Wall painting: Horses, Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d’Arc, Ardèche gorge, France.

ca. 30,000 BCE. Paint on limestone cave wall. Approx. height: 6'.Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication. Direction Régionale des Affaires Culturelles de Rhone-Alpes. Service Régional de l’Archéologie.

[Fig. 1.1]

Map: Major Paleolithic caves in France and Spain.[Fig. Map 1.1]

Map: The Great River Valley Civilizations. ca. 2000 BCE.[Fig. Map 1.2]

Wall painting with bird-headed man, bison, and rhinoceros, Lascaux Cave, Dordogne, France.

ca. 15,000-13,000 BCE. Paint on limestone cave wall. Approx. length: 9'.[Fig. 1.2]

Woman (Venus of Willendorf), found at Willendorf, Austria.ca. 24,000-21,000 BCE. Limestone. Height: 4".Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. [Fig. 1.3]

Reconstruction of a mammoth-bone house, Mezhirich, Ukraine.ca. 16,000-10,000 BCE. Mammoth bones.

Kiev Museum of Paleontology, Mezhirich, Ukraine. [Fig. 1.4]

Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds, from Susa, southwest Iran.ca. 5000–4000 BCE. Baked clay with painted decoration. Height: 11-1/4".

Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 1.5]

Head, Nok.ca. 500-200 BCE. Terracotta. Height: 14-3/16".Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 1.6]

Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England.ca. 2750–1500 BCE.

[Fig. 1.7]

Durrington Walls in Relation to Stonehenge.[Fig. Map 1.3]

San people. Wall painting: Giraffes, zebra, eland, and abstract shapes, Inanke, Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe.

Before 1000 CE. Wall painting or rock art.Photo: Christopher and Sally Gable © Dorling Kindersley. [Fig. 1.8]

Anasazi. Cliff dwelling: Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde, Colorado, Anasazi culture.

ca. 1200-1300 CE.[Fig. 1.9]

Anasazi. Diagram: Cribbed roof construction of a kiva at the Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde, Colorado, Anasazi culture.ca. 1200-1300 CE. Sandstone brick, trees.

After a National Park Service pamphlet. [Fig. 1.10]

Kachina doll (Maalo). Hopi culture. Late nineteenth century. Wood, pigment, feathers, fiber, string, 11-1/2 x 2-1/2". Brooklyn Musuem of Art. Museum Expedition 1904, Museum Collection Fund, 04.297.5604. Creative Commons-BY-

NC. [Fig. 1.11]

Shinto. Naiku (Inner) Shrine housing Amaterasu, Ise, Japan (periodically reconstructed).

Late 5th-early 6th century CE. Wood beams, thatched roof.[Fig. 1.12]

The ziggurat at Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq). ca. 2100 BCE. Mud brick.[Fig. 1.13]

Reconstruction drawing of the ziggurat at Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq).ca. 2100 BCE.[Fig. 1.14]

Sumerian. Dedicatory statues, from the Abu Temple, Tell Asmar, Iraq.ca. 2900-2700 BCE.

Marble, alabaster, and gypsum. Tallest figure approx. 30" high.Courtesy of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. [Fig.

1.15]

Map: Major Mesopatamian capitals. ca. 2600-500 BCE.[Fig. Map 1.4]

Sumerian. Royal Standard of Ur, front (“War”) side, from tomb 779, cemetery at Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq).

ca. 2600 BCE. Shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone, originally on a wooden framework. Height: 8". Length: 19".

© The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 1.16a]

Sumerian. Royal Standard of Ur, back (“Peace”) side, from tomb 779, cemetery at Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq).

ca. 2600 BCE. Shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone, originally on a wooden framework. Height: 8". Length: 19".

© The Trustees of The British Museum/Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 1.16b]

Akkadian. Head of an Akkadian Man, from Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq).ca. 2300-2200 BCE. Copper alloy. Height: 14-1/8".

Iraq Museum, Baghdad. [Fig. 1.17]

Babylonian. Stele of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran).ca. 1760 BCE. Diorite. Height of stele: approx. 7'. Height of relief: 28".

Musée du Louvre, Paris. [Fig. 1.18]

Hebrew. Mosaic floor decorations: The Ark of the Covenant and sanctuary implements. From Hammath, near Tiberias, Israel.

Fourth century CE. Mosaic.Radovan/www.BibleLandPictures.com. Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem.

[Fig. 1.19]

Map: The United Monarchy of Israel under David and Solomon.ca. 1000 BCE.[Fig. Map 1.5]

Persian. Darius and Xerxes Receiving Tribute. Detail, relief from a stairway leading to the Apadana, ceremonial complex, Persepolis, Iran.491-486 BCE. Limestone, originally painted & gilded. Height: 8' 4".

Iranbastan Museum, Teheran. [Fig. 1.20']

Egyptian. The pyramids of Menkaure (ca. 2470 BCE), Khafre (ca. 2500 BCE), and Khufu (ca. 2530 BCE). 2530-2470 BCE.

[Fig. 1.21]

Map: Nile River Basin, with archeological sites in relation to modern Cairo.

[Fig. Map 1.6]

Egyptian. Nebamun Hunting Birds, from the tomb of Nebamun, Thebes.Dynasty 18, ca. 1400 BCE. Fresco on dry plaster. Height: approx. 2' 8".

The British Museum, London. [Fig. 1.22]

Chart: Some of the Principal Egyptian Gods (with color drawings).[Fig. Table 1.1]

Egyptian. Menkaure with a Queen, probably Khamerernebty, from valley temple of Menkaure, Giza.

Dynasty 4, ca. 2460 BCE. Schist. Height: 54-1/4".Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Harvard University-Boston Museum of Fine Arts,

1.1738. Photograph © 2008 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 1.23]

Egyptian. Palette of Narmer (verso). From Hierakonpolis.Dynasty 1, ca. 3000 BCE. Schist. Height: 25-1/4".

Egyptian Museum, Cairo. [Fig. 1-CL.1]

Egyptian. Palette of Narmer (recto). From Hierakonpolis.Dynasty 1, ca. 3000 BCE. Schist. Height: 25-1/4".

Egyptian Museum, Cairo. [Fig. 1-CL.2]

Egyptian. Akhenaten and His Family, from Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna).Dynasty 18, ca. 1345 BCE. Painted limestone relief. 12-3/4" x 14-7/8".

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Ägyptisches Museum. [Fig. 1.24]

Egyptian. Funerary mask of Tutankhamun.Dynasty 18, ca. 1327 BCE. Gold inlaid with glass and semiprecious stones.

Height: 21-1/4".Egyptian Museum, Cairo. [Fig. 1.25]

Egyptian. Montuemhet, from Karnak, Thebes. Granite, height 54".ca. 660 BCE. Granite. Height: 54".Egyptian Museum, Cairo. [Fig. 1.26]

Greek. Anavysos Kuoros, from Anavysos cemetary, near Athens.ca. 525 BCE. Height: 6' 4".

National Archaeological Museum, Athens. [Fig. 1.27]

Polyclitus. Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), Roman copy after the original bronze.

ca. 450-440 BCE. Marble (after bronze original). Height: 6' 6".Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. [Fig. 1.28]