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PAINTING

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A Written Report Presented to

Mr. Marvin Goles

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In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Humanities 1

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Submitted by:

Allecer, Rosalie BSBA 1

Aripin, Adelfa BSBA 4



Introduction

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to

a surface (support base). The application of the medium is commonly applied to the

base with a brush but other objects can be used. In art, the term painting describes both

the act and the result of the action. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces

as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, copper or concrete, and may

incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as

objects.

Painting is a mode of expression and the forms are

numerous. Drawing, composition or abstraction and other aesthetics may serve to

manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be

naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscapepainting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion

or be political in nature.

A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated

by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from artwork

depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes rendered on the interior

walls and ceiling of The Sistine Chapel, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other scenes

of eastern religious origin. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting)

Painting is one of the oldest and most important arts. Since pre-historic times,

artists have arranged colors on surfaces in ways that express their ideas about people

the world and religion. The paintings that artists create have great value for humanity.

They provide people with both pleasure and information. (The world book Encyclopedia

Chicago, P-15, pp. 28)



Historical Development

The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by

some historians to be about 32,000 years old. They are engraved and painted using red

ochre and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth or

humans often hunting. However the earliest evidence of painting has been discovered in

two rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest layer of material

at these sites there are used pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old.

Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting preserved in a limestone

rock-shelter in the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia that is dated 40 000

years old. [1] There are examples of cave paintings all over the worldin India, France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, etc.

In Western cultures oil painting and watercolor painting have rich and complex

traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically

predominated the choice of media with equally rich and complex traditions.

The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In 1829, the

first photograph was produced. From the mid to late 19th century,

photographic processes improved and, as it became more widespread, painting lost

much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world.There began a series of art movements into the 20th century where

the Renaissance view of the world was steadily eroded, through Impressionism, Post-

Impressionism, Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism and Dadaism. Eastern and African

painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and did not undergo an

equivalent transformation at the same time. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting)



Elements, Style and Era

Elements

Intensity

What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity. Every

point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and

white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by

juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) onecan only represent symbolic shapes. Thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from

ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization

(perspective), and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall

has different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects,

but ideally, a white wall is still a white wall in pitch darkness. In technical drawing,

thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual

frame different from the one used by painters.

Color and tone

Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are of music.

Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can

differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in

the East, white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists,

including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory.

Moreover the use of language is only a generalization for a color equivalent. The word

"red", for example, can cover a wide range of variations on the pure red of the visible

spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of different colors in the way that

there is agreement on different notes in music, such as C or C in music. For a painter,

color is not simply divided into basic and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like

red, blue, green, brown, etc.).

Rhythm



Rhythm is important in painting as well as in music. If one defines rhythm as "a

pause incorporated into a sequence", then there can be rhythm in paintings. These

pauses allow creative force to intervene and add new creationsform, melody,

coloration. The distribution of form, or any kind of information is of crucial importance

in the given work of art and it directly affects the esthetical value of that work. This is

because the esthetical value is functionality dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement)

of perception is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well as in other forms

of "techne", directly contributes to the esthetical value.

Non-traditional elements

Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include,

for example, collage, which began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense.

Some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or

wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm

Kiefer. There is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a

digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many

others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required.

Styles

Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive visual elements,

techniques and methods that typify an individual artist's work. It can also refer to

the movement or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem from an actual

group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art

historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of

favor in academic discussions about contemporary painting, though it continues to be

used in popular contexts. Such movements or classifications include the following:

Western Painting Styles

Modernism

Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of

associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching

changes to Western society in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Modernism



was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. The term encompasses the

activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture,

literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in

the new economic, social and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized

world. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to

experiments with form, and work that draws attention to the processes and materials

used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).

Impressionism

It is a famous art movement. It portrays the effects of experience upon the

consciousness of the artists and the audience.

Painting is a theory and a school of art, developed in the third quarter of the

19th

century, which attempted to produce, with the vividness and immediacy of nature

and particularly of life itself, the impression by the subject on the artist.

Artists have long been drawn to Paris. A famous art movement called

impressionism was born here. The best known museum in France the Louvre - is in

Paris. The Louvre contains the most famous painting, the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da

Vinci.

Abstract styles

Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a

composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in

the world.[18]

Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art

movement which had a combination of the emotional intensity and self-denial of the

German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract

schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism and the image of being

rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic.

Expressionism

In expressionism, the artist tries to present an emotional experience in its most

appealing form. The artist is not concerned with reality as it appears but with its inner

nature and with the emotions aroused by the subject.



Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting,

originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present

the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect

in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express meaning or

emotional experience rather than physical reality.The term is sometimes suggestive of emotional angst. In a general sense,

painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist,

though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist

emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction

to positivism and other artistic styles such as naturalism and impressionism.

Era

Era refers to a period of art history which is characterized by an artist's place in

time and the styles and materials available to the painter. The first painters were limited

to painting on cave walls with materials they could find in nature.

Over thousands of years new painting materials and developments in art and design

challenged painters to explore and refine new horizons. Each era can claim artists who

lead the way in the creative and technical development of painting.

Impressionism

Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of

Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during

the 1870s and 1880s. The name of the style is derived from the title of a Claude

Monet work, Impr ession, solei l levant (Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the

critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiric review published in the Parisian

newspaper Le Char ivar i .

Characteristics of Impressionist paintings include relatively small, thin, yet visible

brush strokes; open composition; emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing

qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time); common, ordinarysubject matter; the inclusion of mov ement as a crucial element of human perception

and experience; and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in

the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media which became

known as Impressionist music and Impressionist.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism)



Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressionism is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger

Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Fry used the termwhen he organized the 1910 exhibition Manet and Post-Impr essioni sm. Post-

Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued

using vivid colors, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real-life

subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort

form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary

color.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Impressionism)

Modern Painting

Modern painting can be furthered categorized into smaller sub-divisions that

stem from and were influenced by political, social, ideological, and cultural trends of a

particular time. Primary examples include Cubism, Expressionism, Surrealism, Post-

modernism, Dadaism, and Fauvism.

However, some critics assert that the most recent forms of painting cannot be

classified as modern art because that movement lasted only up to the 1970s. They also

claim that there is a clear distinction between modern painting and contemporary

painting. But other art historians disagree. Thus, considerable confusion exists over theterms modern art, modern painting and contemporary art.

(http://modernpainting.org/)



Example Paintings

Impressionistic Painting

BOAT, PLEIN AIR IMPRESSIONIST PAINTING by

TOM BROWN

(http://tombrownfineart.blogspot.com/2009/

08/boat-plein-air-impressionist-painting.html)

Expressionistic Painting

In expressionist paintings the artist

visually changes their subject to evoke an

emotional response. These emotional

reactions are usually showing negative

emotions such as tension, angst and fear.One of the most iconic examples of

expressionist painting is The Scream by

Munch. Other noted artists include Kandinsky, Greco and Kubin.

Modern Painting

Xiamen Art-Land Industrial & Trade Co., Ltd.



Impressionism

Claude Monet, Impr ession, solei l levant (Impression,

Sunrise), 1872, oil on canvas, Musée Marmottan

Post-Impressionism

The Centenary of Independence

Modern Painting

"Kirishima: Edge of the Forest" by Richard Grass



Modern Filipino Painters

Victorio C. Edades (December 13, 1895 - March 7, 1985) is a Filipino painter who

was the leader of the revolutionary Thirteen Moderns who engaged their classical

compatriots in heated debate over the nature and function of art. He was named

a National Artist in 1976.

T he Sketch, 1928, Oil on canvas, 96 x 117 cm



Cesar Legaspi(1917-1994)National Artist, Visual Arts 1990, One of the Thirteen

Moderns

Cesar Legaspi, honored as a National Artist in Visual Arts in 1990, is considered

the pioneer of neo-realism in the Philippines. Aside from the monochromatic works in

his early years, he exploited the full potential of color in his paintings. A proponent of

modern art in the country, Legaspi developed cubism in the Philippine context. He was

also identified as one of the Thirteen Moderns, a group of modernists led by Victorio C.

Edades whose works went against the conservative academic art of that period.

Back in the Philippines, he had his first one-man show at the Luz Gallery in 1963.

While this led to an active phase with his major pieces, he also worked as a magazine

illustrator and artistic director at an advertising agency. He finally left the agency in

1968 to focus on his painting.

During his career as an artist, he had the opportunity to be part of several

exhibits abroad, including the First Plastic Arts Conference in Rome in 1953, the Sao

Paolo Biennial in Graphic Arts in 1967 and 1969, and the Wraxall Gallery in London withFilipino artists Malang and Bencab in 1982. Apart from this, he holds the record of five

retrospective exhibitions at different venues: the Museum of Philippine Art in 1978, the

National Museum and the Metropolitan Museum in 1988, and the Luz Gallery and the

Cultural Center of the Philippines in 1990. He was an active member of the Art

Association of the Philippines and was part of the Neo-Realists. He was also the head of

the Saturday Group artists from 1978 until his death on April 7, 1994.



Legaspis major works include:

1945 Man and Woman br> 1947 Gadgets

Achievements:

1944 4th Prize, Art Association of the Philippines, for Gadgets

1948 1st Prize, Art Association of the Philippines, for Sick Child

1949 4th Prize, Art Association of the Philippines, for Planters

1949 1st Prize, Manila Club Art Exhibition, for Stairway to Heaven

1950 Honorable Mention in the Manila Grand Opera House Exhibition, for

Symphony

1951 3rd Prize, Art Association of the Philippines, for Ritual

1972 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award, from the City of Manila

1981 Critics Choice Award for Five Outstanding Living Artists

1990 Gawad CCP para sa Sining Award, from the Cultural Center of the Philippines

(http://www.kulay-diwa.com/cesar_legaspi)

Fabián Cueto de la Rosa (May 5, 1869 December 14, 1937) was a Filipino painter.

He was uncle and mentor to the Philippines' national artist in painting, Fernando

Amorsolo, and to his brother Pablo.[1]

He is regarded as a master of genre in Philippine

art.

Federico Aguilar Alcuaz (June 6, 1932 - February 2, 2011)[1]

was an award

winning Filipino Painter who exhibited extensively Internationally and whose work

earned him recognition both in the Philippines and abroad.

Alcuaz was conferred the title of National Artist for Visual Arts, Painting,

Sculpture and Mixed Media in 2009. However, four nominees for the award other than

Alcuaz became embroiled in the 2009 National Artist of the Philippines Controversy,

which led the Supreme Court of the Philippines to temporarily issue a status quo order

on August 25, 2009, blocking the conferment of the awards on all seven nominees -

despite the fact that no objections were ever raised regarding the conferment of the

award to Alcuaz and two other nominees.

Benedicto Reyes Cabrera (born April 10, 1942), better known as "BenCab",[1]

is

a Filipino painter and was awarded National Artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts

(Painting) in 2006.[2]

He has been noted as "arguably the best-selling painter of his

generation of Filipino artists.



Bibliography

Internet

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting

(http://tombrownfineart.blogspot.com/2009/08/boat-plein-air-impressionist-painting.html)

(http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/PaintingBeforetheRen.html)

Books

The Humanitites by Francisco M. Zulueta (National Bokstore, Inc.)

(The world book Encyclopedia Chicago, P-15, pp. 28)

humanities 1 - adel

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