humanism and the renaissance - faculty server...

1/27/16 1 Humanism and the Renaissance Deﬁning “humanism” • Humanism is the study and promo=on of classical an=quity from 1400-1600, beg. in Italy; it promotes op=mis=c view of mankind and emphasizes ac=on rather than contempla=on. • Paul Oskar Kristeller (1961): – “Early Italian humanism, which in many respects con=nued the gramma=cal and rhetorical tradi=ons of the Middle Ages , not merely provided the old Trivium with a new and more ambi=ous name (Studia humanita+s), but also increased its actual scope, content and signiﬁcance in the curriculum of the schools and universi=es and in its own extensive literary produc=on. The studia humanita+s excluded logic, but they added to the tradi=onal grammar and rhetoric not only history, Greek, and moral philosophy, but also made poetry, once a sequel of grammar and rhetoric, the most important member of the whole group.” Literary Humanists • Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) • Father of Humanism • Italian poet, author • Loved Classical world, despised “Dark Ages” & papal corrup=on • His solu=on: • Reconstruct G-R world • Study/imitate G-R world • Reform own society • Wrote biographies, love poems, leaers to friends, scholarly annota=ons, etc.

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1/27/16

HumanismandtheRenaissance

Defining“humanism”•  Humanismisthestudyandpromo=onofclassicalan=quityfrom

1400-1600,beg.inItaly;itpromotesop=mis=cviewofmankindandemphasizesac=onratherthancontempla=on.

•  PaulOskarKristeller(1961):

–  “EarlyItalianhumanism,whichinmanyrespectscon=nuedthegramma=calandrhetoricaltradi=onsoftheMiddleAges,notmerelyprovidedtheoldTriviumwithanewandmoreambi=ousname(Studiahumanita+s),butalsoincreaseditsactualscope,contentandsignificanceinthecurriculumoftheschoolsanduniversi=esandinitsownextensiveliteraryproduc=on.Thestudiahumanita+sexcludedlogic,buttheyaddedtothetradi=onalgrammarandrhetoricnotonlyhistory,Greek,andmoralphilosophy,butalsomadepoetry,onceasequelofgrammarandrhetoric,themostimportantmemberofthewholegroup.”

LiteraryHumanists•  FrancescoPetrarch(1304-1374)•  FatherofHumanism•  Italianpoet,author•  LovedClassicalworld,despised

“DarkAges”&papalcorrup=on•  Hissolu=on:

•  ReconstructG-Rworld•  Study/imitateG-Rworld•  Reformownsociety

•  Wrotebiographies,lovepoems,leaerstofriends,scholarlyannota=ons,etc.

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CivicHumanists•  Applyingstudy/imita=onofClassicalworldtocontemporarypoli=cs

•  Promotevirtues,liberty•  Praisesrepublics•  SenatorByrd(W.V.)

•  Ac=vevs.contempla=velife

•  Ex:•  ColuccioSaluta=,•  NicoloMachiavelli•  LeonardoBruni

Educa=onalHumanists•  StudyofLa=ngrammar,

Romanhistory,Romanliterature,Classicalvalues

•  Rhetoricandoratoryareimportantforpubliclife

•  Analogyofahoneybeeandnectar

•  GuarinoofVerona(1374-1460),maestro

•  PierPaoloVergerio,maestro

ScholarlyHumanists

•  Adfontes•  Humanistlibraries•  LorenzoValla(Noble,p.401)–  Dona+onofConstan+ne–  Annota+onsonN.T.

•  Neo-Platonism•  PicodellaMirandola

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1/27/16

HistoricalHumanists

•  NicoloMachiavelli(1469-1527)•  ThePrince&DiscoursesonLivy&plays&....•  CivilservantofFloren=neRepublic•  Fatherofmodernpoli=calscience•  Conversedwiththeancientsinhisstudy....

•  FrancescoGuicciardin(1483-1540)•  Historian,statesman,friendofMachiavelli•  TheHistoryofItaly(mul=volumework,w/innova=veuseofsourcesandhistoriography)

•  Diplomatandcivilservant

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