir
on
me
nta
l sta
nd
ard
s t
ha
t m
ust
be
ach
ieve
d fo
r a
ll fo
rest
op
era
tio
ns,
inclu
din
g g
uid
elin
es t
o
red
uce
th
e im
pa
ct
of
log
gin
g.
Th
e V
an
ua
tu C
od
e o
f L
og
gin
g
Pra
ctice
(V
CO
LP
) w
as in
trod
uce
d
in 1
99
8,
usin
g t
he
exis
tin
g
Fo
restr
y A
ct
as t
he
ba
sis
fo
r le
gis
latio
n (
Va
nu
atu
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f F
ore
sts
, 1
99
7a
).
An
dre
wa
rth
a,
R.
20
02
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
Fu
ll com
plia
nce
with
all
op
era
tin
g
sta
nd
ard
s w
as t
o b
e a
ch
ieve
d b
y 3
1 D
ece
mb
er
20
00
. C
om
ple
me
nta
ry t
o t
he
co
de
, re
du
ce
d im
pa
ct
log
gin
g (
RIL
) g
uid
elin
es w
ere
fo
rmu
late
d
de
sig
ne
d t
o a
ssis
t fie
ld
su
pe
rvis
ory
sta
ff a
nd
in
du
str
y o
pe
rato
rs in
exe
cu
tin
g f
ore
st-
ha
rve
stin
g p
lan
s (
as r
eq
uir
ed
by
the
VC
OL
P).
A
ustr
alia
, Q
ue
en
sla
nd
Q
ue
en
sla
nd
se
lective
lo
gg
ing
sys
tem
stu
die
d m
ost
imp
ort
an
t to
fu
rth
er
red
uce d
am
ag
e is to
e
nh
an
ce
th
e s
kill
s,
se
nsib
ilities
an
d c
oo
pe
ratio
n o
f fie
ld p
ers
on
ne
l
Ave
rag
e lo
gg
ing
in
ten
sity
6.6
ste
ms/h
a,
4.9
m2/h
a,
37
m3/h
a
14
6.7
ste
ms/h
a k
ille
d
du
rin
g lo
gg
ing
a
mo
un
tin
g t
o 1
2 m
2/h
a
of
ba
sa
l a
rea
D
am
ag
e le
ss t
ha
n in
o
the
r stu
die
s d
on
e in
S
E A
sia
· m
ore
fib
re
fro
m c
row
ns c
ould
h
ave
be
en
utiliz
ed
Ma
ch
ine
tra
ils
occu
py
5%
of
are
a C
an
op
y lo
ss w
as
19
.5%
of
are
a
18
mo
nth
s a
fte
r lo
gg
ing
ca
su
al
ob
se
rva
tio
ns
ind
ica
ted t
he
re
wa
s little
re
ge
ne
ratio
n o
n
the
ma
jor
log
gin
g
tra
cks
Lo
gg
ing
did
no
t re
su
lt in
th
e lo
ss
of
an
y tr
ee
sp
ecie
s f
rom
th
e
sa
mp
le s
ite
s n
or
wa
s t
he
re a
ny
ch
an
ge
in
th
e t
ota
l p
lan
t sp
ecie
s lis
t a
fte
r lo
gg
ing
Cro
me e
t al.
19
92
Au
str
alia
, Q
ue
en
sla
nd
T
rop
ica
l fo
rests
1
4 s
pe
cie
s c
om
pri
se
d 9
5%
of
vo
lum
e r
em
ove
d,
an
d 4
sp
ecie
s
co
mp
rise
d 5
0%
of
vo
lum
e
Lo
gg
ing in
ten
sity
8-1
0
tre
es/h
a o
r 5
0-5
5
m3/h
a in
19
87
-19
90
In 1
97
9-1
98
0 lo
gg
ed
are
as,
the
lo
gg
ing
in
ten
sity
wa
s 3
4 m
3/h
a
La
ura
nce
, W
. &
L
aura
nce
, S
. 1
996
Au
str
alia
, Q
ue
en
sla
nd
H
arv
estin
g m
od
el w
hic
h e
na
ble
s
estim
atio
n o
f se
lectio
n lo
gg
ing
yi
eld
s a
nd
qu
an
tifica
tio
n o
f im
pa
ct
on
th
e r
esid
ua
l sta
nd
R
esid
ua
l ste
m p
red
ictio
n
eq
ua
tio
ns d
eri
ve
d f
rom
a s
eri
es o
f 9
lo
gg
ing
da
ma
ge
stu
die
s f
rom
1
97
7 t
o 1
98
0
Am
ou
nt
of
ba
sa
l a
rea
lo
gge
d w
as
on
e o
f th
e m
ajo
r va
ria
ble
s
Min
imu
m c
utt
ing
lim
it
for
de
fective
tre
es 4
0
cm
, b
ut
oth
erw
ise
60
-10
0 c
m d
bh
de
pe
nd
ing
on
sp
ecie
s In t
he
log
gin
g d
am
ag
e
stu
die
s 1
3.8
% o
f th
e
orig
ina
l sta
nd
ste
ms
we
re m
ark
ed
fo
r re
mo
va
l a
nd
extr
acte
d,
wh
ile 1
.2%
w
ere
ma
rke
d,
felle
d
an
d le
ft a
s
Fro
m t
he
lo
gg
ing
d
am
ag
e s
tud
ies
10
% o
f o
rig
ina
l sta
nd
ste
ms w
ere
d
estr
oye
d,
wh
ile
11
.5%
we
re
da
ma
ge
d b
ut
would
pro
ba
bly
su
rviv
e
Va
ncla
y, J
. 1
98
9
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
un
me
rch
an
tab
le
38
ye
ars
aft
er
log
gin
g,
tre
e m
ark
ing
in
a
pre
vio
usly
lo
gg
ed
sta
nd
re
ach
ed
th
e
sa
me
se
lectio
n
inte
nsity
as in
a v
irg
in
sta
nd
Be
lize
T
he
sta
nd
s o
n t
his
site
we
re
log
ge
d 1
0 o
r m
ore
ye
ars
ag
o a
nd
h
ad
an
in
tact
ca
no
py
Th
e h
arv
est
rate
fo
r m
ah
og
an
y fa
r e
xce
ed
ed
th
e r
eg
en
era
tio
n a
nd
re
cru
itm
en
t ca
pa
city
of
the
fo
rest.
Be
ca
use
sim
ilar
nu
mb
ers
of
com
me
rcia
l a
nd n
on
-com
me
rcia
l sp
ecie
s
we
re d
am
ag
ed
, lo
gg
ers
did
no
t a
pp
ea
r to
ma
ke
an
eff
ort
to
a
vo
id d
am
ag
ing
spe
cie
s o
f co
mm
erc
ial
valu
e.
Skid
ro
ad
s
co
ve
red
3.8
% a
nd
a
ffe
cte
d a
no
the
r 6
.3%
an
d t
hu
s
acco
un
ted
fo
r 7
8%
of
the
d
istu
rbe
d a
rea
L
og
gin
g g
ap
s
co
ve
red
2.2
8%
a
nd
acco
un
ted
fo
r th
e r
em
ain
ing
2
2%
of
the
d
istu
rbe
d a
rea
T
he
so
il w
as
sig
nific
an
tly
co
mp
acte
d o
n
3.8
% o
f th
e s
tud
y a
rea
Th
e s
oil
wa
s t
wic
e
as c
om
pa
cte
d o
n
skid
ro
ad
s t
ha
n in
a
dja
ce
nt
fore
st
So
il co
mp
actio
n
wa
s o
ve
r 2
00
%
gre
ate
r on
ro
ad
s
wh
ere
mo
re t
ha
n
on
e t
ree
ha
d b
ee
n
skid
de
d
Whitm
an
, A
.A.,
B
roka
w,
N.V
.L &
H
ag
an
, J.M
. 1
997
Bh
uta
n
Na
tura
l fo
rests
of
the
Him
ala
yan
ra
ng
e in
Bh
uta
n
Th
e s
tud
y w
as f
ocu
ssin
g o
n
"en
vir
on
me
nta
lly f
rie
nd
ly f
ore
st
en
gin
ee
rin
g"
Fo
cu
ssin
g o
n
en
vir
on
me
nta
lim
pa
cts
of
roa
d
co
nstr
uctio
n,
the
su
pe
rio
rity
of
exca
va
tor
tech
niq
ue
in
d
ifficu
lt a
nd
/or
ste
ep
te
rra
in o
ve
r b
ulld
ozer
tech
niq
ue
sb
eco
me
s o
bvio
us
alth
ou
gh
th
e
sh
ort
-te
rmb
en
efits
mig
ht
favo
ur
the
use
of
bu
lldo
zers
A p
rod
uctivity
of
3.8
8 m
3/h
wa
s
fou
nd
fo
r ca
ble
lo
gg
ing
in
CL
an
d
5.0
1 m
3/h
in
RIL
T
he
co
sts
of
tim
be
r e
xtr
acte
d b
y lo
ng
-d
ista
nce
ca
ble
cra
ne
am
ou
nts
to
U
S$ 2
5.5
3/m
3 f
or
CL
an
d U
S$
2
0.1
3/m
3 f
or
RIL
T
he
to
tal co
sts
fo
r ro
ad
s w
ere
US
$
9.2
8/m
fo
r e
xca
va
tor
FA
O 1
999
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
co
nstr
uctio
n a
nd
U
S$ 6
.07/m
for
bu
lldo
ze
rco
nstr
uctio
nB
hu
tan
P
rio
r to
th
e e
arl
y 1
97
0s,
log
gin
g
wa
s c
arr
ied
out
ma
nu
ally
an
d
imp
acts
on
th
e s
oil,
th
e r
esid
ua
l sta
nd
an
d h
ydro
log
y w
ere
hig
h.
Bh
uta
n h
as e
nd
ea
vo
ure
d t
o
ach
ieve
hig
h s
tan
da
rds o
f e
nvir
on
me
nta
l p
rote
ctio
n b
y a
do
ptin
g m
ore
ap
pro
pri
ate
m
an
ag
em
en
t, r
oa
d c
on
str
uctio
n
an
d h
arv
estin
g t
ech
niq
ue
s.
Bh
uta
n’s
de
ve
lop
me
nt
po
licie
s a
re
aim
ed
als
o a
t m
ain
tain
ing
cu
ltu
ral
va
lue
s f
or
its p
op
ula
tio
n,
wh
ich
is
he
avily
de
pe
nd
en
t on
th
e f
ore
sts
. T
he
pu
rsu
it o
f th
ese
po
licie
s h
as
req
uir
ed
a lim
ite
d a
mo
un
t o
f co
mm
erc
ial fo
rest
exp
loita
tio
n in
o
rde
r to
cre
ate
re
ve
nu
es f
or
na
tio
na
l d
evelo
pm
ent.
G
en
era
lly,
Bh
uta
n h
as b
ee
n
su
cce
ssfu
l in
achie
vin
g its
e
nvir
on
me
nta
l a
nd
so
cia
l d
eve
lop
me
nt
go
als
, p
art
ly t
hro
ug
h
the
ad
op
tio
n o
f a
pp
rop
ria
te
tech
no
log
y a
nd
te
chn
iqu
es a
nd
p
art
ly d
ue
to
a c
lea
r vis
ion
th
at
has
allo
we
d d
ecis
ion
-ma
ke
rs t
o f
ollo
w
a c
on
sis
ten
t co
urs
e o
f a
ctio
n.
Th
inle
y, U
. 2
00
2
Bo
livia
B
osq
ue
Ch
ima
ne
s
Th
e v
alu
e o
f p
revio
usly
lo
gg
ed
fo
rests
fo
r fu
ture
tim
be
r p
rod
uctio
n,
an
d t
he
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
of
the
se
fo
rests
to
th
e
co
nserv
atio
n o
f b
iodiv
ers
ity
will
d
ep
en
d t
o a
la
rge
de
gre
e o
n h
ow
m
uch
da
ma
ge
is d
on
e t
o t
he
fo
rest
du
rin
g t
he
in
itia
l lo
g e
xtr
actio
n
Fir
st
pa
ss is 9
5%
m
ah
og
an
y in
60
2 h
a
stu
dy
are
a 7
4
co
mm
erc
ial m
ah
og
an
y tr
ee
s e
xtr
acte
d (
= 0
.12
tr
ee
s/h
a)
Are
a u
nd
er
roa
ds
6.3
1 h
a o
r 1
.05
%
(ma
in r
oa
d 4
99
3
m lo
ng
an
d 6
.62
m
wid
e,
skid
tra
ils
tota
lled
85
23
m
an
d 3
.53
m w
ide
) F
elli
ng
ga
ps
ran
ge
d f
rom
10
0
to 1
00
0 m
2
(ave
rag
e 3
80
m2),
resu
ltin
g in
2.8
1
ha
of
ga
ps o
r 0
.47
% o
f a
rea
R
oa
d s
eco
nd
ary
d
am
ag
e w
as
17
.29
ha
or
2.8
7%
o
f a
rea
T
ota
l a
rea
dir
ectly
un
de
r ro
ad
s,
Gu
lliso
n,
R.
&
Ha
rdn
er,
J. 1
99
3
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
se
co
nd
ary
d
am
ag
e a
nd
ga
ps
wa
s 2
6.4
1 h
a o
r 4
.39
% o
f a
rea
R
oa
d d
am
ag
e
co
uld
ha
ve
be
en
re
du
ce
d b
y 2
5%
th
rou
gh
be
tte
r p
lan
nin
g (
str
aig
ht
ma
in r
oa
d w
ith
skid
tra
ils r
un
nin
g
off
of
it)
On
th
e o
the
r h
an
d
mo
re d
istu
rba
nce
is
re
qu
ire
d t
o g
et
su
ffic
ien
t re
ge
ne
ratio
n o
f m
ah
og
an
y B
oliv
ia
Sig
nific
an
t q
ua
ntities o
f m
aho
ga
ny
(to
tal vo
lum
e 1
59
-18
0 m
3/h
a a
nd
1
00
m3/h
a r
esp
ective
ly)
we
re
fou
nd
in
th
e s
tud
y a
rea
.
Min
imu
m c
utt
ing
dia
me
ter
of
80
cm
db
h
10
% o
f co
mm
erc
ial
siz
ed
tre
es s
ho
uld
be
le
ft a
s s
ee
d t
ree
s
Pro
ce
ssin
g e
ffic
ien
cy
at
the
mill
is e
stim
ate
d
as 6
0%
Q
ua
ntitie
s o
f re
sid
ua
l b
ran
ch
wo
od
are
sub
sta
ntia
l, r
ang
ing
fr
om
0.8
5 m
3to
mo
re
tha
n 1
6.3
m3p
er
tre
e
Utilis
atio
n o
f m
ah
og
an
y ra
ng
ed
fr
om
49
.2 t
o 9
0.5
%,
an
d d
ecre
ase
d
sig
nific
an
tly
with
in
cre
asin
g d
iam
ete
r S
tem
cu
t-o
ffs,
bu
ttre
sse
s a
nd
th
e
stu
mp
usu
ally
acco
un
t fo
r 2
0.2
% o
f th
e t
ota
l tr
ee
vo
lum
e
Gu
lliso
n,
R.
&
Ha
rdn
er,
J.J
. 1
997
Bo
livia
Ha
rve
st
inte
nsity
ran
ge
d f
rom
1-6
tre
es
/ha
Da
ma
ge
le
ve
l fo
r th
e
resid
ua
l b
asa
l a
rea
w
as v
ery
lo
w
(mo
rta
lity
ma
inly
in
sm
alle
r siz
e c
lass
es)
Bo
th h
arv
est
mo
rta
lity
an
d t
ota
l m
ort
alit
y w
ere
q
ua
dra
tic
incre
asin
g
fun
ctio
ns o
f h
arv
est
inte
nsity
wh
en
expre
sse
d
in t
erm
s o
f b
asa
l a
rea
.
Pa
nfil, S
.N.
&
Gu
lliso
n,
R.E
. 1
998
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
Bo
livia
T
he
im
pa
ct
of
skid
de
r d
istu
rba
nce
o
n r
ecru
itm
en
t o
f co
mm
erc
ial tr
ee
re
ge
ne
ratio
n w
ith
in lo
gg
ing
ga
ps
wa
s s
tud
ied
usin
g p
air
ed
sca
rifie
d
an
d u
nsca
rifie
d p
lots
as w
ell
as
wh
ole
-ga
p s
urv
eys
of
sca
rifie
d a
nd
u
nscari
fie
d a
rea
s in a
Bo
livia
n
tro
pic
al h
um
id f
ore
st.
Mo
re t
ha
n a
ye
ar
follo
win
g g
ap
cre
atio
n,
vari
ab
ility
in
th
e
de
nsity
of
reg
en
era
tio
n a
mo
ng
lo
gg
ing
ga
ps w
as
hig
h,
bu
t co
mm
erc
ial
tre
e r
eg
en
era
tion
d
en
sity
ten
de
d t
o b
e
gre
ate
r in
sca
rifie
d
are
as t
ha
n in
u
nsca
rifie
d a
rea
s
with
in g
ap
s f
or
mo
st
spe
cie
s.
Alth
ou
gh
in
itia
lly
de
vo
id o
f ve
ge
tatio
n
an
d litte
r co
ve
r,
sca
rifie
d a
rea
s h
ad
veg
eta
tion
an
d litte
r cove
r le
ve
ls s
imila
r to
u
nsca
rifie
d a
rea
s a
fte
r 7
mo
nth
s.
Ve
ge
tatio
n c
ove
r o
n
sca
rifie
d a
rea
s te
nd
ed
to
be
do
min
ate
d b
y e
arl
y su
cce
ssio
na
l tr
ee
sp
ecie
s w
hile
u
nsca
rifie
d a
rea
s w
ere
d
om
ina
ted
by
forb
s
an
d g
rasse
s.
Fre
de
rickse
n,
T.S
. &
P
ario
na
, W
. 2
00
2
Bo
livia
N
ea
rly
1 m
illio
n h
ecta
res o
f B
oliv
ian
fo
rest
are
no
w c
ert
ifie
d b
y th
e F
ore
st
Ste
wa
rdsh
ip C
ou
ncil.
T
o e
nsu
re s
usta
ina
ble
fo
rest
ma
na
ge
me
nt,
ho
we
ve
r, B
oliv
ian
fo
reste
rs n
ee
d t
o g
o b
eyo
nd
th
e
ba
sic
s o
f p
lan
ne
d lo
gg
ing
an
d
ap
ply
silv
icultu
ral tr
ea
tme
nts
to
se
cu
re r
eg
en
era
tio
n,
imp
rove
tre
e
gro
wth
an
d m
ain
tain
sta
nd
qu
alit
y. T
his
ch
an
ge
is a
ta
ll o
rde
r in
a
de
ve
lop
ing
co
un
try
ba
tte
red
by
a
de
ep
eco
no
mic
re
ce
ssio
n,
wh
ere
tim
be
r-m
inin
g in
tere
sts
are
still
po
we
rfu
l a
nd
silv
icu
ltu
rists
are
in
sh
ort
su
pp
ly.
Fre
de
rickse
n,
T.S
., P
utz
, F
.,
Pa
ttie
, P
.,
Pa
rio
na
, W
. &
P
en
a-C
laro
s,
M.
20
03
Bo
livia
T
he
are
a d
istu
rbe
d a
nd
da
ma
ge
to
th
e r
esid
ua
l sta
nd
ca
use
d b
y p
lan
ne
d d
iam
ete
r-lim
it lo
gg
ing
wa
s
asse
sse
d in
a t
rop
ica
l h
um
id f
ore
st
of
Bo
livia
an
d c
om
pa
red
with
d
istu
rba
nce
an
d d
am
ag
e r
ep
ort
ed
in
oth
er
stu
die
s in
the
ne
otr
op
ics
Th
e h
arv
est
inco
rpo
rate
d
ma
ny
red
uce
d
imp
act
log
gin
g
pra
ctice
s
inclu
din
g p
re-
ha
rve
st
tre
e
A t
ota
l d
en
sity o
f 4
.35
tr
ee
s/h
a a
nd
12
.1
m3/h
a o
f w
oo
d w
ere
ha
rve
ste
d.
It
wa
s e
stim
ate
d
tha
t lo
gg
ing
d
istu
rbe
d 4
5.8
%
of
the
sta
nd
in
clu
din
g 2
5%
g
rou
nd
are
a
dis
turb
an
ce
in
th
e
Ja
ckso
n,
S.M
.,
Fre
de
rickso
n,
T
.S.
& M
alc
olm
, J.R
. 2
00
2
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
with
sim
ilar
ha
rve
stin
g in
ten
sitie
s.
inve
nto
ries,
pla
nn
ed
p
lace
me
nt
of
roa
ds a
nd
skid
tra
ils,
vin
e c
utt
ing
, a
nd
dir
ectio
na
l fe
llin
g.
form
of
skid
tra
ils,
log
gin
g r
oa
ds,
an
d lo
g la
nd
ing
s
an
d a
n a
dd
itio
na
l 2
5%
in
ca
no
py
op
en
ing
s d
ue
to
tr
ee
fe
llin
g.
On
ave
rag
e,
44
tr
ee
s w
ere
d
am
ag
ed
fo
r e
ve
ry t
ree
e
xtr
acte
din
clu
din
g 2
2 t
ree
s
kill
ed
or
se
ve
rely
d
am
ag
ed
, 6
of
the
m c
om
me
rcia
l sp
ecie
s.
Th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
typ
es o
f d
am
ag
e in
clu
de
d
up
roo
ted
ste
ms,
ste
m w
oun
ds t
o
the
ca
mb
ial la
yer,
a
nd
ba
rk s
cra
pe
s.
Dam
ag
e t
o t
ree
s
su
sta
ined
alo
ng
skid
tra
ils w
as
fou
nd
to
be
sig
nific
an
tly
less
tha
n t
he
da
ma
ge
in
cu
rre
d a
lon
g
log
gin
g r
oa
ds.
Resid
ua
l d
am
ag
e
in f
elli
ng
ga
ps w
as
po
sitiv
ely
re
late
d
to t
he
dia
me
ter-
at-
bre
ast
he
igh
t o
f th
e h
arv
este
d
tre
es.
Com
pa
riso
ns w
ith
o
the
r p
lan
ne
d
op
era
tio
ns
reve
ale
d a
hig
he
r p
erc
en
t g
rou
nd
a
rea
dis
turb
ed
a
nd
a g
rea
ter
felli
ng
ga
p a
rea
p
er
tre
e e
xtr
acte
d.
Hig
he
r g
rou
nd
a
rea
dis
turb
an
ce
w
as m
ostly
du
e t
o
the
gre
ate
r a
rea
in
skid
tra
ils,
ma
ny
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
of
wh
ich
ap
pe
are
d
to b
e
un
ne
ce
ssa
ry.
La
rge
r fe
llin
g g
ap
siz
es a
pp
ea
red
to
b
e a
t le
ast
pa
rtia
lly a
ttri
bu
ted
to
th
e la
rge
r siz
e
of
tre
es h
arv
este
d
rela
tive
to
th
ose
in
o
the
r fo
rests
.
Bo
livia
O
ne
-ye
ar-
old
lo
gg
ing
ga
ps w
ere
sa
mp
led
in
dry
an
d h
um
id
se
lectively
-lo
gg
ed
Bo
livia
n t
rop
ica
l fo
rests
to
de
term
ine
th
e d
en
sity
of
co
mm
erc
ial tr
ee
re
ge
ne
ratio
n.
Lib
era
tio
n t
rea
tme
nts
de
sig
ne
d t
o
en
ha
nce
th
e g
row
th a
nd
su
rviv
al
of
sa
plin
g r
eg
en
era
tio
n w
as
eva
luate
d o
ve
r a
pe
rio
d o
f 2
ye
ars
.
Of
the
nin
e s
pecie
s
ha
rve
ste
d in
ea
ch
fo
rest
typ
e,
on
ly t
wo
spe
cie
s in
ea
ch
typ
e
ha
d r
ela
tive
ly
ab
un
da
nt
reg
en
era
tio
n
in lo
gg
ing
ga
ps.
Only
tw
o s
pe
cie
s in
e
ach
typ
e h
ad
re
lative
ly a
bu
nd
an
t re
ge
ne
ratio
n in
lo
gg
ing
ga
ps
Tre
atm
en
t co
sts
w
ere
re
lative
ly lo
w
US
$1
-2.3
pe
r ga
p),
b
ut
tim
e u
ntil re
turn
o
n in
ve
stm
en
t is
lo
ng
(2
0-3
0 y
ea
r cu
ttin
g c
ycle
s).
Pa
rio
na
, W
.,
Fre
de
rickse
n,
T.S
., L
ico
na
, J.C
. (i
n p
ress)
Bra
zil
A
rtic
le s
um
ma
rise
s k
ey
fin
din
gs o
f th
e I
MA
ZO
N lo
w im
pa
ct
log
gin
g
stu
dy
Bra
zili
an p
rod
uce
rs
ca
n y
ield
an
ad
ditio
na
l 7.3
m3/h
a b
y in
tro
du
cin
g R
IL
Ha
rve
stin
g c
ycle
of
70
yea
rs w
ith
CL
ma
y b
e
red
uce
d t
o 2
5-3
0
years
thro
ugh R
IL
CL
: 7
m3/h
a o
f w
oo
d
lost
du
ring
skid
din
g
op
era
tio
ns b
y n
ot
find
ing
all
felle
d tre
es
0.3
m3/h
a w
ere
lo
st
du
e t
o p
oo
r fe
llin
g a
nd
b
uckin
g p
ractices
RIL
: 5
% o
f th
e
blo
ck a
rea
d
istu
rbe
d b
y skid
tr
ails
, ro
ad
s a
nd
lo
g d
ecks
RIL
: 3
0%
fe
we
r tr
ee
s d
am
ag
ed
a
nd
25
% le
ss o
f th
e c
an
op
y d
istu
rbe
d w
he
n
co
mp
are
d t
o C
L
RIL
ma
ch
ine
tim
e
red
uce
d b
y 2
0%
B
late
, G
. 1
99
7
Bra
zil
B
ased o
n t
he I
MA
ZO
N r
educed
imp
act
log
gin
g s
tud
y
RIL
: d
am
ag
e t
o
resid
ua
l sta
nd
re
duce
d b
y 3
0%
co
mp
are
d w
ith
C
L R
IL:
so
il d
istu
rba
nce
is
sig
nific
an
tly
red
uce
d
Up
to
19
% o
f th
e h
arv
est
vo
lum
e
(7m
3/h
a)
we
re
left
be
hin
d
be
ca
use
skid
de
rop
era
tors
co
uld
no
t lo
ca
te t
he
lo
gs
Bo
wye
r, J
.L.
19
97
Bra
zil
A
ve
rag
e g
row
ing
sto
ck (
db
h >
10
cm
) w
as 2
47
.9 m
3/h
a o
r 1
33
.9
m3/h
a f
or
tre
es w
ith
db
h >
50 c
m
Whe
n t
he
su
bje
ct
of
su
sta
inin
g
wo
od
pro
du
ctio
n o
ve
r a
nu
mb
er
of
cu
ttin
g c
ycle
s is c
on
sid
ere
d,
it
be
co
me
s o
bvio
us t
ha
t p
lan
ne
d
exp
loita
tio
n is t
he
ke
y to
en
su
rin
g
Lo
gg
ing in
ten
sity
20
m
3/h
a
With
RIL
m
axim
um
ca
no
py
op
en
ing
wa
s 1
5%
22
.5 m
/ha
of
roa
d
bu
ilt (
5 m
wid
e),
6
0 m
/ha
of
skid
tr
ails
With
RIL
th
e
d'O
liveir
a,
M.
&
Bra
z,
E.
199
5
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
tha
t th
e g
row
ing
sto
ck is
ma
inta
ine
d a
t a
de
sir
ab
le le
ve
l n
um
be
r o
f d
am
ag
ed
tre
es
(dbh >
10 c
m)
pe
r tr
ee
lo
gg
ed
wa
s
5.3
(o
r 0
.27
m3
da
ma
ge
d p
er
m3
extr
acte
d)
Bra
zil
T
his
stu
dy
wa
s c
arr
ied
ou
t in
th
e
Am
azo
n r
eg
ion
of
Bra
zil,
te
stin
g
the
ap
plic
ab
ility
of
the
FA
O M
od
el
Co
de
of
Fo
rest
Ha
rve
stin
g
Pra
ctice
.
Ha
rve
stin
g c
ycle
of
25
yea
rs ·
Th
e a
ve
rag
e
ha
rve
stin
g in
ten
sity
is
35
m3/h
a w
ith a
m
axim
um
of
40
m3/h
a(a
bo
ut
ha
lf o
f th
e
ave
rag
e h
arv
esta
ble
vo
lum
e p
er
he
cta
re
fou
nd
fo
r th
e p
roje
ct
are
a)
R
IL:
the
tim
be
r re
mo
va
l a
mo
un
ted
to
33
% o
f th
e v
olu
me
fo
un
d b
y th
e
co
mm
erc
ial in
ve
nto
ry
prio
r to
ha
rve
stin
g
(eq
ua
ls 2
6%
of
the
tr
ee
s o
f co
mm
erc
ial
inte
rest)
C
L:
tim
be
r re
mo
va
l am
ou
nte
d t
o 7
3%
of
the
vo
lum
e a
nd 6
9%
of
the
tre
es o
f co
mm
erc
ial in
tere
st.
Th
e t
ota
l tim
be
r lo
sse
s
am
ou
nte
d t
o 8
.5%
in
th
e C
L a
rea
an
d 3
.9%
in
th
e R
IL a
rea
. In
bo
th u
nits lo
sse
s
du
e t
o s
kid
din
g o
r cau
se
d b
y fo
rgo
tte
n,
un
extr
acte
d lo
gs d
id
no
t o
ccur
sin
ce
all
tre
es h
ad
be
en
n
um
be
red
.
Se
ve
re h
arv
estin
g
da
ma
ge
to
p
ote
ntia
l cro
p
tre
es w
as f
ou
nd
to
b
e m
ore
th
an
tw
ice
as h
igh
with
th
e t
rad
itio
na
l lo
gg
ing
sys
tem
(5
1.5
%)
as
co
mp
are
d t
o t
he
e
nvir
on
me
nta
lly
so
un
d f
ore
st
ha
rve
stin
g s
yste
m
(22
.2%
) R
IL:
skid
tri
als
o
ccu
pie
d 4
.2%
of
he
to
tal a
rea
, w
he
rea
s in
th
e C
L
sys
tem
th
e
aff
ecte
d a
rea
a
mo
un
ts t
o 1
8.7
% R
IL c
au
se
d
ca
no
py
ga
ps
tota
llin
g 1
0.8
% o
f th
e a
rea
wh
ile C
L
resu
lte
d in
ca
no
py
ga
ps o
n 2
4.7
% o
f th
e a
rea
Re
ferr
ing
to
th
e
co
sts
of
CL
per
cu
bic
me
tre
of
sa
w
log
at
lan
din
g s
ite
a
s 1
00
%,
the
co
sts
o
f R
IL c
om
e t
o
10
9%
and
wo
uld
a
mo
un
t to
10
1.5
%
if R
IL h
ad
be
en
ca
rrie
d o
ut
acco
rdin
g t
o t
he
p
lan
ne
d c
ha
ng
es
FA
O 1
99
7c
Bra
zil
C
urr
en
tly
the
stu
dy
site
is
ma
na
ge
d f
or
the
pro
du
ction
of
co
mm
erc
ial tim
be
r, p
alm
he
art
s
an
d h
on
ey.
Ha
rve
stin
g r
ed
uce
d
the
sta
nd
de
nsity
fro
m
85
1 t
o 6
45
tre
es/h
a
(ba
sa
l are
a r
ed
uce
d
fro
m 4
8.5
to
29
.2
m2/h
a),
A
cu
ttin
g c
ycle
of
12
ye
ars
at
25
%
ha
rve
stin
g
Th
e a
nn
ua
l h
arv
estin
g
rate
wo
uld
eq
ua
l 2
.56
m3/h
a in
ten
sity
ap
pe
ars
to
be
su
sta
ina
ble
Ha
rve
stin
g in
ten
sitie
s
of
up
to
25
% o
f th
e
ba
sa
l a
rea
en
su
re
suff
icie
nt
reg
ene
ratio
n
of
pri
ma
ry f
ore
st
tre
e
spe
cie
s.
A c
om
pa
riso
n o
f m
an
ag
em
en
t sce
na
rio
s f
or
a
fore
st
are
a o
f 2
20
8
ha
in
dic
ate
d t
ha
t su
sta
ina
ble
ma
na
ge
me
nt
pra
ctice
s r
esu
lt in
a
pre
se
nt
va
lue
of
US
$ 2
.2 m
illio
n
co
mp
are
d t
o U
S$
5
.6 m
illio
n w
ith
tim
be
r e
xp
loita
tio
n.
Hering,
K.G
. 1
993
Bra
zil
S
tud
y o
f R
IL w
ith
vin
e c
utt
ing
18
m
on
ths p
rio
r to
lo
gg
ing
D
ire
ctio
na
l fe
llin
g m
ad
e 8
5%
of
the
Im
pro
ve
d s
kid
din
g
op
era
tio
ns r
esu
lte
d in
le
ss f
ore
st
da
ma
ge
,
RIL
lo
oke
d m
uch
b
ett
er,
skid
tra
ils
ha
d g
oo
d
IST
F 1
99
5
-
Lo
ca
tio
n
Desc
rip
tive I
nfo
rmati
on
Pla
nn
ing
an
d
inve
nto
ry
Lo
gg
ing
In
ten
sit
y
an
d C
yc
leR
es
idu
al
De
nsit
y a
nd
U
tili
za
tio
nS
tan
d a
nd
sit
e
da
ma
ge
W
as
te
Ec
on
om
ic
As
pe
cts
So
urc
e
felle
d tre
es e
asie
r to
skid
· v
ine
cu
ttin
g,
dir
ectio
na
l fe
llin
g a
nd
re
mo
va
l o
f b
utt
resse
s c
learl
y h
elp
ed
re
du
ce
da
ma
ge
an
d
incre
ase
d s
kid
din
g e
ffic
ien
cy
Th
e p
ote
ntia
l im
pa
ct
of
an
in
du
str
y co
nvers
ion
to R
IL is e
no
rmo
us
Ad
op
tio
n o
f R
IL t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
tr
op
ics w
ou
ld r
esu
lt in
mo
re
eff
icie
nt
use
of
pro
du
ctio
n fo
rests
w
hic
h in
tu
rn w
ou
ld r
ed
uce
p
ressu
re o
n p
rim
ary
fo
rests
IM
AZ
ON
re
su
lts s
ug
ge
st
co
sts
m
ay
be
re
du
ce
d b
y o
ne
-th
ird
with
R
IL
less t
imb
er
extr
actio
n
tim
e a
nd
lo
we
r e
xtr
action
co
st,
th
an
in
th
e c
on
ve
ntio
nally
lo
gg
er
are
a
reg
en
era
tio
n a
nd
ca
no
py
co
ve
r, t
he
ca
no
py
op
en
ing
s
loo
ke
d v
ery
sim
ilar
to n
atu
ral
tre
e f
all
ga
ps
Bra
zil
RIL
: th
e m
ain
co
sts
a
rise
in
th
e
pla
nn
ing
sta
ge
R
IL c
ou
ld r
esu
lt in
a
ne
t fin
an
cia
l b
en
efit
of
US
$ 3
.70
p
er
m3 (
Ba
rre
to e
t a
l.1
99
8)
Sis
t, P
. 2
00
0
Bra
zil
T
he
stu
dy
wa
s c
arr
ied
ou
t in
flo
od
pla
in f
ore
st
RIL
: lo
gs a
re flo
ate
d o
ut
of
the
fo
rest
(fe
w e
nvir
on
me
nta
l im
pa
cts
)
RIL
: h
igh
ly s
ele
ctive
ha
rve
st, w
ith
on
ly 1
-2
tre
es/h
a r
em
ove
d
CL
: h
arv
estin
g
inte
nsity
>1
0 t
ree
s/h
a
(50
sp
ecie
s
ha
rve
ste
d)
W
ith
RIL
su
sta
ina
ble
cu
ttin
g c
ycle
s m
igh
t be
re
du
ce
d f
rom
70
-10
0 y
ea
rs t
o 3
0-4
0
yea
rs
Cu
ttin
g c
ycle
s o
f 5
0
yea
rs a
nd
ha
rve
stin
g
inte
nsitie
s o
f 5
tr
ee
s/h
a w
ere
pro
po
se
d
CL
: a
pp
roxim
ate
ly
30
% o
f e
ach
h
arv
este
d lo
g is
con
ve
rte
d in
to s
aw
n
wo
od.
Pro
ce
ssin
g e
ffic
ien
cy
cou
ld b
e in
cre
ase
d t
o
ne
arl
y 5
0%
th
rou
gh
sim
ple
im
pro
ve
me
nts
in
ma
ch
ine
ry
ma
inte
na
nce
an
d b
y tr
ain
ing
th
e w
ork
ers
Lo
gg
ing
oft
en
ch
an
ge
s t
o h
igh
im
pa
ct
pra
ctice
s
as f
ron
tie
rs a
ge
a
nd
in
fra
str
uctu
re
an
d a
cce
ss t
o
ma
rke
ts im
pro
ve
R
IL:
25
%
red
uctio
n in
th
e
gro
un
d a
rea
a
ffe
cte
d b
y m
ach
ine
m
ove
me
nts
V
ine
cu
ttin
g t
wo
ye
ars
be
fore
lo
gg
ing
, re
su
lte
d
in a
30
%
red
uctio
n in
d
am
ag
es t
o t
ree
s
>10cm
dbh
CL:
7 m
3/h
a a
re
felle
d b
ut
ne
ve
r fo
un
d b
y th
e
skid
de
r o
pe
rato
r C
L: W
aste
a
sso
cia
ted
with
fe
llin
g a
nd
b
uckin
g c
ou
ld b
e
red
uce
d t
o 3
0%
b
y tr
ain
ing
lo
gg
ers
RIL
ha
s a
n a
dd
ed
co
st
of
US
$ 5
0 /
ha
fo
r fo
rest
inve
nto
ry,
vin
e c
utt
ing
an
d
ca
refu
l p
lan
nin
g
Th
e m
one
tary
lo
sse
s f
rom
CL
thro
ug
hu
nn
ece
ssa
ry w
oo
d
wa
ste
ma
y b
e
gre
ate
r th
an
th
e
ad
ditio
na
l co
sts
of
imp
lem
en
tin
g R
I