hw upp-int trd grammar exercises

Grammar Reference with practice exercisesNAME CLASS

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Photocopiable Oxford University Press 2014

Upper-Intermediate FOURTH EDITION

Unit 1

1.1 the tense systemThere are three classes of verbs in English: auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, and full verbs.

1 Auxiliary verbsThe auxiliary verbs are be, do, and have.be1 Be is used with verb + -ing to make continuous verb forms.

Youre lying. (present)They were reading. (past)Ive been swimming. (present perfect)Well be having dinner at eight oclock. (future)You must be joking! (infinitive)

2 Be is used with the past participle to make the passive.These books are printed in China. (present)Where were you born? (past)My phones been stolen. (present perfect)The city had been destroyed. (past perfect)This work should be done soon. (infinitive)

do1 Do/does/did are used in the Present Simple and the Past Simple.

Do you smoke? (question)She doesnt understand. (negative)When did they arrive? (question)

2 Do/does/did are used to express emphasis when there is no other auxiliary.Im not interested in sport, but I do like tennis.If only she had a car! She does have a car!Why didnt you tell me? I did tell you!

haveHave is used with the past participle to make perfect verb forms.Have you ever tried sushi? (present)My car had broken down before. (past)Ill have finished soon. (future)Id like to have met Napoleon. (infinitive)Having had lunch, we tidied up. (participle)

have and have got1 Have and have got are both used to express possession in the

present.Do you have any brothers or sisters?Have you gotYes, I do. I have two brothers. I have. Ive got

2 Have to can be replaced with have got to for present obligation.Do you have to go now?Have you got toYes, I do. I have to catch the bus. I have. Ive got to

3 Only forms of have (not have got) are used in all other tenses.I had my first car when I was 19.Ive had this car for two years.Ill have a strawberry ice cream, please.Id had three cars by the time I was 20.Id like to have a dog.He loves having a sports car.

Unit 1 EXERCiSES

1 Complete the sentences with an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) in the correct tense.

1 He was excited about the journey because he _______ never flown before.

2 Great! The plane _______ just landed. Theyll be home soon.

3 _______ you know where my bag is? I cant find it. 4 You didnt pick it up by mistake, _______ you? 5 She _______ planning this trip for months now. Im

sure shes thought of everything! 6 By the time you get this postcard, we _______ got

back home. 7 Im afraid you _______ tricked. This is not a unique

work of art its a fake. 8 She _______ got a terrible cold, poor thing. 9 This is delicious! I _______ love your cakes. 10 Sorry, I cant talk now. I _______ having dinner. Can I

call you back?

2 Choose the correct option. 1 Nina hasnt finished school yet, is / has she? 2 You know the way, dont / arent you? 3 A Have you been waiting long? B Im afraid we have / havent! Its been quite

annoying. 4 A Were leaving tomorrow. B Are / Arent you? Thats a shame. 5 Peters having a lesson at the moment, isnt / hasnt he? 6 A Will Monica be coming too? B No, I dont think she will / wont. 7 A Have you seen his latest film? B I have / havent. It was marvellous. 8 Youve done all your homework, dont / havent you?

3 Match the statements 15 with the responses ae. 1 You could have left your camera at home. 2 It must be in one of the bags in the boot of the car. 3 Shall we empty the car anyway? 4 Here it is! It was lying on the floor under the seat! 5 You should have put it in your rucksack, you know.

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Upper-Intermediate FOURTH EDITIONGrammar Reference with practice exercises Continued

a Yes, lets. Its got to be somewhere in there. b Oh, dear! It must have fallen while we were driving. c No, I know I brought it with me. d Yes, I will in future. e No, it cant be. Im absolutely sure I didnt pack it.

4 Complete the sentences with the verb travel in the correct tense.

1 Vincent _______ abroad twice a month. 2 He _______ a lot since 2005. 3 He _______ as much before 2005. 4 He _______ to Tokyo in a couple of hours. 5 He _______ so much next year.

5 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 Our local supermarket is opening at 10.00 a.m.

on Sundays. 2 Buses to the city leave every half hour. 3 Anita never wears trousers. 4 Im not understanding what you mean. 5 While he was staying with us, Paul had been getting up

before dawn every morning. 6 Sam prefers driving to being a passenger. 7 Who do these books belong to? 8 Its a mess! They havent been tidying up yet. 9 Dont believe a word of what he says. 10 Lucy has been working very hard lately shes been

handing in three essays this week.

6 Choose the correct answer. 1 Victoria _______ from home for the next few weeks. a) works b) will be working c) has worked 2 Hi, Charles! Are you busy? No, not at all. I _______

TV. Ill switch it off now. a) ve just watched b) m just watching c) just watch 3 Hi, Tom! I havent seen you for ages. What _______ for

the past couple of months? a) are you doing b) have you done

c) have you been doing 4 How come youre so fit? I _______ a lot recently. a) work out b) ve worked out

c) ve been working out

4 Have (not have got) is used in many expressions.have breakfast have a bathhave a party have a good timehave fun have a word with someone

5 Have got is generally more informal. It is used more in spoken English than in written English. However, they are often interchangeable.

Have with the do/does forms is more common in American English.

Other uses of auxiliary verbs1 In question tags.

Its cold today, isnt it?You dont know Amelia, do you?You havent been to China, have you?

2 In short answers. Yes or No alone can sound abrupt.Are you hungry? No, Im not.Do you like jazz? Yes, I do.Did you have a nice meal? Yes, we did.Has she seen the mess? No, she hasnt.

3 In reply questions. These are not real questions. They are used to show that the listener is paying attention and is interested. They are practised on p29.The restaurant was awful. Was it? What a pity.I love hamburgers. Do you? I hate them.Ive bought you a present. Have you? How kind!

2 Modal auxiliary verbsThese are the modal auxiliary verbs.

can could may might will would shall should must ought to need

They are auxiliary verbs because they help other verbs. They are different from be, do, and have because they have their own meanings.He must be at least 70. (= probability)You must try harder. (= obligation)Can you help me? (= request)She cant have got my text. (= probability)Ill help you. (= willingness)(Ring) Thatll be the postman. (= probability)Modal auxiliary verbs are dealt with in Units 7 and 10.

3 Full verbsFull verbs are all the other verbs in the language.The verbs be, do, and have can also be used as full verbs with their own meanings.Have you been to school today?I want to be an engineer.I do a lot of business in Russia.The holiday did us a lot of good.Theyre having a row.Have you had enough to eat?

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5 Oh, no! I _______ my keys. I cant find them anywhere.

a) ve lost b) ve been losing c) m losing

7 Complete the sentences and questions with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1 He _______ (try) to get a job for some time now. 2 What time _______ (they / get) home last night? 3 Sorry! I didnt hear you knock I _______ (have) a

shower. 4 Denis _______ (work) here for 30 years by the time

he retires. 5 I _______ (do) all the cooking by the time the

guests arrived. 6 To be honest, we _______ (prefer) staying in to

going out. 7 Oh, dear! It looks like she _______ (hurt) herself. 8 We _______ (drive) for three hours now. Im

exhausted! 9 _______ (anyone / see) my phone? Im sure I left

it here. 10 _______ (they / ever / be) late before? It seems so

unlike them.

8 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 When was your house built? When did your house build? 2 Have the sweets been shared out fairly? Have the sweets been sharing fairly? 3 I promise the job will be finishing on time. I promise the job will be finished on time. 4 When was the Sistine Chapel painted? When has the Sistine Chapel been painted? 5 I was worried that I might be disappointing with the

dinner, but it was fantastic. I was worried that I might be disappointed with the

dinner, but it was fantastic.

1.2 English tense usageEnglish tenses have two elements of meaning: time and aspect.

time1 The time referred to is usually obvious from the context.

English people drink tea. (all time)Shh! Im watching this programme! (now)Ill see you later. (future)I went out with Jenny last night. (past)

2 Sometimes a present tense form can refer to the future.Im going out tonight. (Present Continuous for near future)The train leaves at 10.00 tomorrow. (Present Simple for a timetable)If you see Peter, say hello from me. (Present Simple in a subordinate clause)

3 Sometimes a past tense form can refer to the present.I wish I could help you, but I cant.

This use of unreal tense usage is dealt with in Unit 11.

the simple aspect1 The simple aspect describes an action or fact that is seen to be

complete or permanent, often an action or event that happens repeatedly and consistently.The sun rises in the east. (= repeated)When Ive read the book, Ill lend it to you. (= complete)She has red hair. (= permanent)He always wore a suit. (= a habit)It rained every day of our holiday. (= the whole two weeks)This shop will close at 7.00 this evening. (= a fact)

2 Remember the verbs that rarely use the continuous aspect. This is because they express states that are seen to be permanent and not subject to frequent change.

Verbs of the mind know understand believe think meanVerbs of emotions love hate like prefer careVerbs of possession have own belongCertain other verbs cost need contain depend

3 The simple aspect expresses a completed action. For this reason we must use the simple, not the continuous, if the sentence contains a number that refers to things done.Shes written three letters this morning.I drink ten cups of tea a day.He read five books while he was on holiday.

Simple tenses are dealt with further in Units 2, 3, and 5.

the continuous aspect1 The continuous aspect expresses the ongoing nature of an activity.

We are aware of the passing of time between the beginning and the end of the activity. The activity is not permanent.Im staying with friends until I find a flat. (= temporary)What are you doing on your hands and knees? (= in progress)Ive been learning English for years. (And I still am.)Dont phone at 8.00. Well be eating. (= in progress)

2 Because the activity is seen in progress, it can be interrupted.We were walking across a field when we were attacked by a bull.Am I disturbing you? No. Im just doing the ironing.

3 The activity may not be complete.I was writing a report on the flight home. (I didnt finish it.)He was drowning, but we saved him. (He didnt die.)Whos been drinking my beer? (Theres some left.)

4 The action of some verbs, by definition, lasts a long time, for example, live, work, play. The continuous gives these actions limited duration and makes them temporary.Hans is living in London while hes learning English.

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Im working as a waiter until I go to university.Italy have been playing well recently. Maybe theyll win the World Cup.

5 The action of some other verbs lasts a short time, for example, lose, break, cut, hit, crash. They are often found in the simple.I lost all my money. Ive crashed your car. Sorry.Shes cut her finger. He hit me.

In the continuous, the action of these verbs seems longer or habitual.Ive been cutting the grass. (= for hours)He was hitting me. (= again and again)

NoteWe cannot say a sentence such as *Ive been crashing your car because it suggests an activity that was done deliberately and often.Continuous tenses are dealt with further in Units 2, 3, and 5.

the perfect aspectThe perfect aspect expresses two ideas.1 The action is completed before another time.

Have you ever been to America? (= some time before now)When I arrived, Peter had left. (= some time before I arrived)Ill have finished the report by 10.00. (= some time before then)

2 The exact time of the verb action is not important. The perfect aspect refers to indefinite time.Have you seen my wallet anywhere? Ive lost it. (= before now)Well have arrived by this evening. (= before this evening)

The exception to this is the Past Perfect, which can refer to definite time.I recognized him immediately. I had met him in 1992 at university.

Perfect tenses are dealt with further in Units 2, 3, and 5.

Active and passive1 Passive sentences move the focus of attention from the subject of

an active sentence to the object.Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1599.Hamlet, one of the great tragedies, was written in 1599.

2 In most cases, by and the agent are omitted in passive sentences. This is because the agent is not important, isnt known, or is understood.Kedgeree is made with rice and fish.This house was built in the 17th century.The car will be cleaned before its returned.

3 Sometimes we prefer to begin a sentence with what is known, and end a sentence with what is new. In the passive, the new can be the agent of the active sentence.What a lovely painting! Yes. It was painted by Canaletto.

4 In informal language, we often use you or they to refer to people in general or to no person in particular. In this way we can avoid using the passive.You can buy anything in Harrods.Theyre building a new airport soon.

5 There are many past participles that are used more like adjectives.Im very impressed by your work.You must be disappointed with your exam results.Im exhausted! Ive been on my feet all day.

Passive sentences are dealt with further in Unit 3.

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Unit 2 EXERCiSES

1 Match the two halves of each sentence. 1 We travelled the world before 2 Weve travelled the world, 3 Weve been travelling the world and 4 Weve started travelling the world now that 5 Weve stopped travelling the world

a now that weve settled down. b were not planning to settle down yet. c we settled down. d weve decided not to settle down yet. e but now its time to settle down.

2 Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brackets.

1 I _______ (fill) in the form. All I need to do is send it off.

2 Hannah is really tired. She _______ (go) to bed too late.

3 It _______ (rain) heavily all day so well have to cancel the match.

4 What colour _______ David _______ (paint) the living room?

5 You cant cut it down! This tree _______ (be) here for generations.

6 Paul _____ (have) four wives! I cant believe hes getting married again.

7 Dont worry! I _______ (not / wait) for long. 8 They _______ (help) at the refuge since it opened six

years ago. 9 _______ you _______ (read) his latest book?

Its amazing. 10 I _______ (not / cry). My eyes are red because of

my allergies.

3 Choose the correct answer. 1 She hasnt changed / been changing a bit since I last

saw her. 2 Youve read / been reading that book for weeks now!

Hurry up and finish it. 3 Laura has never failed / been failing an exam before. 4 Have you ever driven / been driving on the left? 5 Steve has stayed / been staying with friends for too

long. He needs to find a place of his own. 6 Im sorry hes been / gone. I wanted to see him. 7 Ive known / been knowing Tina for years.

Unit 2

introduction to the Present Perfect1 Many languages have a past tense to refer to past time, and a

present tense to refer to present time. English has these, too, but it also has the Present Perfect, which relates past actions to the present.

2 The use of the Past Simple roots an action in the past, with no explicit connection to the present. When we come across a verb in the Past Simple, we want to know when?

3 The use of the Present Perfect always has a link with the present. When we come across a verb in the Present Perfect, we want to know how this affects the situation now.

4 Compare these sentences.I lived in Rome. (But not any more.)Ive lived in Rome, Paris, and New York. (I know all these cities now.)Ive been living in New York for ten years. (And Im living there now.)Shes been married three times. (Shes still alive.)She was married three times. (Shes dead.)Did you see the Renoir exhibition? (Its finished now.)Have you seen the Renoir exhibition? (Its still on.)Did you see that programme on TV? (Im thinking of the one that was on last night.)Did you enjoy the film? (Said as were leaving the cinema.)Have you enjoyed the holiday? (Said near the end of the holiday.)Where have I put my glasses? (I want them now.)Where did I put my glasses? (I had them a minute ago.)It rained yesterday. (= past time)Its been snowing. (Theres snow still on the ground.)

Present Perfect Simple and ContinuousSee the introduction to the perfect aspect and the continuous aspect in Unit 1. Present Perfect Simple and Continuous have three main uses.

1 Unfinished pastThe verb action began in the past and continues to the present. It possibly goes on into the future, as well.Weve lived in this house for 20 years.Sorry Im late. Have you been waiting long?Ive been a teacher for five years.Ive been working at the same school all that time.

Notes Thereissometimeslittleornodifferencebetweenthesimpleand

the continuous.Ive playedIve been playing tennis since I was a kid.

Thecontinuouscansometimessuggestamoretemporarysituation. The simple can sound more permanent.Ive been living with a host family for six weeks.The castle has stood on the hill overlooking the sea for centuries.

Certainverbs,bydefinition,suggestduration,forexample,wait, rain, snow, learn, sit, lie, play, stay. They are often found in the continuous.Its been raining all day.Shes been sitting reading for hours.

Rememberthatstateverbsrarelytakethecontinuous.Ive known Joan for years. *Ive been knowingHow long have you had that car? *have you been havingIve never understood why she likes him. *Ive never been understanding

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8 Have you heard / been hearing his latest song? 9 The kids have played / been playing nicely all

afternoon. I hope they carry on like this. 10 Sonya has learned / been learning how to drive for

years, but she hasnt passed her test yet.

4 Answer the questions so that they are true for you. 1 How long have you known your best friend?

______________________________________ 2 Have you been working hard recently?

______________________________________ 3 Have you ever lived abroad?

______________________________________ 4 How long have you lived in your present house?

______________________________________ 5 How long have you been doing this exercise?

______________________________________

5 Read the situations. Make questions using the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous.

1 Your brother is saving money. How much / money / he save / ? ______________________________________ 2 Your friend is playing tennis. How many / games / he / win / ? ______________________________________ 3 Your sister is reading. How long / you / read / that book / ? ______________________________________ 4 You interview an actor. How many / films / you / appear in / ? ______________________________________ 5 Your classmate is writing an essay. How much / you / write / ? ______________________________________ 6 Your friend is covered in mud. What / you / do / ? ______________________________________ 7 Your friend is waiting for you. How long / you / wait / ? ______________________________________ 8 Your aunt goes on holiday to Florida every year. How long / she / go / there / for / ? ______________________________________

2 Present resultThe verb action happened in the past, usually the recent past, and the results of the action are relevant now.Youve changed. What have you done to yourself?Ive lost some weight.Ive been doing some exercise.Im covered in mud because Ive been gardening.In this use, the simple emphasizes the completed action. The continuous emphasizes the repeated or ongoing activities over a period of time.

Notes Certainverbs,bydefinition,suggestashortaction,forexample,

start, find, lose, begin, stop, break, die, decide, cut. They are more often found in the simple.Weve decided to get married.Ive broken a tooth.Ive cut my finger.

In the continuous, these verbs suggest a repeated activity.Ive been stopping smoking for years.Youve been losing everything lately. Whats the matter with you?Ive been cutting wood.

Theuseofthesimplesuggestsacompletedaction.Ive painted the bathroom.

The use of the continuous suggests a possibly incomplete action.Im tired because Ive been working. (Finished? Not finished?)Someones been eating my chocolates. (There are some left.)

Thecontinuouscanbefoundunqualifiedbyanyfurtherinformation.Im wet because Ive been swimming.Were tired because weve been working.Why are you red? Ive been running.

The simple sounds quite wrong in this use.*Ive swum. *Weve worked. *Ive run.

SometimesthereislittledifferencebetweenthePastSimpleandthe Present Perfect.Where did you put my keys? have you put

AmericanEnglishisdifferentfromBritishEnglish.InAmericanEnglish, these sentences are correct.Did you hear the news? The President resigned!Did you do your homework yet?Your father just called you.I had breakfast already.

3 indefinite pastThe verb action happened at an unspecified time in the past. The actual time isnt important. We are focusing on the experience at some time in our life.Have you ever taken any illegal drugs?Shes never been abroad.Have you ever been flying in a plane when its hit an air pocket?

Note Noticethesetwosentences.

Shes been to Spain. (At some time in her life.)Shes gone to Spain. (And shes there now.)

The first is an example of indefinite past. The second is an example of present result.

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Unit 3 EXERCiSES

1 Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets.

1 Charles Dickens _______ (write) 15 novels and hundreds of short stories before his death in 1870.

2 J.K.Rowling _______ (write) ten childrens books and two adult books so far.

3 In the end, we _______ (not drive) to London; we _______ (take) the train.

4 I have to concentrate now because I _______ (never drive) on the left before.

5 Oh, no! I _______ (lose) my phone. What am I going to do?

6 Serena _______ (lose) seven kilos last year, but she _______ (put) them all back on now.

2 Choose the correct option. 1 I finished all my homework last night / now. 2 Peter didnt finish his homework yet / on time. 3 Sorry, we havent sorted it out yet / yesterday. 4 Ive watched all the films hes made since 1984 / 20

years ago. 5 Weve never had an accident before / this morning. 6 Alice worked in Russia recently / last year. 7 Dad hasnt felt well recently / on Thursday. 8 She didnt go out since the weekend / at the weekend. 9 Andrew hasnt been round for ages / a few days ago. 10 Ive done a lot this week / last week.

3 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Sorry I didnt get the phone. I was having a shower. Sorry I wasnt getting the phone. I was having

a shower. 2 What did you watch when I was arriving? What were you watching when I arrived? 3 I was seeing Susie yesterday. She looked very well. I saw Susie yesterday. She was looking very well. 4 It was a great day. The sun was shining and

everybody was happy. It was being a great day. The sun was shining and

everybody was being happy.

Unit 3

narrative tensesPast Simple and Present PerfectSee the introduction to the perfect aspect and the simple aspect in Grammar Reference Unit 2. The Past Simple differs from all three uses of the Present Perfect.1 The Past Simple refers to finished past.

Shakespeare wrote plays. (Hes dead.)Ive written short stories. (Im alive.)

2 There is no present result.I hurt my back. (But its better now.)Ive hurt my back. (And it hurts now.)

3 It refers to definite past. last night.I saw him two weeks ago. on Monday. at 8.00.

Compare this with the indefinite adverbials found with the Present Perfect.Ive seen him recently. before. since January.I havent seen him yet. for months.Ive never seen him. just

NoteEven when there is no past time adverbial, we can build a past time in our head.Did you have a good journey? (The journeys over. Youre here now.)Thank you for supper. It was lovely. (The meal is finished.)Where did you buy that shirt? (When you were out shopping the other day.)

Past SimpleThe Past Simple is used:1 to express a finished action in the past.

Columbus discovered America in 1492.2 to express actions which follow each other in a story.

I heard voices coming from downstairs, so I put on my dressing-gown and went to investigate.

3 to express a past state or habit.When I was a child, we lived in a small house by the sea. Every day I walked for miles on the beach with my dog.

This use is often expressed with used to.We used to live ... I used to walk ...See Unit 9 for more information on used to.See Unit 11 for information on the Past Simple used for hypothesis.

Past ContinuousSee the introduction to the continuous aspect in Grammar Reference Unit 2.The Past Continuous is used:1 to express an activity in progress before and probably after a time

in the past.I phoned at 4.00, but there was no reply. What were you doing?

2 to describe a past situation or activity.The cottage was looking so cosy. A fire was burning in the grate, music was playing, and from the kitchen were coming the most delicious smells.

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5 Marianne painted all afternoon, but she still wasnt finishing the portrait.

Marianne was painting all afternoon, but she still hasnt finished the portrait.

6 He made a delicious cake, and they all had it for tea. He was making a delicious cake, and they were all

having it for tea. 7 We fought a lot when we were younger, but things

are much better now. We were fighting a lot when we were younger, but

things are much better now. 8 Carl was having an accident the other day, but

luckily it wasnt serious. Carl had an accident the other day, but luckily it

wasnt serious.

4 Match the two halves of each sentence. 1 Unfortunately, when they got to the cinema, 2 As soon as they got to the cinema, 3 When Fiona got home, she realized 4 Although Fiona remembered to go to the supermarket, 5 They werent allowed to go out until 6 As soon as they got home, 7 She couldnt concentrate because 8 It had been weeks since

a she hadnt been sleeping well. b she forgot to buy milk. c the film had already started. d they did all their homework. e the film started. f shed had a good nights sleep. g theyd done all their homework. h shed forgotten to buy milk.

5 Choose the correct answer. 1 Gary hadnt been living there long when he _______

Melanie. a) was meeting b) met c) d met 2 Joseph was anxious because Linda _______ yet. a) wasnt arriving b) didnt arrive c) hadnt arrived 3 It was light when they finally _______ home. a) were getting b) got c) had got

3 to express an interrupted past activity.I was having a bath when the phone rang.

4 to express an incomplete activity in the past.I was reading a book during the flight. (But I didnt finish it.)I watched a film during the flight. (the whole film)

5 to express an activity that was in progress at every moment during a period of time.I was working all day yesterday.They were fighting for the whole of the holiday.

Notes ThePastSimpleexpressespastactionsassimple,completefacts.

The Past Continuous gives past activities time and duration.What did you do last night?I stayed at home and watched the football.I phoned you last night, but there was no reply.Oh, I was watching the football and I didnt hear the phone. Sorry.

NoticehowthequestionsinthePastContinuousandPastSimplerefer to different times.When we arrived, Jan was ironing. She stopped ironing and made some coffee.What was she doing when we arrived? She was ironing.What did she do when we arrived? She made some coffee.

Past PerfectSee the introduction to the perfect aspect and the continuous aspect in Grammar Reference Unit 2.The Past Perfect is used to look back to a time in the past and refer to an action that happened before then.

She was crying because her dog had died.I arrived to pick up Dave, but he had already left.Keith was fed up. Hed been looking for a job for months, but hed found nothing.

Notes Thecontinuousreferstolongeractionsorrepeatedactivities.

The simple refers to shorter, complete facts.Hed lost his job and his wife had left him. Since then hed been sleeping rough, and he hadnt been eating properly.

ThePastPerfectcanrefertodefiniteaswellasindefinitetime.I knew his face immediately. Id first met him in October 1993. (= definite)I recognized her face. Id seen her somewhere before. (= indefinite)

Past Perfect and Past Simple1 Verbs in the Past Simple tell a story in chronological order.

John worked hard all day to prepare for the party. Everyone had a good time. Even the food was all right. Unfortunately, Andy upset Peter, so Peter left early. Pat came looking for Peter, but he wasnt there.It was a great party. John sat and looked at all the mess. He felt tired. It was time for bed.

2 By using the Past Perfect, the speaker or writer can tell a story in a different order.John sat and looked at all the mess. It had been a great party, and everyone had had a good time. Even the food had been all right. Unfortunately, Andy upset Peter, so Peter left early. Pat came looking for Peter, but hed already gone.John felt tired. Hed been working all day to prepare for the party. It was time for bed.

NoteFor reasons of style, it is not necessary to have every verb in the Past Perfect.... Andy upset Peter Peter left ...Once the time of past in the past has been established, the Past

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4 Everything was spotless. They _______ the house from top to bottom.

a) were cleaning b) cleaned c) d cleaned 5 Sarah was very bored. She _______ the film three

times already. a) was seeing b) saw c) d seen 6 How long had you been working there when they

finally _______ you? a) promoted b) had promoted

c) had been promoting 7 He _______ his bags and left for good. a) was packing b) packed c) had packed 8 They were miles away from home when they realized

they _______their passports. a) were forgetting b) forgot c) d forgotten 9 Im so sorry. I _______ to give you the message. Here it

is now. a) was forgetting b) forgot c) d been forgetting 10 It was such a shame that the play was cancelled.

I _______ forward to it for months. a) looked b) d looked c) d been looking

6 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 After wed discussed what to do, everyone got on with

the job. 2 When Id got everything ready for the party, Id gone

upstairs to change. 3 Kate wasnt allowed to go to parties until shed

turned 16. 4 As soon as they received the architects plans, theyd

started building. 5 Wed waited outside until she went in safely. 6 As soon as it stopped raining, the kids ran out into

the garden. 7 They both ran to the door at the same time when the

doorbell had rung. 8 Valerie broke her leg when she fell down the stairs. 9 They werent able to relax until theyd completed all

the work. 10 When Sally heard the news, shed threw her arms

around her father and hugged him.

Simple can be used as long as there is no ambiguity.

time clauses1 We can use time conjunctions to talk about two actions that

happen one after the other. Usually the Past Perfect is not necessary in these cases, although it can be used.After Id had/had a bath, I went to bed.As soon as the guests left/had left, I started tidying up.I sat outside until the sun had gone/went down.

2 The Past Perfect can help to make the first action seem separate, independent of the second, or completed before the second action started.When I had read the paper, I threw it away.We stayed up until all the beer had gone.

3 Two verbs in the Past Simple can suggest that the first action led into the other, or that one caused the other to happen.When I heard the news, I burst out crying.As soon as the alarm went off, I got up.

4 The Past Perfect is more common with when because it is ambiguous. The other conjunctions are more specific, so the Past Perfect is not so essential.As soon as all the guests left, I tidied the house.Before I met you, I didnt know the meaning of happiness.When I opened the door, the cat jumped out.When Id opened the mail, I made another cup of tea.

See Unit 11 for information on the Past Perfect used for hypothesis.

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Unit 4 EXERCiSES

1 Write the questions in the correct order. 1 who / to / party / did / go / with / the / she / ? ______________________________________ 2 computer / been / my / who / has / using / ? ______________________________________ 3 there / what / when / happened / got / you / ? ______________________________________ 4 is / parcel / who / for / this / ? ______________________________________ 5 about / complaining / what / they / are / ? ______________________________________ 6 he / what / of / does / books / read / kind / ? ______________________________________ 7 how / to / does / he / work / hard / have / ? ______________________________________ 8 this / how / you / much / know / so / come / about / ? ______________________________________ 9 run / she / how / can / fast / ? ______________________________________ 10 in / what / of / is / she / trouble / sort / ? ______________________________________

2 Find and correct the mistakes in each question. 1 What of these bags do you like best? 2 How long it takes to get there? 3 What does happen when you press this button? 4 Who did go with Anne to the party? 5 Which are you going to cook tonight? 6 What sort do you want to wear: the red one or the

black one? 7 How energetic he feels today? 8 What of these three is the heaviest? 9 What kind of flour need you for this recipe? 10 How come are you so tired?

3 Complete the questions with What, Who, How, or Which.

1 _______ was the move? 2 _______ is your new flat like? 3 _______ are you sharing the flat with?

Unit 4

4.1 QuestionsQuestion formsNotice these question forms. Subjectquestionswithnoauxiliaryverb

Who broke the window?What happens at the end of the book?

QuestionswithprepositionsattheendWho is your email from?What are you talking about?

Questionwords+noun/adjective/adverbWhat sort of music do you like?How big is their new house?How fast does your car go?

OtherwaysofaskingWhy?What did you do that for?How come you got here before us?

How come ? expresses surprise. Notice that there is no inversion and no do/does/did in this question form.

what and which1 What and which are used with nouns to make questions.

What size shoes do you take?Which of these curries is the hottest?

2 Sometimes there is no difference between questions with what and which.What/Which is the biggest city in your country?What/Which channel is the match on?

3 We use which when the speaker has a limited number of choices in mind.Theres a blue one and a red one. Which do you want?

We use what when the speaker is not thinking of a limited number of choices.What car do you drive?

Asking for descriptions1 What is X like? means Give me some information about X because

I dont know anything about it.Whats your capital city like?What are your parents like?

2 How is X? asks about a persons health and happiness.Hows your mother these days?

Sometimes both questions are possible. What like? asks for objective information. How ? asks for a more personal reaction.What was the party like? Noisy. Lots of people. It went on till 3:00.How was the party? Brilliant. I danced all night. Met loads of great people.How was your journey?Hows your new job?Hows your meal?

indirect questionsThere is no inversion and no do/does/did in indirect questions.I wonder what shes doing. *I wonder what is she doing.I dont know where he lives. *I dont know where does he live.Tell me when the train leaves.I didnt understand what she was saying.Ive no idea why he went to India.Im not sure where they live.He doesnt know whether hes coming or going.

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4 _______ is bigger: the kitchen or the living room? 5 _______ spacious is your bedroom?

4 Complete the indirect questions. 1 Where is John going to university? Ive no idea ______________ . 2 What time are they starting? I wonder ______________ . 3 Does Paul know how to make it? Im not sure ______________ . 4 Have you got enough time? I dont know ______________ . 5 How come they left so early? I dont understand ______________ .

5 Rewrite these sentences in the negative. 1 Hes enjoyed working with his brother. ______________________________________ 2 I find this website helpful. ______________________________________ 3 I suppose theyll be awake. ______________________________________ 4 I thought it would be at home. ______________________________________ 5 Wed imagined it would be easy. ______________________________________ 6 I hope itll be hot tomorrow. ______________________________________ 7 Ill have finished by the end of the day. ______________________________________ 8 Give it to him. ______________________________________ 9 You should put it on the top shelf. ______________________________________ 10 They believe itll arrive tomorrow. ______________________________________

4.2 negativesForming negatives1 We make negatives by adding not/nt after the auxiliary verb. If

there is no auxiliary verb, we add do/does/did.I havent seen her for ages.It wasnt raining.You shouldnt have gone to so much trouble.We dont like big dogs.They didnt want to go out.

2 The verb have has two forms in the present.I dont have any money.I havent got

But, in the past ... I didnt have any money.3 Infinitives and -ing forms can be negative.

We decided not to do anything.I like not working. It suits me.

4 Not can go with other parts of a sentence.Ask him, not me.Buy me anything, but not perfume.

5 When we introduce negative ideas with verbs such as think, believe, suppose, and imagine, we make the first verb negative, not the second.I dont think youre right. *I think you arent ...I dont suppose you want a game of tennis?

6 In short answers, the following forms are possible. I think so. I believe so.Are you coming? I hope so. I dont think so. I hope not.

I think not is possible. *I dont hope so is not possible.

negative questions1 Negative questions can express various ideas.

Havent you finished school yet? (surprise)Dont you think we should wait for them? (suggestion)Wouldnt it be better to go tomorrow? (persuasion)Cant you see Im busy? Go away! (criticism)Isnt it a lovely day! (exclamation)

2 In the main use of negative questions, the speaker would normally expect a positive situation, but now expresses a negative situation. The speaker therefore is surprised. Dont you like ice cream? Everyone likes ice cream!Havent you done your homework yet? What have you been doing?

3 Negative questions can also be used to mean confirm what I think is true. In this use it refers to a positive situation. Havent I met you somewhere before? (Im sure I have.)Didnt we speak about this yesterday? (Im sure we did.)

4 The difference between the two uses can be seen clearly if we change them into sentences with question tags.You havent done your homework yet, have you? (negative sentence, positive tag)Weve met before, havent we? (positive sentence, negative tag)

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6 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Have you applied yet? I thought youd done it

last week. Havent you applied yet? I thought youd done it

last week. 2 Have the children arrived? Its very quiet. Havent the children arrived? Its very quiet. 3 Should you wait for them? You promised

you would. Shouldnt you wait for them? You promised

you would. 4 Should you eat it? Im not sure its fresh. Shouldnt you eat it? Im not sure its fresh. 5 Please could you buy some bread? Youd be doing

me such a favour. Please couldnt you buy some bread? Youd be doing

me such a favour. 6 Could you buy some milk for a change? I always

do it. Couldnt you buy some milk for a change? I always

do it. 7 Did I pay you back yesterday? Im sure I did. Didnt I pay you back yesterday? Im sure I did. 8 Has Dave got it? I cant remember if I gave it to him

or to Tom. Hasnt Dave got it? I cant remember if I gave it to

him or to Tom.

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Unit 5 EXERCiSES

1 Complete the sentences with will or wont and one of the verbs in the box.

believe be get give know have go like

1 Carl doesnt think I _______ the job, but Im determined to prove him wrong.

2 You _______ enough money to buy that computer if you carry on spending like this.

3 It _______ cold this weekend, but it will be very wet. 4 We _______ and see him in hospital tomorrow; we

cant go today. 5 They _______ whos won until all the votes have been

counted. 6 You should read this. I know you _______ it. 7 As soon as I hear from him, I _______ you a ring. 8 Im afraid they _______ you. Youll have to think of

another excuse.

2 Choose the correct option. 1 Everything looks perfect. It ll / s going to be a

fantastic party. 2 We ll / re going to be able to relax as soon as weve

finished tidying up. 3 Its pointless asking her for help. I bet she ll / s going to

say no. 4 If you dont drive more carefully, you ll / re going to hit

a cyclist one of these days. 5 Marisa will / is going to visit her parents this weekend. 6 Well / re going to spend Christmas at home this year.

Weve decided not to go abroad after all. 7 Dont worry. Im sure you ll / re going to have a lovely

time once youre there. 8 Are you having trouble? I ll / m going to help you if

you like. 9 Fabio ll / s going to be a teacher when he grows up. 10 Oh, dear! I ll / m going to fix it for you, shall I?

3 Complete the questions with will or shall. 1 _______ it work if I press this button? 2 _______ we go out tonight or do you want to stay in? 3 Do you want some help? _______ I do it for you? 4 _______ there be lots of people there?

Unit 5

introduction to future formsThere is no one future tense in English. Instead, there are several verb forms that can refer to future time. Sometimes, several forms are possible to express a similar meaning, but not always.

will for prediction1 The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to show

future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction at some time in the future this event will happen. This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, willingness, etc.Ill be 30 in a few days time.It will be cold and wet tomorrow, Im afraid.Who do you think will win the match?Youll feel better if you take this medicine.Ill see you later.

This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future tense.2 Will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact

or evidence. It is often found with expressions such as I think ..., I hope ..., Im sure ... .I think Labour will win the next election.I hope youll come and visit me.Im sure youll pass your exams.

3 Will is common in the main clause when there is a subordinate clause with if, when, before, etc. Note that we dont use will in the subordinate clause.Youll break the glass if you arent careful.When youre ready, well start the meeting.I wont go until you arrive.As soon as Peter comes, well have lunch.

going to for predictionGoing to can express a prediction based on a present fact. There is evidence now that something is sure to happen. We can see the future from the present.Careful! That glass is going to fall over. Too late!Look at that blue sky! Its going to be a lovely day.

Notes Sometimesthereislittleornodifferencebetweenwill and going

to.Well run out of money if we arent careful.Were going to

Weusegoing to when we have physical evidence to support our prediction.Shes going to have a baby. (Look at her bump.)Liverpool are going to win. (Its 40, and there are only five minutes left.)That glass is going to fall. (Its rolling to the edge of the table.)

Wecanusewill when there is no such outside evidence. Our prediction is based on our own personal opinion. It can be more theoretical and abstract.Im sure youll have a good time at the wedding. (This is my opinion.)I reckon Liverpool will win. (Said the day before the match.)The glass will break if it falls. (This is what happens to glasses that fall.)

Comparethesentences.I bet John will be late home. The traffic is always bad at this time. (= my opinion)Johns going to be late home. He left a message on my voicemail. (= a fact)Dont lend Keith your car. Hell crash it. (= a theoretical prediction)

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5 What _______ they do if the taxi doesnt turn up? _______ we offer them a lift?

6 What _______ we do at the weekend? We could have a party, couldnt we?

4 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 Hurry up! The train is going to leave at 4.00 on the dot. 2 Sorry, I cant see you tomorrow. Ill work. 3 Ive finally made up my mind. Im going to ask for

a rise. 4 Pam will be upset if you wont go. 5 Rob thinks were meeting at 6.00 tomorrow. Im not

sure what we arranged. 6 Im not going to eat any more chocolate, ever! 7 Lessons start at 8.30 a.m. and finish at 3.30 p.m. 8 When Sonya will hear about it, shes going to be

very upset. 9 I take the kids to the circus on Wednesday, so I cant go

to the meeting. 10 Listen to the wind! It sounds like theres going to be

a storm.

5 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Its Teds birthday on Sunday. Its going to be Teds birthday on Sunday. 2 Where shall we eat tonight? Any suggestions? Where are we eating tonight? Any suggestions? 3 Where are they meeting? Do you know? Where shall they meet? Do you know? 4 Ill call you later. I call you later. 5 You shouldnt lend it to him. Hell lose it. You shouldnt lend it to him. Hes losing it. 6 Theyll be late. Youll see. Theyre never on time. Theyre going to be late. Youre going to see.

Theyre never on time.

6 Complete the sentences and questions with the Future Simple, Future Continuous, or Future Perfect form of the verb in brackets.

1 Im afraid were going to miss them. They _______ (leave) by the time we get there.

2 Dont worry. They _______ (not leave) before we get there. Im sure they _______ (wait) for us.

Look out! Were going to crash! (= a prediction based on evidence)

Decisions and intentions will and going to1 Will is used to express a decision or intention made at the

moment of speaking.Ill phone you back in a minute.Give me a ring some time. Well go out together.The phones ringing. Ill get it.

2 Going to is used to express a future plan, decision, or intention made before the moment of speaking.When she grows up, shes going to be a ballet dancer.Were going to get married in the spring.

Other uses of will and shall1 Will as a prediction is an auxiliary verb that simply shows future

time. The word itself has no real meaning.Tomorrow will be cold and windy.

2 Will is also a modal auxiliary verb, and so it can express a variety of meanings. The meaning often depends on the meaning of the main verb.Ill help you carry those bags. (= offer)Will you marry me? (= willingness)Will you open the window? (= request)My car wont start. (= refusal)Ill love you forever. (= promise)The phones ringing. Itll be for me. (= prediction about the present)

3 Shall is found mainly in questions. It is used with I and we.Where shall I put your tea? (Im asking for instructions.)What shall we do tonight? (Im asking for a decision.)Shall I cook supper tonight? (Im offering to help.)Shall we eat out tonight? (Im making a suggestion.)

Present Continuous for arrangements1 The Present Continuous is used to express personal arrangements

and fixed plans, especially when the time and place have been decided. A present tense is used because there is some reality in the present. The event is planned or decided, and we can see it coming. The event is usually in the near future.Im having lunch with Brian tomorrow.What time are you meeting him?Where are you having lunch?What are you doing tonight?

2 The Present Continuous for future is often used with verbs of movement and activity.Are you coming to the cinema tonight?Im meeting the director tomorrow.Were playing tennis this afternoon.

3 The Present Continuous is used to refer to arrangements between people. It is not used to refer to events that people cant control.Its going to rain this afternoon. *Its raining this afternoon.The sun rises at 5.30 tomorrow. *The sun is rising ...

Notes SometimesthereislittleornodifferencebetweenthePresent

Continuous and going to to refer to the future.Were seeing Hamlet at the theatre tonight.Were going to see

Whenthereisadifference,thePresentContinuousemphasizesanarrangement with some reality in the present; going to expresses a persons intentions.Im seeing my girlfriend tonight.Im going to ask her to marry me. *Im asking ...What are you doing this weekend?What are you going to do about the broken toilet? (= What have you decided to do?)

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3 Suzanna _______ (live) in London this time next year. 4 Do you think Bill _______ (get) the job? I hope so! 5 Try to be quiet when you come in. The baby _______

(sleep) and I dont want her to wake up. 6 If you dont make too much noise, I _______ (able to

get) the baby to sleep. 7 We _______ (finish) school by the end of the month. 8 Where _______ (you / live) during the summer

holidays, do you know? 9 I _______ (not read) it by the end of the holidays. Its

much too long. 10 I wonder what they _______ (do) all afternoon, while

Im slaving away at work.

Present Simple for timetables1 The Present Simple refers to a future event that is seen as

unalterable because it is based on a timetable or calendar.My flight leaves at 10.00.Term starts on 4 April.What time does the film start?Its my birthday tomorrow.

2 It is used in subordinate clauses introduced by conjunctions such as if, when, before, as soon as, unless, etc.Well have a picnic if the weather stays fine.When I get home, Ill cook the dinner.Ill leave as soon as it stops raining.

Future Continuous1 The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in

progress before and after a time in the future.Dont phone at 8.00. Well be having supper.This time tomorrow Ill be flying to New York.

2 The Future Continuous is used to refer to a future event that will happen in the natural course of events. This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, or willingness. As time goes by, this event will occur.Dont worry about our guests. Theyll be arriving any minute now.Well be going right back to the football after the break. (said on TV)

Future PerfectThe Future Perfect refers to an action that will be completed before a definite time in the future. It is not a very common verb form.Ill have done all my work by this evening.

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Unit 6 EXERCiSES

1 Choose the correct option. 1 I havent got much / many appointments this week. 2 There are a few / few options, fortunately. 3 Ive got several / little good ideas. 4 Do all / some your clothes need ironing? 5 There is no / none coffee left. 6 More / Many years later, they met again. 7 There are fewer / less opportunities than we imagined. 8 Each / All candidate will receive written instructions. 9 Oh, dear! There is a little / little time left. Wed

better hurry. 10 Its the same old story every / all time.

2 Choose the correct answer. 1 Did you manage to get any sleep? a) Yes, few. b) Yes, little. c) Yes, some. 2 Is there any tea in the pot? a) Yes, all. b) Yes, enough. c) Yes, most. 3 How many people did you invite? a) Not many. b) Every. c) Any. 4 Can I have a biscuit, please? a) Sorry, I havent got much. b) Sorry, Ive got a little.

c) Sorry, I havent got any. 5 Have some more tea. a) OK, just a few. b) OK, just a little. c) OK, just little. 6 Have you got enough money? a) Plenty. b) A few. c) Not many.

3 Tick the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Most of the time, I feel fine. Most time, I feel fine. 2 Did you borrow all of glasses for the party? Did you borrow all of their glasses for the party? 3 Very few my things have made it in one piece! Very few of my things have made it in one piece! 4 Is there still much to do? Is there still much of to do? 5 Has all of the cake gone, or is there a little left

for me? Has all cake gone, or is there little left for me?

Unit 6

Expressing quantityQuantifiers1 The following can be used before a noun.

some/any much/many each/every more/most a little/littlea few/few both fewer/less several all/no enough

With count nouns only

With uncount nouns only

With singular count nouns only

(not) many biscuitsa few carsvery few treesfewer booksseveral answers

(not) much lucka little cheesevery little experienceless time

each boyevery time

With plural count nouns only

both parents

With both count and uncount nouns

some money more/most wine enough foodsome eggs more/most people enough apples(not) any water all/no work(not) any friends all/no children

2 Most of the quantifiers can be used without a noun. No, all, every, and each cannot.Have you got any money? Not much/A little/Enough.Are there any eggs? A few/Not many.Have some wine. I dont want any.How many people came? Very few.Have some more tea. Ive got some.Did Ann or Sam go? Both.

3 Most of the quantifiers can be used with of + the/my/those, etc. + noun. No and every cannot.They took all of my money.Take a few of these tablets.Some of the people at the party started dancing.Were any of my friends at the party?Very few of my friends smoke.Not much of the food was left.Ive missed too many of my French lessons.I couldnt answer several of the questions.Ill have a little of the strawberry cake, please.Both of my children are clever.I feel tired most of the time.Ive had enough of your jokes.

4 For no and every, we use none and every one or all.None of the audience was listening.All of the hotels were booked.

In formal, written English, none is followed by a singular form of the verb.None of the guests has arrived yet.

But in informal English, a plural verb is possible.None of my friends smoke.None of the lights are working.

NoteWhen we use none with a plural noun or pronoun, the verb can be singular or plural. Grammatically, it should be singular, but people often use the plural when they speak.None of my friends is coming.None of my friends are coming.

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4 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 Lots of people waste money without noticing. 2 It has caused a great deal trouble. 3 There arent lots of people here as I thought there

would be. 4 How much time have we got left? 5 A great deal of time has been wasted. 6 Plenty time has passed. 7 I hope its not too much of trouble. 8 There has been a lot of interest. 9 There hasnt been many response. 10 A large quantity of food is thrown away every day.

5 Complete the sentences with few, a few, fewer, little, a little, or less.

1 Only _______ of the answers were correct. 2 Its hopeless! There is _______ that can be done to help

them. 3 _______ visitors came than expected. 4 The good news is that _______ of the people who

came helped us clear up at the end. 5 _______ people give themselves the time to think

clearly about their own futures. 6 Paul spends _______ time revising than any of us, but

still does well. 7 The course was far too difficult. In fact, _______ of us

even made it to the finish. 8 You couldnt lend me _______ money, could you? 9 When I was growing up, we were quite poor and had

_______ money to spend on luxuries. 10 I seem to spend _______ time these days doing the

things I enjoy.

some, any, somebody, anything1 The basic rule is that some and its compounds are used in

affirmative sentences, and any and its compounds in negatives and questions.I need some help.I need somebody to help me.Give me something for my headache.I dont need any shopping.We cant go anywhere without being recognized.Is there any sugar left?Did anyone remember to buy milk?

2 Some and its compounds are used in requests or invitations, or when we expect the answer yes.Have you got some money you could lend me?Would you like something to eat?Can we go somewhere quiet to talk?

3 Any and its compounds are used in affirmative sentences that have a negative meaning.He never has any money.You made hardly any mistakes.I made the cake myself without any help.

4 Any and its compounds are used to express It doesnt matter which/who/where.Take any book you like. I dont mind.Anyone will tell you two and two makes four.Sit anywhere you like.I eat anything. Im not fussy.

nobody, no one, nowhere, nothing1 These are more emphatic forms.

I saw nobody all weekend.Ive eaten nothing all day.

2 They can be used at the beginning of sentences.No one was saved.Nobody understands me.Nowhere is safe any more.

much, many, a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, a large number of, plenty of1 Much and many are usually used in questions and negatives.

How much does it cost?How many people came to the party?Is there much unemployment in your country?I dont have much money.Will there be many people there?You dont see many snakes in England.

2 We find much and many in affirmative sentences after so, as, and too.He has so much money that he doesnt know what to do with it.Shes got nearly as many Facebook friends as I have.You make too many mistakes. Be careful.

3 In affirmative sentences, the following forms are found. Spoken/informal

Therell be plenty of food/people. (uncount and count)Weve got lots of time/friends. (uncount and count)I lost a lot of my furniture/things. (uncount and count)

Written/more formalA great deal of money was lost during the strike. (uncount)A large number of strikes are caused by bad management. (count)Many world leaders are quite young. (count)Much time is wasted in trivial pursuits. (uncount)

4 These forms are found without nouns.Have you got enough socks? Lots.How many people were there? A lot.Dont worry about food. Weve got plenty.

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little/few/less/fewer1 A little and a few express a small amount or number in a positive

way. Although there is only a little, it is probably enough.Can you lend me a little sugar?A few friends are coming round tonight.

2 Little and few express a small amount in a negative way. There is not enough.Very few people passed the exam.Theres very little milk left.

3 Fewer is the comparative of few; less is the comparative of little.Fewer people go to church these days. (= count noun)I spend less and less time doing what I want to. (= uncount noun)

It is becoming more common to find less with a count noun. Many people think that this is incorrect and sounds terrible.*Less people go to church.*You should smoke less cigarettes.

all1 We do not usually use all to mean everybody/everyone/everything.

Everybody had a good time.Everything was ruined in the fire.I said hello to everyone.

But if all is followed by a relative clause, it can mean everything.All (that) I own is yours.I spend all I earn.

This structure can have a negative meaning, expressing ideas such as nothing more or only this.All I want is a place to sleep.All I had was a couple of beers.All that happened was that he pushed her a bit, and she fell over.

2 Before a noun with a determiner (for example the, my, this) both all and all of are possible.You eat all (of) the time.All (of) my friends are coming tonight.

Before a noun with no determiner, we use all.All people are born equal.

3 With personal pronouns, we use all of.All of you passed. Well done!I dont need these books. You can have all of them.

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Unit 7 EXERCiSES

1 Find and correct five sentences or questions. 1 Shall we wait for Martin to arrive? 2 Will I have some more bread, please? 3 You dont should walk on the grass. 4 It wont make any difference if you pay now or later. 5 Do you think it might rain? 6 Could you to turn the lights on, please? 7 That sort of behaviour ought to be against the law. 8 I have to walk all the way home. 9 Wed love to can stay longer, but we have to get back. 10 Dont you hate having to get up when its still dark? 11 We may go away this year, but we havent made up our

minds yet. 12 She might be out the lights are all on.

2 Match the questions and statements 15 with the responses ae.

1 Did Dads flight arrive on time? 2 Im going to be late for my appointment! 3 I wonder how Helens holiday is going. 4 A large parcel has just arrived for you. 5 Are you are coming to the match tomorrow?

a Great! Thatll be my new skateboard! b Of course. Ill see you at the stadium at the usual time. c No, he wont be home for ages. d Oh, shell be having a great time. e Dont worry, Ill give you a lift.

3 Complete the sentences with must or cant. 1 This isnt my book, so it _______ belong to Harry. 2 She _______ be his sister. She looks so different. 3 Its still light, so it _______ be later than 6.00 p.m. 4 Im sorry you didnt get the job. You _______ be

disappointed. 5 Why did I give him the money? I _______ be mad! 6 Your bag _______ be in the car. I checked there earlier. 7 Have you seen how big their house is? They _______

have loads of money! 8 He _______ like salad. Theres nothing else in the

fridge!

Unit 7

introduction to modal auxiliary verbs1 These are the modal auxiliary verbs.

can could may might shall should will would must ought to

They are used with great frequency and with a wide range of meanings. They express ideas such as willingness and ability, permission and refusal, obligation and prohibition, suggestion, necessity, promise, and intention. All modal auxiliary verbs can express degrees of certainty, probability, or possibility.

2 They have several characteristics. Thereisno-s in the third person.

He can swim.She must go.

Thereisnodo/does in the question.May I ask a question?Shall we go?

Thereisnodont/doesnt in the negative.You shouldnt tell lies.You wont believe this.

Theyarefollowedbyaninfinitivewithoutto. The exception is ought to.It might rain.Could you help?We ought to be on our way.

Theydontreallyhavepastforms,infinitives,or-ing forms. Other verbs are used instead.I had to work hard when I was young.Id love to be able to ski.I hate having to get up in the morning.

Theycanbeusedwithperfectinfinitivestorefertothepast.Formore information, see Grammar Reference Unit 10.You should have told me that you cant swim.You might have drowned!She must have been crazy to marry him.

Modal auxiliary verbs of probability, present and futureThe main modal auxiliary verbs that express probability are described here in order of certainty. Will is the most certain, and might/could are the least certain.

will1 Will and wont are used to predict a future action. The truth or

certainty of what is asserted is more or less taken for granted.Ill see you later.His latest book will be out next month.

2 Will and wont are also used to express what we believe or guess to be true about the present. They indicate an assumption based on our knowledge of people and things, their routines, character, and qualities.Youve just got a text. Thatll be the taxi.Leave the meat in the oven. It wont be cooked yet.I wonder what Sarahs doing. Well, its Monday morning, so I guess that right now shell be taking the children to school.

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4 Choose the correct option. 1 Dont worry. It mustnt / shouldnt be hard to get it done

by the end of the day. 2 He wont / shouldnt get the job, Im afraid. He isnt

really qualified. 3 He may / must well propose this weekend. I saw him at

the jewellers yesterday. 4 Your jumper might / should be in the wash, but I cant

really remember. 5 Its quite straightforward. You couldnt / shouldnt have

any problems. 6 Actually, I couldnt / might not be able to drive you after

all. Sorry! 7 Well, its bound to / could be a good exhibition. Ted is

so talented. 8 Sheryl isnt bound to / likely to come, is she? She lives so

far away. 9 That couldnt / shouldnt be Melanie. Shes in Brazil at

the moment. 10 It was fate. They couldnt / shouldnt have done

anything else.

5 What do these sentences express? Write AB (ability), AD (advice), O (obligation/no obligation), P (permission/no permission), W (willingness and refusal), R (requests).

1 Im telling you I wont do it. You cant force me. 2 Brian could walk when he was eight months old but he

couldnt speak until he was three. 3 Seriously, youd better do a bit more revision if you

want to pass your exams. 4 Theyve never had to do any housework. Shes always

done it for them. 5 They arent allowed out after dark. Its dangerous. 6 Can I go now? Ive done everything you asked me

to do. 7 They ought to move. Their flat is tiny! 8 OK, OK, Ill tidy my room just give me a minute. 9 You mustnt pick that up, Sophie. Its dirty. 10 Tony, would you cook tonight? Im a bit tired. 11 Fiona managed to buy a new computer by saving up

for months. 12 Can I borrow your laptop for a minute? I just want to

check something.

must and cant1 Must is used to assert what we infer or conclude to be the most

logical or rational interpretation of a situation. We do not have all the facts, so it is less certain than will.You say he walked across the Sahara Desert! He must be mad!You must be tired. That was a long walk!

2 The negative of this use is cant.She cant have a ten-year-old daughter! Shes only 21 herself.Whose is this coat? It cant be Marys. Its too small.

should1 Should expresses what may reasonably be expected to happen.

Expectation means believing that things are or will be as we want them to be. This use of should has the idea of if everything has gone according to plan.Our guests should be here soon (if they havent got lost).This homework shouldnt take you too long (if youve understood what you have to do).We should be moving into our new house soon (as long as nothing goes wrong).

2 Should in this use has the idea that we want the action to happen. It is not used to express negative or unpleasant ideas.You should pass the exam. Youve worked hard.*You should fail the exam. You havent done any work at all.

We would say I dont think youll pass the exam.

may and might1 May expresses the possibility that an event will happen or is

happening.We may go to Greece this year. We havent decided yet.Wheres Ann? She may be having a bath, I dont know.

2 Might is more tentative and slightly less certain than may.It might rain. Take your umbrella.Wheres Peter? He might be upstairs. Theres a light on.

3 Learners of English often express these concepts of future possibility with perhaps or maybe ... will and so avoid using may and might. However, these are widely used by native speakers, and you should try to use them.

could1 Could has a similar meaning to might.

You could be right. Im not sure.That film could be worth seeing. It had a good review.

2 Couldnt is not used to express a future possibility. The negative of could in this use is might not.You might not be right.That film might not be any good.

3 Couldnt has a similar meaning to cant above, only slightly weaker.She couldnt have a ten-year-old daughter! Shes only 21 herself.

Related verbsHere are some related verb forms that express probability.Williams so brainy. Hes bound to pass the exam.Were having a picnic tomorrow, so its bound to rain.Youre likely to find life very different when you live in China.Are you likely to come across Judith while youre in Oxford?

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6 Choose the correct answer. 1 Applicants _______ to return their forms by the end of

the day. a) must b) are required c) suppose 2 Arent we _______ to leave by midnight? a) have b) suppose c) supposed 3 Shell _______ to apply for the job as soon as she turns

16. a) be able b) better c) ought 4 _______ you fetch my bag for me, please? a) Ought b) Should c) Would 5 Werent you _______ to go to parties then? a) allowed b) allow c) give permission 6 You dont _______ to cover your hair, but you are

required to dress modestly. a) require b) need c) allowed

Other uses of modal auxiliary verbs and related verbsHere is some further information about modal auxiliary verbs, but it is by no means complete. See a grammar book for more details.

Ability1 Can expresses ability. The past is expressed by could.

I can speak three languages.I could swim when I was three.

2 Other forms are provided by be able to.Ive never been able to understand her. (Present Perfect)Id love to be able to drive. (infinitive)Being able to drive has transformed my life. (-ing form)Youll be able to walk again soon. (future)

3 To express a fulfilled ability on one particular occasion in the past, could is not used. Instead, we use was able to or managed to.She was able to survive by clinging onto the wrecked boat.The prisoner managed to escape by climbing onto the roof.

Advice1 Should and ought express mild obligation or advice. Should is

much more common.You should go to bed. You look very tired.You ought to take things easier.

2 We use had better to give strong advice, or to tell people what to do. There can be an element of threat If you dont do this, something bad will happen.Youd better get a haircut before the interview. (If you dont, you wont get the job.)Im late. Id better get a move on. (If I dont, Ill be in trouble.)

NoteThe form is always past (had), but it refers to the immediate future.Shed better start revising. The exams are next week.

Obligation1 Must expresses strong obligation. Other verb forms are provided

by have to.You must try harder!You mustnt hit your baby brother.What time do you have to start work?I had to work hard to pass my exams. (Past Simple)Youll have to do this exercise again. (future)We might have to make some economies. (infinitive)Shes never had to do a single days work in her life. (Present Perfect)I hate having to get up early. (-ing form)

2 Must expresses the opinion of the speaker.I must get my hair cut. (I am telling myself.)You must do this again. (Teacher to student)

Must is associated with a more formal, written style.Candidates must answer three questions. (On an exam paper)Books must be returned by the end of the week. (Instructions in a library)

3 Have to expresses a general obligation based on a law or rule, or based on the authority of another person.Children have to go to school until theyre 16. (Its the law.)Mum says you have to tidy your room.

4 Mustnt expresses negative obligation. Dont have to expresses the absence of obligation.You mustnt steal. Its very naughty.You dont have to go to England in order to learn English.

5 Have got to is common in British English. It is more informal than have to.Ive got to go now. Cheerio!

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Dont have a late night. Weve got to get up early tomorrow.6 Here are some related verb forms that express obligation.

Visitors are required to have a visa.When youre 18, youre supposed to take responsibility for yourself.You arent supposed to park on double yellow lines.You need to think carefully before you make a decision.He doesnt need to work. Hes a millionaire.

Permission1 May, can, and could are used to ask for permission.

May I ask you a question?May I use your phone?Can/Could I go home? I dont feel well.Can/Could I borrow your car tonight?

2 May is used to give permission, but it sounds very formal. Can and cant are more common.You can use a dictionary in this exam.You cant stay up till midnight. Youre only five.You cant smoke in here. Its forbidden.

3 To talk about permission generally, or permission in the past, we use can, could, or be allowed to.Children can/are allowed to do what they want these days.I couldnt go out on my own until I was 16.I wasnt allowed to

4 Here are some related verb forms that express permission.Passengers are not permitted to use mobile phones.My parents dont allow me to Im not allowed to stay out late.My parents dont let me

Note that this sentence with let is not possible in the passive. *Im not let

Willingness and refusal1 Will expresses willingness. Wont expresses a refusal by either

people or things. Shall is used in questions.Ill help you.She says she wont get up until shes had breakfast in bed.The car wont start.Shall I give you a hand?

2 The past is expressed by wouldnt.My boss said she wouldnt give me a promotion. Im going to look for another job.

RequestsSeveral modal verbs express a request.Can/Could/Will/Would you do me a favour?Can/Could I open the window?Modal verbs are also dealt with in Units 9, 10, and 11.

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Unit 8 EXERCiSES

1 Underline the relative clauses in each sentence. Then write DR (defining relative clause) or NDR (non-defining relative clause).

1 They have a son who is a doctor. 2 We visited a castle that was 700 years old. 3 She always sees the positive side of things, which I

think is amazing. 4 I always like the presents you give me. 5 My best friend, who lives in New York, is coming to

stay with me. 6 If you want my opinion, the only thing that brings

success is hard work. 7 London, which is the capital of England, is one of the

biggest cities in the world. 8 The restaurant where we ate was fantastic, but it was

also quite expensive. 9 Its after 10.00 p.m., which means that all the shops will

be shut. 10 My best friend is Paul, whom Ive known since

primary school.

2 Combine the two sentences using a defining relative clause.

1 We went to a play. I liked it. I liked the play (that) we went to. 2 You sent me a letter. I received it. ___________________________________________ 3 I had an accident with someone. He was on the wrong

side of the road. ___________________________________________ 4 I was talking to you about a document. Ill email it. ___________________________________________ 5 Harriet is marrying someone. He works at the

university. ___________________________________________

Unit 8

8.1 introduction to relative clausesIt is important to understand the difference between two kinds of relative clauses.1 Defining relative (DR) clauses qualify a noun, and tell us exactly

which person or thing is being referred to.She likes people who are good fun to be with.Politicians who tell lies are odious.A corkscrew is a thing you use to open a bottle of wine.

She likes people on its own doesnt mean very much; we need to know which people she likes.

who tell lies tells us exactly which politicians are odious. Without it, the speaker is saying that all politicians are odious.

A corkscrew is a thing doesnt make sense on its own.2 Non-defining relative (NDR) clauses add secondary information

to a sentence, almost as an afterthought.My friend Andrew, who is Scottish, plays the bagpipes.Politicians, who tell lies, are odious.My favourite building is Durham Cathedral, which took over 200 years to build.

My friend Andrew is clearly defined. We dont need to know which Andrew is being discussed. The clause who is Scottish gives us extra information about him.

The clause who tell lies suggests that all politicians tell lies. It isnt necessary to identify only those that deceive they all do!

My favourite building is clearly defined. The following clause simply tells us something extra.

3 DR clauses are much more common in the spoken language, and NDR clauses are more common in the written language. In the spoken language, we can avoid a NDR clause.My friend Andrew plays the bagpipes. Hes Scottish, by the way.

4 When we speak, there is no pause before or after a DR clause, and no commas when we write. With NDR clauses, there are commas before and after, and pauses when we speak.I like the things you say to me. (No commas, no pauses)My aunt (pause), who has been a widow for 20 years (pause), loves travelling.

Defining relative clauses1 Notice how we can leave out the relative pronoun if it is the object

of the relative clause. This is very common. Pronoun left out

Did you like the present ( ) I gave you?Who was that man ( ) you were talking to?The thing ( ) I like about Dave is his sense of humour.

2 We cannot leave out the pronoun if it is the subject of the clause. Pronoun not left out

I met a man who works in advertising.Ill lend you the book that changed my life.The thing that helped me most was knowing I wasnt alone.

3 Here are the possible pronouns. The words in brackets are possible, but not as common. ( ) means nothing.

Person ThingSubject who (that) that (which)Object ( ) (that) ( ) (that)

Notes That is preferred to which after superlatives, and words such as

all, every(thing), some(thing), any(thing), and only.Thats the funniest film that was ever made.All thats left is a few slices of ham.

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3 Complete the sentences with the non-defining relative clauses in the box.

which is my favourite instrument who was French where the head office is about which much has been written when the leaves change colour whose husband is a banker which everyone raved about who I met at college

1 My grandfather, ____________ , lived until he was 93. 2 Paul, ____________ , is flying over here for

the wedding. 3 Ive always wanted to play the guitar, ____________. 4 She gave a fantastic speech, ____________ . 5 The conference was in Geneva, ____________ . 6 I love autumn, ____________ . 7 My sister, ____________ , loves jewellery. 8 This policy, ____________ , is still very unpopular.

4 Complete the sentences with which, who, whom, whose, what, where, or why.

1 Look! Thats the girl _______ parents we met last night.

2 Good news! Laura, _______ lives round the corner, has offered to babysit.

3 I cant understand _______ youre late! There wasnt any traffic.

4 What a shame! That film, _______ Bill said was so brilliant, isnt on any more.

5 Please pass it on to _______ it may concern. 6 Sam decided to walk there, _______ we thought

was crazy. 7 Vera, _______ house we stayed in last summer, is

coming for the weekend. 8 Theyve explained _______ is going to happen on

the day. 9 Do you know _______ theyre going next? 10 There isnt any milk, _______ means youll have to

have your tea black.

5 Choose the correct option. 1 She finds Paris much more interested / interesting

than Venice. 2 Keep the water at boiled / boiling point. 3 By the end of his lecture, I was totally bored / boring. 4 We saw a man climbed / climbing over our garden wall. 5 The tree blown down / blowing down by the storm was

used for firewood.

Give me something thatll take away the pain.Hes good at any sport that is played with a ball.The only thing thatll help you is rest.

That is also preferred after it is ...It is a film that will be very popular.

Prepositionsusuallycomeattheendoftherelativeclause.Come and meet the people I work with.This is the book I was telling you about.Shes a friend I can always rely on.

non-defining relative clauses1 Relative pronouns cannot be left out of NDR clauses. Relative pronoun as subject

Paul Jennings, who has written several books, addressed the meeting.His last book, which received a lot of praise, has been a great success.

Relative pronoun as objectPaul Jennings, who I knew at university, addressed the meeting.His last book, which I couldnt understand at all, has been a great success.

2 Look at the possible pronouns. Whom is possible, but not as common.

Person ThingSubject ... , who ... , ... , which ... ,Object ... , who (whom) ... , ... , which ... ,

NotePrepositions can come at the end of the clause.He talked about theories of market forces, which Id never even heard of.In a more formal written style, prepositions come before the pronoun.The privatization of railways, to which the present government is committed, is not universally popular.

WhichWhich can be used in NDR clauses to refer to the whole of the sentence before.She arrived on time, which amazed everybody.He gambled away all his money, which I thought was ridiculous.The coffee machine isnt working, which means we cant have any coffee.

WhoseWhose can be used in both DR clauses and NDR clauses.Thats the woman whose son was killed recently.My parents, whose only interest is gardening, never go away on holiday.

WhatWhat is used in DR clauses to mean the thing that.Has she told you whats worrying her?What I need to know is where were meeting.

Why, when, where1 Why can be used in DR clauses to mean the reason why.

I dont know why were arguing.2 When and where can be used in DR clauses and NDR clauses.

Tell me when you expect to arrive.The hotel where we stayed was excellent.We go walking on Mondays, when the rest of the world is working.He works in Oxford, where my sister lives.

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6 Watching / Having watched the film, we went to bed. 7 Sam stood there, silently stared at / staring at us. 8 Being not / Not being British, I didn't understand

the joke. 9 There was a huge explosion, resulted / resulting in

considerable damage. 10 Id say that its probably the best film ever

made / making.

6 Rewrite the sentences. Use a participle clause. 1 As he didnt know what to say, he just stood and stared

at her. Not knowing what to say, he just stood and stared at her.

2 While we were waiting at the bus stop, we saw an accident.

__________________________________________ 3 I found a suitable hotel, and then I passed a few hours

wandering around the town. __________________________________________ 4 Because he lost all his money, he had to walk home. __________________________________________ 5 If it is used sensibly, this product is completely

harmless. __________________________________________ 6 As he was a generous person, he gave all the children

a treat. __________________________________________ 7 Because she didnt feel well, she took the day off. __________________________________________ 8 When I looked outside, I could see the soldiers. ___________________________________

hw upp-int trd grammar exercises

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