hvac magazine global version_20110818

7/29/2019 HVAC Magazine Global Version_20110818

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HVACHeating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

CONTENTS

TECHNICAL REPORT

01 HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilities

05 How to select indoor HVAC systems in basic architectural design

11 LG Whisen System Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic Solution

17 LG BMS (Building Management System) Solution

NEW TECHOLOGY

23 Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to Z

SPECIAL ISSUE

25Aesthetic sense of exposed- ceilings

VIEW FINDER

29 Select a product on the basis of space properties and design focus

35 LG Control System

CASE STUDY

39 Hi-Farm in Hampyeong, a gardening facility that uses a HVAC system

43 Multi V Super & Multi V Geo

47 Chungmu Gymnasium in Daejeon

51 Proposal of Total Solution for LG Electronics

55 Indoor space airflow and noise simulation using CFD

59 Gyeongpo landmark, Rakai Sandfine Resort

Global Field

63 Chiles largest building equips LGEs air conditioning system

67 LG Electronics brings a gentle breeze to India with its Multi V system

71 LG Electronics System Air Conditioner to complete the HVAC culture of the Middle East

75 Sinolink Mangrove West Coast Project

77 2013 KAZAN Universiade Village Project


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TECHNICAL REPORT

Solution

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The best choice for saving energy, convenient maintenance, and safety

HVAC solutions for sports and cultural facilitiesWith the rise of income levels and living standards, peoples interest in sports and cultural activities are growing. Accordingly, a

pleasurable environment for facilities is standing out as an important element. Sports and cultural facilities are highly populated

spaces, therefore they necessitate fresh air and adequate temperature. In this document, we will discuss the importance of HVAC

systems for cultural facilities and the cha racteristics of HVAC system design.By Lee Soowoong (Advisor of CAC Engineering Team, LG Electronics) | Pictures by Kim Yeongji

Advisor, Lee Soowoong

This equipment design specialist worked at Cosentini in

U.S., a world renowned design firm, and served as the

vice president for 27 years beginning in January 1984.

In January 2010, he started his new career in the CAC

division of LG Electronics, and currently he is serving as

a technical advisor.

General considerations in HVAC

design for sports or cultural facilities

The main purpose of HVAC is to provide a comf ort

able and relaxing environment for people by adjusting

the temperature and humidity. For sports or cultural

facilities, the Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) may indicate

low value since these facilities have wide open space

and high ceilings. Another aspect that makes these

facilities, including sub-facilities, different from other

common office spaces, is that they are maintained

under different operating schedules. Therefore the

HVAC design for these facilities should reflect the

following aspects.

Considerations in HVAC system design

General design standards

Determine the proper type of HVAC system in terms of energy

efficiency and design standards, by identifying the purpose of

the project. Since any sports or cultural facility may not be run year-round,calculate the service time and the number of occupants on a

weekly basis

The design team must collect as much data as possible topredict the service time and optimal capacity, and to ensure

economical operation.

Dehumidification amount is essential in determining the systemcapacity. It is also necessary to consider the need for additional systemsbased on the characteristics of intermittent cooling loads.

Lighting load The design should identify the level of lighting in order todetermine a proper Sensible Heat Factor (SHF) as well as

consider economic aspects.

A dimming system (a system for adjusting the intensity oflighting) can reduce the lighting load while the system is in

operation.

Altough it is not a major load, the lighting load can sometimesbecome a critical factor for certain spaces.

Indoor air conditioners

For facilities reserved for religious assemblies which mayrequire formal dress, concert halls, or musical theaters, it is

important to maintain the indoor temperature at a moderate

level.

Whereas most people will dress casually in movie theaters orstadiums, these places must maintain a slightly higher-than-

usual temperature during the summer, and during the winter, a

slightly lower.

For convention and exhibition centers, or other similar placesinvolving a lot of human traffic, the indoor temperature shouldbe maintained at a lower-than-usual level for both the summer

and winter seasons.

For any place with a high concentration of people or with a SHFof 75% or lower, the application of a dry-bulb temperature is

required to reduce the latent heat in t he human body as well as

the need for reheating. For a location within a cold climate zone,

it is possible to effectively increase the heat load through

humidification..

If the density of the CO2 is high, people may have difficultiesconcentrating and get easily tired.

There are two types of ventilation methods for the removal ofCO2 and other hazardous gas; adjusting the ventilation amount

to the legal standard, and applying ventilation through

continuous monitoring

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Characteristics of HVAC systems for

sports facilities

Sports facilities usually have high ceilings and

wide spaces subject to HVAC needs. In addition,

they may attract large numbers of people, so there are

many aspects to consider during the system design and

selection. One aspect to pay attention to in the design

of an HVAC system is related to the solar loadskin load

and ventilation load. Since sports facilities rarely have

glass on their outer walls like other ordinary buildings,

the ventilation load is more effected than the solar load

skin load.

In addition, contrary to other office or residentialbuildings, sports facilities may operate different service

hours, which may, in return, lead to different influences

of loads.

For instance, office buildings may involve higher solar

loads since they are used during the daytime, usually

from 9 am to 7 pm. Whereas, sports facilities will

produce less solar load since their service hours are not

uniform and they may be open mostly during night

hours. Furthermore, even the same sports facility may

have different loads for each different sport event or

depending on the frequency of use. To take the

example of a boxing match area, HVAC systems must

be concentrated on its perimeter since the audience

seats may occupy much more space and will be

densely populated.

When the match starts, all the lighting except the arena

will be turned off, so the lighting load will be at a

moderate level. Additionally, if a sports facility is rented

out as a concert or music venue, it will have to

accommodate a considerable amount of heat load froma large surging crowd in just two to three hours. Like

this, it is very important to first identify the characteris-

tics and use of the building before working on the

design, since the load characteristics may sometimes

have a completely different status depending on t he use

of the building.

Precautions in design of HVAC

systems for sports facilities

In many sports facilities, especially in the

swimming pool areas, they are susceptible to

latent heat produced from the evaporation of the water,

which may have a great impact on the load. Therefore,

for this type of facility, it is important to remove the

moisture and to maintain the relative humidity at a

40~60% level. In particular, if the area belongs to a cold

region or cold climate, the outer wall will easily become

cold and produce dew on the surface, which may

sometimes result in corrosion. Sometimes, it is

necessary to determine the target relative humidity byconsidering the materials and the structure of the entire

outer wall, in case a structural problem arises from

corrosion. In instances where dew is generated on the

outer wall despite good insulation and humidity control,

it is important to produce a warmed-up air flow onto the

wall to maintain the ambient temperature above the

dew point. It might be also necessary to use aluminum

or water-proof paints as materials for the HVAC ducts to

prevent dew condensation.

Duct design also needs attention. Given that t he center

of the swimming pool may also require ventilation, but

air must be supplied to the pool as well as certain spots

such as the diving board to allow the swimmers to stay

comfortable, the distribution of ducts may require some

careful attention. Large domes are sometimes equipped

with only louvers without a ventilation system, to

achieve natural ventilation. Such cases, however, also

needs heating systems. As mentioned above, this is

because any moisture infiltrating into structures can

cause a dangerous crack. For major stadiums whoseroofs are open, it is imperative to apply ventilation to the

stands except the tracks in the center. It is also

necessary to keep air balance to prevent the smells

from restrooms, restaurants, or other ancillary facilities

from moving to the stands.

Most sports facilities have high ceilings and may not

need HVAC, overall. It is necessary to use HVAC

systems for only lower floor sections involving peoples

access, while for upper sections, its important to

distribute the air flow evenly by using auxiliary devices

that can raise jet streams. The intake ducts should be

placed under the chairs to allow the air to flow down,

which may guarantee ventilation to reach all areas

Some theaters may present a seamless

2-hour-long performance, and some may

attract a large number of people at a

point where the load of outdoor air is at

its highest throughout the week. Thus,

the design effort must take different

possible situations into account, based

on the designers judgment or the project

owners demand.

1. Since sports facilities rarely have glass on t heir outer wall like

other ordinary buildings, the ventilation load has more effect

than the solar load skin load.

2. The direct-expansion types of HVAC systems and the

separate-control facilitating VRF model (an air conditioning

system) are attracting customers attention due to convenient

maintenance, reliability, and low investment costs.

For cultural facilities such as performance

venues, care must be taken to make sure

acoustic systems are not affected.

Characteristics of cultural facilities and

design precautions

Characteristics of the HVAC system may vary

depending on the nature of cultural facilities. Some

theaters may present a seamless 2-hour-long

performance, and some may gather a large number of

people to the point where the load of outdoor air is at its

highest throughout the week. Thus, the design effort

must take different possible situations into account,

based on the designers experiences or t he project

owners demand. For example, the designer can decide

to adjust the system capacity to 80 90% of the

maximum peak load, or set it to the maximum load if he

wants to ensure safe and comfortable air conditioning,

although the initial investment and the maintenance

may cost more. For cultural facilities such as perfor-

mance venues, it must be taken to make sure acoustic

systems are not affected. Larger performance halls will

have thicker outer walls and will be equipped with betterinsulation systems to deal with the noise issue. The

performance area will be cooled before the perfor-

mance starts, and the heat accumulated during the

performance is used for heating and cooling. In this

case, it is common to plan the overall temperature to

rise 1~2 by the time the performance comes to an

end. In particular, many U.S. companies employ sound

specialists to continue consultation on HVAC design. It

might be also necessary to consider the sound control,

sound absorption, and the NC level in adjusting the

material of ducts, speed of air flow, and noise. It is

especially important to make sure the noise from the

machine room or ducts does not go through pipes and

flow inside.

It is also necessary to apply anti-earthquake equipment

to prevent the vibration from producing noises. To tackle

the vibration issue with the machine room, usually arubber or spring bracket is used, but sometimes a

floating slab is installed if even a subtle vibration is not

allowed. Also, the sky light installed on the ceiling of a

cultural facility must be accompanied by a heat trace

(an electric heat wire) in case of freezing in low

temperatures.

Prospects of system air conditioners

used for sports or cultural facilities

The direct-expansion type of HVAC system and th

separate-control facilitating VRF product attracting

peoples attention for convenient maintenance,

reliability, and low investment costs. In particular, f

sports or cultural facility involving irregular frequen

use and hard-to-predict operation factors, they can

used with a wide range of applications with respec

energy saving. As of now, a large-capacity model a

effective as centralized HVAC systems has been

introduced, along with diversified heat sources inc

air, water or ground, to satisfy the needs of both th

designer and customer. It seems the potential of

technology is unlimited. As one of the experts in th

relevant fields, I am looking forward to the future.

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TECHNICAL REPORT

HVAC systems harmonizing with the interior

How to select indoor HVAC sys-

tems in basic architectural designAs larger and taller buildings are introduced, and the demand of occupants for a pleasurable indoor

environment increases, not only energy saving but also the health of occupants and indoor air

quality issues are gaining momentum. This means the system design phase should engage more

considerations.

In line with this trend, this document will describe the considerations in establishing a basic architec-

tural design of HVAC (Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning), the design procedure, criteria for

selection of a proper HVAC system, methodic planning of HVAC, and HVAC system development

strategies. Written by Lee Jongchan (Director of Gansam Architecture & Partners) | Summarized by Moon Eunyeong |Pictures by Lee Jinha (Studio lamp on the moon)

HVAC(Heating Ventilating and AirConditioning) systems for buildings are closely tied to our daily

lives. From beacon fire and ondol (Korean under-floor heating

system) in the past, to the intelligently integrated building air

conditioning systems of today, it has a long history. HVAC

system types may vary depending on each regions geological

and cultural backgrounds.

In addition, as buildings become larger and taller with industrial

growth, and as occupants demand more pleasurable indoorspaces, the effort to provide a modern and enjoyable space

involving the efficient use of energy has become indispensable.

The HVAC system is a mechanism which helps maintain a

pleasant indoor heat environment regardless of external

weather conditions or seasonal changes. However, this

profitable tool has one problem: energy cost. This has brought

about more designs for energy saving, as well as options

between whether to focus on energy preservation or its

performance. This relates the question, What are the primary

considerations in system design? Nowadays, indoor air quality

has become a vital concern. That is, we are faced with an irony

that we have to minimize the inflow of outdoor air, and, at the

same time, improve the air quality through ventilation solutions.

The basic architectural design refers to a process of establish-

ing a drawing plan and performing an intermediate design task.

In this phase, the design f ramework is determined, as well as

general conditions, elements, the relations, and the scale of the

project. As an example in the HVAC aspect, the process may

determine the methods of HVAC, including design conditionsfor each area, equipment loads, and capacities which meet the

requirements of the project owner.

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Considerations in drafting an architectural plan

Economic efficiency

In general, the materials and finishing, and the grade of the

equipment introduced for a building may vary depending on

the economic capacity of the project owner. It is very difficult

to determine the grade of the equipment within a certain

budget in the initial phase of the project, so it is important to

seek the knowledge of experts in related areas. It is also

important to consider the requirements of the project owner,

use, and properties of the building in selecting alternatives

for equipment design. Not only the quantitative analyses on

the initial investment, maintenance costs, and annual

operating expenses, but qualitative aspects such as

flexibility of the equipment or indoor environment must be

carefully taken into consideration.

- Solutions for creating the indoor environment that the

architect desires.

- Determine the equipment grade and analyze the economic

efficiency on the basis of relevant experience

- Alternatives for the building equipment: initial investment

considerations, LCC (Life Cycle Cost), flexibility, internal

environment, etc

Indoor environment and flexibility

The initial phase of the architectural planning may have

determined the approximate budget, intention of the project

owner, and the design-wise intention of the architect on the

basis of relevant experience and the knowledge of many

other system equipment technicians. If there is a certain

degree of progress in the design plan, the plan will be

reviewed with consideration to the internal environment and

future flexibility of the building to finally determine the

equipment. After this, review will be conducted on HVAC

ducts, piping, air flow and flux, and the balancing, and the

internal environment control mechanism will be established.The next step may involve reviews of equipment locations

concerning the shaft, altitude of the ceiling, or the machine

room, which are based on the floor plan and the section

map. Reviews are made on the internal environment and

flexibility after the determination of equipment, based on the

floor plan and the section map.

- Review the indoor environment and flexibility

- Select a duct system; review the system and air flow

balancing

- Establish a control mechanism for adequate control of the

indoor environment.

- Determine the type, number, and supply temperature of

cool and heat sources

- Select a piping system for HVAC

- Determine the location of equipment (in terms of the shaft,

ceiling altitude, machine room, etc.)

Elements affecting the space plan for the building

The areas required for machinery equipment within a

building may vary depending on the use of the building,

climate conditions, and the quality of t he indoor environment.

The equipment space may also affect the architectural

representation such as the total floor area, floor altitudes,

shape and appearance of the building. In particular, as

buildings become taller and larger, the machine room, HVAC

room and shaft is increasingly occupying more space, and

the duct and floor altitude issue regarding the piping system

is acting as a more important parameter. Therefore, not only

is the machinery equipment a significant element that must

be considered in the initial steps of the architectural design,

but the space plan for electric equipment, etc. is also very

important.

Process of HVAC design

The HVAC design process can be divided into four steps:

planning, scheming, basic design and final design.

Planning. A phase where the project owner and the architect

consult each other to identify design conditions such as the

location of the building, the use and budget. This phase may

also determine the design approaches and will collect the

data on the grade of the HVAC system, heat source type,

operation and maintenance plans.

Scheming. In this phase, the basic scheme and approximate

budget are determined on the basis of the data and design

approaches induced in the planning phase, as well as t he

grade of the equipment according to the construction space,

zoning, HVAC type, and energy saving solutions.

Basic design. A phase where the basic scheme is specifi-

cally determined with respect to: selection of major devices

based on load calculation conducted with the already

determined floor plan, section map, etc.; duct and piping

plan; and the entire budget and its validity.

final design. In this phase, the aspects determined in the

previous step are established into drawings including:

specifications, bills and statements for each item of

equipment.

Of the four phases of HVAC equipment, the basic and

working design steps will be proceeded with according to

prototyped procedures and may not have any great effect on

the determination of an HVAC system itself, while the

planning and scheming phases may have some significant

influence to the extent that the grade of the system is

determined

by the judgment of the designer or the data input.

Loads with commercial facilities and characteristics of the air conditioning

Items Elements Details

Determination of

design conditions

Determination of

HVAC zoning

Determination of

HVAC type

Buildings

Climate

Indoor air quality

Building energy

Functions and

conditions of rooms

Generalelements

Regarding

the building

Size of the building, shape, functional

components, budget

Indoor and outdoor climate conditions

Level of the indoor air quality

The use, operation hours, heating & cooling

loads

Temperature and humidity conditions, comfort,

ventilation status of each room

Energy cost, initial investment, LCC,equipment location, merits anddemerits of each HVAC type, HVACcontrol method

Contamination level, operation methods

Criteria for selection of a HVAC system

What determines the design approaches in t he simplified,

four-phase HVAC design process will be the planning and

scheming phases. These phases can be divided again into

sub-phases including: design condition determination;

zoning; and HVAC type determination as follows: First of all,

the sub-phase of determining design conditions, which may

most significantly affect the grade and type of the HVAC

system, classifies the determination factors into the building

and climate conditions. In the zoning phase, which divides

zones for applying each HVAC unit, the determination

factors are categorized into the indoor air quality, building

energy, functions and conditions of each room. The HVAC

type determining phase will divide the determination factorsinto general elements including energy cost, initial invest-

ment, merits & demerits of each HVAC type, and HVAC

control type, as well as building-related elements including

contamination levels, operation methods, etc.

Systemized scheming of HVAC equipment

Establishment of the design process

In order to implement a reasonable design for a HVAC

system, it is required to identify, analyze and systemize the

design procedure and determination factors. This task can

be divided largely into three steps. The 1st step is about

consolidating the initial conditions such as the size and type

of the building, requirements of the project owner, intention

of the designer, functions and properties of the building to

determine the goal of the design, and the values of design

conditions on the basis of the determined design goal. The

2nd step is about zoning the rooms in each part of the

building according to the design conditions determined in the

1st step. In this step, the designer may determine the priority

of the design conditions as he intended; plan the zones of

the rooms, on the basis of this priority; and review the

viability of the zoning plan through the buildings space plan.

Lastly, in the 3rd step, the HVAC type to be associated with

each zone is determined on the basis of the zoning plan for

the rooms of each section of the building. This step may

largely determine two aspects: the HVAC type and the

specific system. For the HVAC type, it is possible to select

one among the all-air, all-water, water-cooling, and refriger-

ant type, by considering the architectural, economic, and

indoor environmental factors.

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Then, 2 3 HVAC systems can be specifically determined,

which is deemed proper for each HVAC type selected

previously. Finally, of these 2 3 systems, the one optimal

HVAC system can be selected through an assessment on

economic efficiency.

Establishment of determination factors for each phase

Establishment of determination factors for design conditions

Critical factors related to the general determining process for HVAC

systems can be divided into internal and external factors. Internal

factors may include the use, properties, layout and direction of the

building; and external factors, climate conditions of the pertinent

region and the circumstances.Therefore, it is necessary to determine and establish a database to

record the initial conditions for use with the basis of the research

findings of the actual conditions.

Establishment of determination factors in HVAC zoning

It is required to conduct research on the actual conditions of

each of factor for a higher level of indoor air quality (the

condition of the air filter, pure areas, ventilation frequency,

indoor air pressure, etc.), factors of energy (service hours,

HVAC characteristics of each room, etc.), factors of each

rooms function and properties (e.g., indoor temperature and

humidity), to establish the most effective factors for input into a

database. On the basis of t he established database, it is

necessary to divide HVAC zones ref lecting the buildings

characteristics for each use and function, by considering the

indoor environment of each room, heat load conditions and

characteristics of the user. To this end, pre-estimation must be

made on a reasonable operation method and HVAC effects,

and HVAC independency must be secured with respect to

proper heat load conditions of each r oom and characteristics of

each space.

Establishment of determination factors for HVAC type

On the basis of the determination factors above, the conditions

and scopes to be considered in determining a HVAC type can

be defined as follows

Considerations for conditions and scopes

Initial conditions Scopes

Indoor

environmentalfactors

Architectural

factors

Economic

factors

Outdoor-air cooling

Humidity control

Individual control

Hygiene level

Low noise level

Whether to applyheating or cooling

Total floor area

Area of machine room

Expandability

Waste heatcollection system

Small initialinvestment

Low operating cost

Yes/No

Very important/Important/Alittle important

Important/Alittle important/Irrelevant

Very important/Important/Not very important

Important/Not very important/Irrelevant

Both/Cooling only/Heating only

Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small

Extra-large/Large/Medium/Small


Yes/No



First of all, I focus on the environment, and secondly, the on the health of

people. Korean people tend to think of housing as a means of investment,

and this may be a somewhat a distorted culture. When we select an

apartment, we first see the location and the name, or whether the apartment

is convenient for living, but going forward, we may have to estimate the

energy consumption per area unit. That is to say, you have to ask the

question, What it is the energy consumption per area unit of this house? orHow much can I save in 5 years?. In other words, just like electronics,

buildings might have to be put under the energy rating system, and indicate

the rating on the certified copy of the real estate register.

Lets think about the amount of energy consumption by each household or the

entire building. If we use the expenses saved from this energy consumption in

other places, it will surely contribute a lot to the national economy.

Mr. Lee, what approaches do you usually seek for architectural designs?

Then, what about the aesthetic aspect?

It may be not a good approach to seek only the visual pleasure, spending the

queens ransom on energy. Nowadays, the curtain-wall design is one trend,

and with glass, you cant enjoy higher energy efficiency. Therefore, think

about how many expenses will be spent on energy if you finish the entire wall

of a large building with glass. When it comes to the exterior, you can make it

beautiful enough with just concrete material. It all depends on the ability of the

architect. Let me take the example of the LG Twin Tower in Yeouido. The

exquisite distance between the two masses is almost an aesthetic perfection.

The walls are not glass, but concrete. That means, energy saving.

How do you think the architect should approach the design if he desires a building with higher energy efficiency?

Many architects consider the equipment or architectural design as a different

scope when planning a building. This is why the equipment or structural

planning process is commissioned to pertinent experts, af ter their own design

work is finished. However, I dont think the equipment and structural designs

should be separated from the main design process. The main design process

must include the equipment and the structural planning. This way, you can

settle those issues related to the gap between the target spaces sought by

the architectural design and the equipment expert, or the HVAC dead zone

issue. It might be good if these different professionals consult each other in

one place, but practically speaking, it may be difficult to do so. So, in my case,

I chose to ask other designers I work with to work first on the mass design. In

order to save energy in a building mass, you have to consider a couple of

aspects; first, the direction the building is facing; second, the building

envelope; and lastly, a viable zoning for effective equipment operation. Just as

important as the type of HVAC system, will be to reduce the heating and

cooling loads with a passive design, which is very effective for such a

purpose.

Why do you think people could not grasp the importance of eco-friendly construction?

The price of water and electrical charges in Korea are half the level in Japan.

They are too cheap. If these prices go up to the average level of OECD

members, people will get serious about the issue.

In which direction do you think HVAC technology must develop for eco-friendly building solutions?

We must continue to always try to develop an HVAC system and to improve

the performance. Korea has made remarkable progress in the HVAC sector. I

personally recommended the heat pump model to the Ministry of National

Defense, but I as an architect, put great emphasis on the operational

efficiency. The designer and the equipment expert must go t ogether to avoid

the creation of a dead space.

Lee Jongchan, Director of Gansam Architects &

Partners, Doctor of Architectural Engineering.

A specialist in architectural environment and

protective structure planning, he is now with Gansam

Architects & Partners, as the director of their

Architectural Research Center. He is a member of

the Special Architectural Technology Review

Committee, Ministry of National Defense, chairman

of Modular Sub-Committee of Architectural Institute

of Korea, and executive director of Korean In stitute

of Architectural Sustainable Environment and

Building System, and Korea Institute of Ecological

Architecture and Environment.

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TECHNICAL REPOET

1918 2003199819681957

20021997

Properties and Elimination of contaminant microbes

LG Whisen System

Air Purifying, Anti-Biotic SolutionSo far, the quality of indoor community facilities has been evaluated with heat factors such as

temperature or humidity, but in the future, the air quality environmental element may act as an

important indicator of pleasantness. Also, a number of studies have been conducted on high-end air

purifying technologies that can e ffectively eliminate indoor contaminants. This document will briefly

describe and introduce building contamination by microbes, the properties of contaminant microbes,and the air purifying a ntibiotic/sterilizing solutions applied to the LG Whisen System.Written by Pak Hyeongho (Senior Researcher at AE (lab) Elementary Technology Group)

Recently, as the quality of indoor air has been deteriorat-ing with living spaces more tightly sealed and enclosed,

peoples interest in health is gaining momentum, and

pleasant indoor environments are emerging as a new issue.

So far, the indoor quality of community facilities has been

evaluated with heat factors such as temperature or humid-

ity, but with the increased spread and use of air conditioning

systems, in the future, it might be required to assess the

environmental elements in their entirety, including air

quality. As the main culprits of indoor air contamination have

been known to include cigarette smoke, dust, allergenic

particles, odors, volatile organic compounds and waste gas,a number of studies are under way on high-end air purifying

technologies that may effectively eliminate particulates and

gaseous indoor contaminants.

Outbreak of diseases by virus for each year Avian Flu

(H9N1)

SARS

(P2, P5)

Cold

(H1N1)

Cold

(H1N1)

Hong

Kong Flu

(H3N2)

Avian Flu

(H7N7)

Avian Flu

(H9N2)

As the amount of time spent indoors increases, more and

more people are concerned about their health, particularlyregarding indoor particulate matter such as bacteria,

airborne microbes such as fungi and virus, and allergens

including pollen, ticks and pet fur. In particular, with the

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) rampant

across China a couple years ago, and the avian influenza

widespread among Southeast Asian countries including

Indonesia, the virus-sparked air contamination issue is

attracting more and more attention. The types and number

of germs existing in the air on a daily basis may vary

depending on the level of contamination, which is typically

1000~3000CFU/m3 for the indoor of a house, and

3000~4000CFU/m3 for the indoor of an office building.

Some kinds of bacteria can cause serious health problems.

This is why there is increasing need for the development

an air filter that can eradicate dust and germs in the air t

cause unpleasant feelings or odors. For traditional

common filters, the initial performance may be outstandi

but later, the function deteriorates to the extent that the

bacteria in the air attached to dust or other alien materia

as their the nutrient sources which have been filtered an

the bread microbes are drawn indoors, are following the

flow to cause a secondary contamination. Some compa-

nies are trying to develop filters with antibacterial filter

functions, but these functions are limited to suppressing

microbes activities or reproductions, and are far fromactively destroying hazardous microbes.

From this perspective, this document will describe and

briefly introduce contamination of buildings by microbes,

the properties of contaminant microbes, and the air

purifying antibiotic/sterilizing solutions for bacteria eradic

tion.

Major sources of indoor air contaminants

CausesContaminants

Dust

Cigarette smoke

Combustible gas

Radon

Formaldehyde

Asbestos

Microbes

Organic solvents

Odors

Earth dust, floor dust, dust

Smoking

CO, NO, SO, fuel combustion and gas ovens

Concrete, earth, granite

Veneer boards, furniture, insulation materials, cigarette smoke, etc

Insulation materials, asbestos tiles, heat-resistant materials

Fungi, bacteria, pollen, pets, carpets, bath tubs

Paints, adhesives, sprays, etc.

Decaying food smell, sweat odor, foot odor

Building contamination by microbes

Contamination mechanism

Microbes are found in all sectors of our life. In general,

microbes are known to have bad influences on the huma

body, but the relation between them and buildings shows

that they predominantly impact buildings more than the

body. The minimum size of a microbe is 1/1000mm, and

larger ones are usually classified into groups of bacilli,

yeast, or fungi. Of these microbes, fungi have the greate

impact on a building. Damage by fungi is mostly found in

highly humid environment. However, fungi do not usually

exist inside a building, but in the soil. In 1g of soil, fungi

inhabit by 104~106, and they are active for at least 10

weeks to 10 years maximum. They spread indoors direc

or indirectly by floating in the air after the soil dehydrates

The diffused fungal spores may attach themselves onto

wall; they will stay there in a spore-like state if the area h

no hydration, but if the surface is humid, they may absor

the moisture, which makes the cells grow and produce n

spores. At this point, these fungi expand around the

attached surfaces and into spaces underneath the surfac

and begin to reproduce fungal spawn.

Conditions of contaminant microbes

Most microbes found in a building are fungi, and some o

them are yeasts. Cladosporium, which is usually found i

the air, is one source of a buildings aging, and also of fo

decay. It is mesophilic and likes moisture, so can be eas

found in any place with higher humidity or poor ventilatio

or a place with fluctuating temperatures. Most black fung

are Cladosporium.11 12


8/4015

(Microbe)

Energy Source

Surface

Ultravlolet ray(


9/40

Profile

O2

O2

H2O

H2O

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

OH

O2

Induction electrode

Inner ceramic layer

TerminalOuter ceramic layer

Discharge electrode

Transformer

Electrode

DischargeDielectric

Comparison of properties of each antibacterial agent

I tems Organic agents Silver-based agent Photocatalytic agents

Material

quality

Merits

Demerits

-Antibacterial effects by

organic chlorine

compounds, and organic

nitrogen compounds

-Using Ag, Cu, and Zn in

silicana organic reaction

-Made into a chelate

compound type

-Sterilization by

photochemical reaction

-Excellent initial

antibacterial performance

-Can be used in

transparent substrates

-Stabilized antibacterial

performance

-Can dissolve the fungal

bodies in substrates

-Can dissolve Endo-toxine,

semi-permanent effect

-Poor sustenance of

antibacterial performance

-Fungal bodies remaining

on the substrates surface

-Poor performance in

dissolving Endo-toxine

-Fungal bodies remaining

on the substrates surface

-Substrates decolorized

(silver oxidized)

-Poor performance in

dissolving Endo-toxine

-Requires a light source

Antibacterial function and sterilization by bio-enzymes

This is an eco-friendly and non-hazardous bio-tech using

sterilization enzymes such as Lysozyme which are wide spread in

animal and floral organs, or enzymes extracted from Pedoicoccus

pentosaceus. These enzymes can dissolve the beta-combination

(1, 4) of N-acetylmuramic acids found on the cell wall and

N-acetylglucosamine, and have an antibacterial effect against

Gram, positive (+), and negative (-) germs. In addition, Leuconos-

toc, an enzyme flavoring kimchi, if extracted from the lactic-acid

culture liquid and coated the onto t he filter, can effectively sterilize

the Influenza A and avian influenza viruses floating in the air, so it

is recently being used a lot in air conditioners or air cleaners. To

gain a desired antibacterial or sterilizing effect with a bio-enzyme

technology, it is required to add any substance similar to amino

acid (EDTA, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid) to activate the

sterilizing effect of the enzyme, and coat this onto the filter

together with a metal Nano Sol such as Ag ion by mixing them into

a solution to secure the union. With respect to this, the

Retroscreen Virology Institute in the British Kingdom has

evaluated the sterilizing effect of the bio-enzyme Leuconostoc,

coated onto the filter with the Avian Influenza virus (H5N1), and it

showed an outstanding antibacterial performance of the

substance. The bio-enzyme, Leuconostoc was also effective on

colon bacillus (E.Coli); it was observed through the microscope

(TEN) that the cell wall of the bacillus is destroyed and sterilized

with time.

Active method

Antibacterial and sterilizing process using OH radicals

There is a commercialized solution that can produce readily

oxidized OH radicals, in a higher temperature, using a low-temp

plasma generation tech based on an electric discharging method.

The solution is currently applied to air conditioners or cleaners.

Low-temp plasmas are generated from gas particles ionized by

electrons accelerated by a high-energy electric system. Though

not the level of ionization, radicals filtered in a higher energy

condition generate a lot among plasma to raise chemical

reactions. Usually, if the moisture or oxygen in the air is exposed

to reactions of ceramic electrodes coated with (needle) discharge

electrodes and are receiving higher +/- voltage, it will generate

highly active OH radicals, or air ions such as an anion, which, in

turn, react with germs or organic matters floating in the air,

displaying an antibacterial functionality.

Some companies apply an electrostatic spray mixed with water

particles to elevate the density of OH radicals and to prevent the

generation of ozone, or develop and apply independent solutions

using carbon fiber instead of needle electrodes.

Ion generator using carbon fiber electrodes

Process of radical generation by discharged plasmas

Antibacterial and sterilizing process using sterilizing aromatics or fumigation

To benefit peoples mental and physical health, LG Electronics

have been making many efforts to develop an aroma generation

and control technology, which is a type of wood bathing. For this,

they paid attention to Phytonchide, an aroma radiating substance

that accounts for about 0.01% of the forest air. The word,

Phytonchide was first used in 1943 by an American bacteriolo-

gist, S.A.Waksman, who was born in Russia. The word, which is

combination of phyton meaning a plant, and cide meaning

kill, refers to a sterilizing substance secreted by plants. The word

collectively points to all antibacterial substances fumed out by

plants, not just a single substance, including terpene, phenol

compounds, alkaloid components, and glycosides. The main part

of Phytoncide, with a sterilizing and insect-resistant eff ect, is a

terpene compound including scores of substances such as

Borneol, Eugenol, Limonene, or Pinene.

It protects people from hazardous bacteria when they breathe;

promotes the activity of the skin cells as it enters the skin;

improves blood circulation; stabilizes the mental state; andsterilizes germs. Now, hospitals use chlorine dioxide (4Na2ClO2)

gels contained in the substance as a fumigation antibacterial

sterilizer. Phytoncide is categorized into the group of comm on

sterilizing agents. It is effective over a prolonged period of time,

without leaving any residue. Approved for its safety and efficacy by

WHO, FDA, and EPA, the substance is now in use in a wide range

of areas as a bacter ia eradicating and disinfectant agent all

around the world.

However, care must be taken the substance in enclosed areas,

and must be restricted especially for the elderly and ill, infants, or

physically weak people.

Antibacterial and sterilizing process using ozone or UV lamp

This is a sterilizing method using UV rays in a wavelength range

around 254nm. The method shows outstanding performance in

sterilizing microbes attached to a surface, but is less effective in places

involving a high velocity of wind or no light contact and tends to make

nearby resin matters or rubber materials age. The ozone generator

usually produces ozone by using a discharging technology. Creeping

discharge method involves the installation of multiple metal electrodes

such as silver on the surface of ceramic plates, and imposing AC

voltages between corresponding electrodes installed inside the

ceramic plates, which may raise spark discharges around the strip

patterns on the ceramic plates. Using ceramics with good heat

conductive performance may help the plasmas generated by creeping

discharge be effectively cooled, which is effective for the generation of

ozone in a low temperature. Inserting insulation materials such as

glass between parallel electrodes at a 1~3mm distance, and exposing

these to AC voltage may produce a numerous number of small

discharges on the pulse without a spark discharge. This is called

silent discharge, which is used in a wide variety of purposes such as

ozone production, or elimination of hazardous gas. Since it is

processed with gas, the sterilization using ozone may cover a wide

range. However, there is also a limitation to this method in that it must

always be used with an ozone eliminating filter since the generated

ozone can be discharged into the indoor air. For air cleaners, the

limitation under the UL Standard in the U.S. is 0.05ppm.

Creeping discharge

Silent discharge

Considerations in using antibacterial agents

Considerations in the development of an antibacterial filter and

antibacterial performance evaluation methods using an organic or

inorganic antibacterial agents are as follows;

Considerations in using antibacterial agents

Thermal

resistance

Compatibility

Effects on the

materialqu ality

Processability

Durability

Weather

resistance

Reliability

Considerations on pyrolysis and processing temperatures in the

molding process. Organic antibacterial agents are more reliable in a

temperature above the molding temperature than the inorganic

counterparts.

Any other materials other than plastic may lose its intrinsic functions

by additives or solvents.

During the molding process, the antibacterial agent sometimes can

be oxidized, or reacts with other additives to deteriorate the

mechanic material quality of the final product, or decolorize it. Most

organic antibacterial agents may not have influence on the material

quality, while the inorganic counterparts whose antibacterial

performance is usually maintained by silver (Ag) ions - can be

retrieved or eluted in a small amount if the silver ions and carriers are

weakly bound. This point requires adequate considerations.

The efficacy may vary depending on the d egree of distribution.

Shows an outstanding antibacterial performance during the initialphase, which may deteriorate with acceleration of the elution.

For outdoor, it is required to consider the antibacterial performance

depending on the light, ion, wind, or temperature.

Reliability must be evaluated through tests on acute toxin, skin toxin,

or reverse mutation.

Application of air cleansing/antibacterial solutions of LG

Passivemethod

Antibacterial& sterilization by

bio-enzymes (TVF : TotalVirus Filter)

Activemethod

Antibacterial& sterilization using OH

radicals (NPI : NewPlasma Ion)

Peoples expectations about a pleasant quality of life may increase

more and more as they become increasingly concerned about their

health in conjunction with improved living standards. With the recent

outbreak of Avian Influenza and other diseases caused by allergies,

the Bio Aerosol is attracting more attention, and many relevant tech

development efforts are under way. In the coming years, the Whisen

task force of LG Electronics will make continuous efforts to improve

the indoor air quality via a passive solution using Nano or bio-mater

technologies, an aggressive solution using a strong oxidizing power

or a combined solution using all of these technologies, in order to he

those who spend more than 80% of their time indoors enjoy a more

pleasant and comfortable life.

Pak Hyeongho

02/2002 Ph.D. in Mechanic Engineering, KAIST.

Until Jan, 2005, he worked o n research in Particle Enginee

a post-doctoral course at KAIST. From 2005 to 2009, he wo

with LG Electronics HVAC Institute, and from 2010 to the p

holds the post of senior researcher in the AE (annual) Elem

Technology Group in CTO, LG Electronics.

Member of The Society Of Air-Conditioning And Refrigeratin

Engineers Of Korea, and Korea Aerosol Society.

15 16


10/40

Technical Report

1Usability of LG BMS

2

Report1

Report2

3

Written by Won Deokjae (a researcher at CAC/BdMS Division, LG Electronics),

Kwon Jeongo (Senior Researcher with AE Control Research Center)

LG BMS(Building Management System) SolutionLG BMS Solution is an automated control system for management of all environments within a

building, from the machinery equipment control to energy policies. The merits, features, effects,

installation, hardware and software properties of this solution may explain why the building

management and operation efforts must look to LG BMS Solution.

What is LG BMS Solution?

LG BMS Solution is an automated control system for the

management of all environments within a building, from the

machinery equipment control to energy policies. The

solution offers an optimized environment built through

effective control and monitoring of the equipment and covers

a wide range of functions including history management,

communication systems between different kinds of devices,

and statistic analyses. LG BMS Server r eceives the data

generated in each sub-system of the LG BMS Server based

on the server-client architecture, and allows the system

operator and administrator to apply a combined operation

on the side of the client.

LG BMS Solution is capable of applying an effective,

integrated management to sub-systems like t he following:

AHU System

Power control system

LG BMS Solution sub-systems

AHU system

Lighting system

Power control system

HVAC system

A system that supplies fresh air through the proper mixture of air with

higher levels of CO2 generated by the occupants with the outdoor air

(oxygen).

A system that controls the lighting, and isolates unnecessary lighting to

minimize energy loss

A system that checks the power consumption and also checks for any

irregularities affecting stabilized and efficient supplies of power

A system to maintain a desired indoor temperature in the building,through heating, ventilation and air conditioning solutions

LG BMS Solution provides a flexible scalability, which allows the

convenient addition of new features, in addition to those mentioned above

Lighting system

HVAC system

Merits of LG BMS Solution

Server-client architecture_LG BMS Solution allows

the establishment of a system in a server-client

structure, and connection, monitoring and control of

multiple clients.

Easy-to-use user interface_The intuitive users

interface allows users to easily understand and utilizethe LG BMS Solution, and to configure graphics similar

to the actual objects and then employ the control

functions for identifying the field.

LG BMS Solution provides a convenient and intuitive

user interface, as well as graphics similar to those in

reality, combined with control features and an ability to

identify with the field conditions. It also allows the

selection and easy use of necessary functions through

a wizard feature based on animation and video

materials.

Remote control_With the LG BMS Solution, it is

possible to remotely control the PC or a mobile device

in such an environment as the control room in the

building. The remote control is appealing in that it is

implemented on the web through internet access to

allow for easy monitoring and control.

Templates for beginners_LG BMS Solution provides

various types of standard diagram templates for

beginners for convenient control of the building. Using

these templates, the user can conveniently manage the

control point, logic, and schedule.

Multi-tasking for multiple users_LG BMS Solutions

supports perfect multi-tasking, which allows simultane-

ous control of multiple systems on a single client PC

through multi-screens. In addition, there is no delay or

interruption in the service even if multiple users access

the LG BMS through a remote or local network.

Integrated database_LG BMS Solution helps to

establish an integrated database using general-purpose

databases, which is aimed at data standardization.

From this, the real-time data from the sub-system are

incorporated into an integrated database, which may

ensure and improve the safety and accuracy of the

data.

Reliability of LG BMSDualized, seamless service_LG BMS Solution helps

to establish a dispersed network environment and

dualized communications between different servers, incase of Fault Tolerance, to provide a seamless, 24-hour

service. In addition, if the BMS Server cannot receive

the service stemming from an unintended accident, the

network controller belonging to the sub-network can

continue service in a standalone mode. Upon restora-

tion, the BMS Server may restart quickly by using the

backed-up information.

Auto-restoration_LG BMS Solution allows stabilized

monitoring and control through a series of programs for

data restoration to be used upon a blackout.

Control of access right_LG BMS Solution grants a

password to each user to prevent external invasion

over the web and unnecessary manipulation. It alsoprovides an instrument to limit each users control

range to ensure more specifically classified control and

operation of the system, including the user rating.

Flexibility of LG BMS

Flexible architecture of service_With LG BMS

developed as a platform type, it is possible to reflect the

various customer needs and to easily expand the

functions and the service. That is, the solution helps toprovide a system optimized to fit the characteristics and

requirements of the customer; the customer can easily

apply the solution to network control or any device such

as DDC.

Supporting a range of protocols_LG BMS Solution

supports various types of control protocols such as

BACnet, Lon Works, or Modbus. On top of this, the

solution allows for the addition of a new type of device,

and integration and operation of new prot ocols by

means of a relevant adapter.

17 18

VentilatingFan

FireDetectionSensor

Ventilation Temperature VentilationHumidity

Supply Fan

MixedDamperOpenin g

C o o l i n g /H e a t i n g Va l v e O p e n in g H u m i d if i c a t ionValveOpeningAir/Exhaust Damper Opening

AirTemperatureAirHumidity Average Temperature

Supply Temperature

H ot w a t er V al ve C oo l wa te r Va lv e H u mi d if ic at io n Va lv e

Boiler

Pump

Refregerator

Coolwater Temperature

Cooling Tower

WEST8 FloorAHU WEST8 FloorLight

AHUOperating

OperatingMode

AirConditioning

High-tensionPanelObservation PowerControlData

Current R(A)

Current S

Current T

VoltageR(V)

VoltageS

VoltageI

ActivePower(Kw)

ReactivePower(Kvar)

PowerFactor

Frequency

Electric Energy (Kwh)


11/40

Report5

Engineering tool

Report4Report3 LG BMS install location

LG BMS Solution can provide effective service when

installed in certain locations as follows

Office or rental building_For an office or rental

building, the structure of the space may change

frequently due to the continuous change of occupants,

and some tenants may request independent control of

their own spaces. LG BMS Solution incorporates a

group concept to allow the reconfiguration and

management of the spatial architecture and to offer aflexible platform structure for various, independent

management options. Schools. For schools, the

buildings are usually distributed over a wide area and

the occupancy for each classroom or laboratory may

occasionally change. LG BMS Solution offers a feature

that can remotely control the system via a mobile

device or over the web, as well as a feature to identify

the occupancy for each classroom and an instrument

for independent energy control.

Hospitals/Care facilities_These facilities require the

maintenance of a stable and pleasant indoor environ-

ment for the patients, as well as systemized manage-

ment of all the different medical systems. LG BMS

Solution provides an air purifying function to maintain a

pleasant environment and individual HVAC functions

customized to each ward. It is required to establish an

effective field recording system capable of responding

to medical service involving complaints and a back-up

system for year-round, 24-hour stabilized operation ofthe equipment.

Features of LG BMS Solution

LG BMS Solution is a client program which off ers an

engineering and an operation tool for the control and

monitoring of systems and devices within a building.

Engineering tool _This is a client program that can be

used by the system administrator and all users

authorized as engineers and operators. The operation

tool allows for realistic and practical operation of a

building. With the operation tool, it is possible to control

and monitor each registered observation point basedon each property, and according to a reserved schedule

arranged through its schedule manager. One of its

advantages is its ability to notify the user of any

warning or event taking place while the solution is in

operation, on a real-time basis, for immediate control of

the status of the equipment and prompt response to

any problem. In addition, the statistic information the

tool provides can facilitate the report writing process.

Operation tool _This is a client program that can be

used by the system administrator and all authorized

engineers and operators. Since the operation tool m ay

authenticate each user, only those with the proper type

of identification (facility type) can control and manage

the observation point.

Operation tool

Functions of LG BMS Solution

Station_The Station is a basic unit by which the LG

BMS controls the building; the system will access the

Station to control the building.

Alarm _The alarm function blows an alarming sound,showing the pertinent message on the screen whenever

there is a significant change in the system for any reason.

For instance, the alarm goes off if the observation point,

which indicates the thermal sensor of the air conditioning

system, rises above or drops below the permitted range.

Therefore, the administrator can quickly identify system

problems and take proper measures after checking the

alarm sound and the message.

History_The history function allows for the manage-

ment of all alerts and events produced in the system.

For example, the events managed by the History

include a change by the user in a certain value, achange in the observation point, or a change in the use

of the memory.

Schedule_The schedule function is about making a

user-reserved operation of an observation point carried

out at a certain scheduled time. This function is available

only when there is a station connected to the server.

Report_LG BMS Solution provides a report on the

number of changes in a certain observation point for a

particular time slot.

System_This function is about monitoring the

occupancy of resources by the system and the network

controller

19 20


12/40

1

Rrport7

Report6

DDC

(Direct Digital Controller)

ACP

(Advanced Control Platform)

2

3V-NET ACS LINE-UP

LG BMS Solution hardware DDC II

LG BMS Solution can be used in a variety of places as

discussed above. Depending on the install location, size

and characteristics, the requirements for the type and

properties of I/O terminals may vary. To satisfy these

requirements, the solution offers DDC, modular DDC, and

expansion I/O modular. For a site which involves a

relatively small number of control points, the solution

provides an instrument for effectively responding to market

demand through improved price competitiveness by usinga compact DDC; otherwise, a modular DDC. Compact DDC

supports various types of I/O as summarized in the table

below. To facilitate the connection and expansion of the

modular DDC and the expansion I/O module, the solution

provides an architecture which enables applying both the

direct connector and the wire connector type. Although it

may be possible to meet the market needs only with the

compact DDC, we tried to boost the functions to ensure

more opportunities for advancing into medium and large

markets. In addition, the module-based structure may

facilitate the design/installation/operation/maintenance

process since the flexibility, one of the requirements for a

system, will be more secured.

LG BMS Solution software DDC II

DDC supportable protocols

LG DDC is advantageous in that it supports the following

expansion ports for effective response to various field

conditions.

RS485 port

1 Ethernet

1 RS232 for HMI

Modbus protocol

BACnet MS/TP protocol (can support BACnet in near future)

CAN protocol using communication between DDC - Expansion

1 USB using data backup/recovery

1 SD card using history backup

Supporting the flexible 485 port

LG BMS Solution uses a flexible RS485 port, not a static,

which enables programming customized to each field

condition.

Supporiting UI(Universal Input) port

The solution supports UI port (AI/DI/PI/temp module) and

flexible input port which can be used for a variety of

purposes.

LG-AHU Communication_ The DDC can be connected to

any AHU system developed by LG. LG AHU has primary

logics mounted in it, so it can enable/disable a logic

through the pertinent protocol. LG-AHU Communication_

The DDC can be connected to any AHU system developed

by LG. LG A/C has primary logics mounted in it, so it can

enable/disable a logic through the pertinent protocol. I/O

Communication_ The DDC communicates with HVAC

systems through a module such as DI/DO/AI/AO. In

addition, the DDC archives the information of each HVAC

system (boiler, Cooling Tower, Damper, Pump, Geothermal)

to internally handle the modeling, storage and FCS plug-in

function. 3rd party I/F Communication_ The DDC can beinterlocked into other systems using different protocols.

The DDC can respond to protocols for other types of

systems via the protocol converter, then prototype and

save it for each system type. RTU Communication_ The

DDC can be connected to eRTU (a device for sending data

to the new and renewable energy monitoring system). RTU

geothermal system. RTU and the meters should be able to

exchange the information on daily heat output, production

time, and power consumption. LG-AHU Communication_

The DDC can be connected to the LG Chiller system. The

system carries out control and monitoring functions by

using the mode-bus protocol of RS485 port. Diagnosis_

The diagnosis on communications can be made for the raw

data tracing in FCS, I/O, 3rd party I/F, and AHU, as well as

any error or the condition of a component. The user can

download the traced data, since these are saved in files.

Diagnoses on the system interior can be made for the

memory and process status, and the integrity of user

programs. FCS Contents_ HVAC systems are managed

through communications with FCS S/W. The primary

functions include the control and monitoring of the productand scheduled operation. In addition, it is possible to save

the history of the data relating to a selected system at FCS.

The user can edit any logic or interlocking according to the

field condition before sending it to DDC. DDC allows for the

operation of the HVAC system using relevant logics.

Environment setting function using external buttons_ The

DDC provides external buttons for configuration of the

network environment (IP address, net mask, gateway,

etc.),configuration of RS485 port info, geothermal specific

DDC use setting, geothermal specific default value setting,

floating IP setting, S/W upgrade, DB backup and recovery,

and history log saving. Data backup/transmission using

external devices_ The DDC can save the operation history

by using the external SD card, and can update the S/W

version, back up,

and move the DB in operation through the USB. Inter-DDC

Communication_ It is possible to carry out communications

between multiple DDCs, check the status of each DDC,

and synchronize the operation time. Communications

between the main DDC and the expansion IO_ In addition

to the main DDC, it is possible to use additional ports, if

needed, by attaching an expansion IO board, and to make

the main DDC and the additional expansion IO communi-

cate with each other. LG DDC supports; flexible RS485

ports, various protocols (LGAP, modbus, BACnet, etc),

connection between multiple DDCs using the RS485 port,

and expansion I/O ports using modular expansion, which is

an outstanding, functional strength unique to LG.

This field-customized, constructability and scalability-wise

functional strength allows the customer to apply a system

optimized to any type of a building whether it is small,

medium, or large. Further, the LG BMS solution allows for

the configuring of the DDC system control in accordance

with the customer needs, for the best possible, custom-

tailored functionality relative to the price.

Individual control solution

Wireless remote control

Simple type

Wide type

Premiere

Wired

remote

Centralized control solution

Simple central

controller

Central controller to

cover 64-128 rooms


cover 4,096 rooms


cover 256 rooms

Function

controller

BMS(BAS)interlocking system

External interlocking solution

Energy control solution

(KEPCOs installation subsidy model)

Accumulated powerdistribution system

10 inches7 inches

Singleconstant-speed type

formult iandsingleinverter

MultiV 16rooms orfewer

MultiV 64rooms orfewer

Forventilation

21 22

(Cooling & Heating)

(Cooling Only)


13/40

NEW TECHOLOGY

HVACmagazineVOL.16 25

50.0

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A solution for inducing optimal design plans and pre-review of field issues

Computational Fluid Dynamics from A to ZThe term Computational Fluid Dynamics (hereinafter referred to as CFD) refers to a new engineering

method of interpreting and forecasting the movement of a fluid (e.g., air) by using a computer. This

method is applied in various areas including; analysis of heat environments inside buildings and large

spaces which require precise interior layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural

ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. This document will introduce the characteris-

tics of CFD and air flow simulation using cases in air conditioning systems areas. Written by LG Electronics

What is Computational Fluid Dynamics?

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is about interpreting and

predicting the movement of a fluid such as the invisible air

(e.g., air flow drawn out from indoor and outdoor air conditioning

systems), or pollutants (e.g., CO2, CO, etc.).

This method is usually used for modeling a virtual object and

predicting its performance, so the efficacy of this method can be

evaluated by comparing it with a t est using a real model. One of

its merits is that it can be used in such areas as HVAC systems

in buildings, automobiles, or airplanes - whose analyses,

otherwise, may be difficult and costly - in an easy, fast, and

accurate manner. A demerit of this method, if any, is that, if the

input data are insufficient, the analysis result can sometimes be

different from what is observed in the real model. That is, its

reliability may be somewhat inferior to a method of setting and

testing a real machine. Despite this weak point, it costs less,

offers a convenient instrument for assessing test findings, and

allows for easy obtainment of results for multiple models. In

addition, it involves no risk during the test. For a real model-

based test, it may cost a lot and be difficult to evaluate the

result; only findings limited to the tested model can be obtained;

and the test can involve a safety risk. In this sense, the CFD is

attracting attention as an alternative of traditional engineering

methods, which allows the induction of optimal design plans and

may preclude any safety accidents. CFD is used in a variety of

areas including; aeronautics/space industry,

shipbuilding/heavy industry, architecture/heating and cooling,

chemistry/petroleum, plants, auto industry,

electricity/electronics, and medical equipment. Its application is

particularly prominent in analyzing the heat environment inside

buildings and large spaces which require precise interior

layouts; distribution of indoor air flow under HVAC and natural

ventilation in a building complex; and urban environments. The

method is also used a lot for calculating the indoor air quality

(IAQ), or predictive mean vote (PMV), a standard indicator of

thermal comfort sensed by room occupants. It is emerging as

an essential item for the development of new products and

applications. As a precise analysis of fluids movement has

become available by advanced, high-end computer systems,

and as calculations of chemical reactions e.g. , the flow,

explosion and combustion of fluids such as air and water -, or

measurements of heat-delivery inducing stress of structures

have become possible thanks to introduction of new interpreta-

tion methods, it is expected the CFD will be welcomed in more

and more different areas.

Air flow diffused by external

air around the buildingWater flow around a swimmers hand

Use of CFD in the air conditioning system field

There can be various issues regarding the design and installa-

tion of air conditioning systems depending on the field

conditions, and these issues are analyzed by CFD t o induce an

optimal solution. Areas where the CFD is applied are as f ollows;

Offer of a system optimized to a specific use indoors

Interpretation and changing the structure of an outdoor unit room

Analysis of the conditions and area of louvers in the outdoor unit roomAnalysis of the outdoor unit in a skyscraper and proposal

of an optimal system

Evaluation of the level of indoor air pollution and capacity for

indoor ventilation (CO2)

Prediction of the performance of indoor heating and cooling systems

Assessment of the suction area in the outdoor unit room and the

reentry of discharged air flow

Analysis of collective installation of outdoor units and the

reentry of discharged air flow

Analysis of the layers of air flow discharged by the outdoor unit,

based on the structure of the buildingAnalysis of noise infiltrating indoors which is caused by

a collective installation of outdoor units

Procedure of air flow interpretation

Cross section of

a field application

The CFD process is divided into 3 steps; modeling, interpreta-

tion and visualization. Each of these steps should be indepen-

dent and sequential, for accurate test findings. It is also

important to apply a precise model (or a drawing), since,

otherwise, the following whole procedures must be carried out

again. Of the 3 steps, the third step for visualization of the flow

- is becoming more and more important.

3D modelingConfiguration of the model subject

to interpretation

Production of grids for segments

subject to interpretation

Determination of an interface model

such as a fan and heat exchanger

Computerized interpretation

Input of data to the selected boundaries

Determination of equations for each

interpretation item

Determination of interpretation methods

for each item

Solve the Fluid Flow equation

Visualization of the flow

A process for effectively showing

the interpretation result

Visualization of speed, temperature,

and pressure

Visualization of discharged air flow for

the indoor or outdoor unit

Field application cases

Purpose

Field overview

Product models subject to

interpretation

Interpretation

criteria

Interpretation

programs

Interpretation

items

Review for normal operation of the outdoor unit through

air flow interpretation upon installation of 5 Multi V

Heatpump units on each floor of the outdoor unit room on

the side of a 52-story building

Field name: OOO

Multi V Heatpump 45kW

Multi V Heatpump discharge temp: 10

Multi V Heatpump discharge airflow: 190CMM

Outside air temperature: 35

Outside air speed: Air speed criteria for each altitude

Solver & post-process : Fluent 6.3.26

Pre-process : Gambit 2.4.6

Analysis of the pattern of discharge of outdoor air

Reproduced analysis of air flow

discharged from the outdoor unit

Projection drawing

for the building

CFD interpretation

3D modeling

Front section

of the building

Front section

of the building

Detail chart

of 1 floor

Analysis of layering phenomenon of air

flow discharged from the outdoor unit

Temp

Analysis of outdoor air flows layering phenomenon

Air speed criteria for each altitude

Review of re-suction temperaturesfor each outdoor unit

Air speed Draft criteria Non-airflows

criteria

Air (draft)

speed criteria

Review of re-suction temperatures

for each outdoor unit

Temp

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4

No.5

No.1

No.2

No.3

No.4

No.5

23

SPECIAL ISSUE


14/40

SPECIAL ISSUE

Harmony of the interior and VRF indoor un

Aesthetic sense ofexposed- ceilingsExposed-ceilings are being introduced in more and more

spaces. This is because such a modern sense of design

where the property matters of concrete are explicitly

exposed and the plumbing and indoor HVAC system are

utilized as an object - presents not only an economic

advantage of cutting the ceiling finishing costs, but also

produces an effect of the space being expanded by theheightened ceiling. Public constructions, 2-story restau-

rants and casual small shops are finding the best answer

to their ceiling designs in this exposed-ceiling solution.Written by Moon Eunyeong | Photos by Pak Yeongchae (Architectural

photographer, Chung-Ang University Library)

Studio lamp (Studio lamp on the moon, Ogano Kitchen Olle) | Source

form Archium

Case 1 Public space

Chung-Ang University LibraryExposing the texture of time over 50 years, it expands

the narrow space and properly adjusts the air flow.

Design by Kim Incheol + Archium Architectgs Inc.

Location 221, Heukseook-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, KoreaIndoor unit : 4-way cassette 381 units

Outdoor unit : Multi V Plus II 107 units

The Chung-Ang University building (opened in 1959), which

received the Grand Prize in the Good Design Award 2010 held

by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy and coordinated by

Korea Institute of Design Promotion (KIDP), went through

renovation and expansion for its worn-out and narrow space,

and emerged as a new campus symbol in September 2009. The

original, untouched building was designed by Cha Gyeongsoon

a senior architect who was active at the dawn of modern

architecture, and was cited as t he best library building at the

time for its modernism-oriented framework which is a norm of

modern architecture. It was almost registered on the Legacy of

Modern Architecture list of the Korea Cultural Heritage

Administration, but because the original shape had been

seriously marred, it failed to be listed. The implication and

gravity of the 50-year-long history of the building, and the total

amount of memories that were held by all the students who hadused the library for that long period of time may not be subject to

a simple calculation. We thought such cherished history should

not be disposed of, but renewed so that it could function again.

This way, the library could possibly harmonize with new things,

said Kim Incheol, a designer and professor at Faculty of

Architecture, Chung-Ang University. The existing spaces

retained their original layouts, but the walls were renovated into

glass walls with superior lighting and environment control ability

The expanded 4th floor reading rooms were framed with iron

bars to resolve both the structural issue and openness of their

spaces. The area of the renovated library is 1,150m2, with

212m2 expansion.

25 26


15/40

27

tip

To maintain the environment of a library where books are

stacked and people spend long periods of time, it is necessary

to properly adjust the airflow as well as the heating and cooling

system. The previous low floors were not adequate to install

mechanic devices, so something had to be done to them.

Instead of making a new ceiling, we exposed the ceiling. In thisway, we tried to expand the narrow space and the volume of the

library environment, but, more importantly, we didnt want to lose

the sense of concrete we had gotten when the ceiling was

dismantled, and thought the concrete was meaningful enough in

that it is a trace of the past. Fifty years ago, plywood was rarely

seen, and it looked like time had been melted into it. It was not

challenging at all to expose and use the concrete since its

chemical action has completed and its state was stabilized..

It is unfortunate that most of the parts we tried to keep where

they were as symbolic memories disappeared with t he disman-

tling work prior to the confirmation of the design,

but anyway, I was able to find comfort in the remains of the

ceiling. said Professor Kim. The exposed library ceiling has the

intention of the designer melted into it. I imagined that the

scenery of the campus would be changed with a new library that

would be awake around the clock. I had hoped the new library

would become a box of light that collects the light during thedaytime and radiates bright beams at night. I had the interior

space finished in a silver grey color tone to act as the

background of the library host, books, and students who read

the books. Now, what he intended with his design is beaming in

the space that the students feel the most proud of.

Case 2 Fusion Dining

Ogano Kitchen

Overcome the demerit that the floor altitude is low and

create a harmonized mood.

91-5, Yangjae-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea

Inquiry: 02-575-0542

Indoor unit : LRD-N1457T 4 units

Outdoor unit : LRP-N5807 1 unit

Case 3 Cafe Olle

OlleDecorate a small-size commercial space with low costs

and in a sentient fashion.

148-50, Noryangjin 1-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea.

Inquiry: 02-812-5900

Model: LTW722RP, General Single Cassette 1 set

With an exposed ceiling, if the indoor units could not match the

circumstantial interior designs, the problem can be resolved via

an Indoor Unit Cover (optional) from LG Electronics, which

presents visually warmer feel.

Lined up along the Yangjae River, from Dogok-dong to Yangjae-

dong, is wine bars and cafes, and at the end of this road, thereis a fusion-style Japanese food restaurant, Ogano Kitchen. As

the name means kitchen of the family, this restaurant is

emerging as a new restaurant icon representing Yangjae River.

It serves 100 kinds of traditional, healthy and rich food made

with devotion, as well as 60 kinds of Sake food prepared by

Sake Sommelier.

Opening the door, you will find wood posts and a staircase

reaching all the way to the ceiling of the eye-catching 2nd floor.

The wood posts connecting the 1st and 2nd floor are not only

the symbol of the area and Ogano Kitchen itself, but a

structure making the impression of the interior space very

strong.

Tables on the side of windows have decorations with a casual

and unknowing atmosphere, which goes well with the mood of

Yangjae River. Compared to the ceiling of the 1st floor, the 2nd

floor ceiling is a little low, and it can be appeared somewhat

suffocating due to the low fixed blinds here and there, for the

sake of privacy at each table. The answer to this problem was

found in the ceiling; exposing it. The ceiling was opened so that

it did not appear stifling, and it was finished with white paint to

produce a mood that harmonized with the hardwood floor. The

rails and plumbing were neatly rearranged to induce an effect

where both the height and width of the space looked expanded.

O

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