Human SystemsNancy DowJill Hansen

Tammy Stundon

Gulf Coast State College Panhandle Area Educational Consortium

5230 West Highway 98 753 West Boulevard

Panama City, Florida 32401 Chipley, Florida 32428

850-769-1551 877-873-7232

www.gulfcoast.edu

Biology Partnership

(A Teacher Quality Grant)

Pre-testBreaks

Explanation of Q & A boardsAsking questions

Our approach to the standards & to this lesson

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

• SC.912.L.14.26 Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models. (LOW)

• Low Complexity 10%-20%Low complexity benchmarks rely heavily on the recall and recognition of previously learned concepts and principles. These benchmarks typically specify what the student is to do, which is often to carry out a procedure that can be preformed mechanically. It is not left to the student to come up with an original method or solution. Skills related to low complexity benchmarks include the following.

• Identify a common example or recognize a concept• Retrieve information from a chart, table, diagram, or graph• Recognize a standard scientific representation of a simple phenomenon• Calculate or complete a familiar single-step procedure or equation using a

reference sheet

Item Specs BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.26

• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems• Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living

Organisms • Benchmark SC.912.L.14.26 Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or

models.• Benchmark

Clarification Students will identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams.

• Content Limits Items are limited to the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, brain stem, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.Items will not assess the function of the major parts of the brain.

• Stimulus Attribute Items will include diagrams of the brain.• Response Attributes None specified• Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply knowledge described in the

NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge from SC.6.L.14.5.

Bell ringerPinky and the Brain!

Brain stem includes mid brain, pons, and the medulla oblongata

Frontal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Id parts of the brain

Id parts of the Brain

• Handout (copies of label the brain) to label with web quest

• Sheep Brain• Swimmer Cap activity

Follow up

• Q/A Board• Problem solving issues in class• Additional activities

– Sheep Brain Dissection

– Perception and the Brain- optical illusions

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

• SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system. (MODERATE)

• Moderate Complexity 60%-80%Benchmarks in the moderate complexity category involve more flexible thinking and choice among alternatives. These benchmarks require a student response that goes beyond the habitual, is not specified, and ordinarily has more than a single step or thought process. The student is expected to decide what to do – using informal methods of reasoning and problem solving strategies – and to bring together skills and knowledge from various domains. Skills related to moderate complexity benchmarks include the following.

• Apply or infer relationships among facts, terms, properties, or variables• Describe examples and non examples of scientific processes or concepts• Predict or determine the logical next step or outcome• Compare or contrast structures or functions of different organisms or systems• Choose the appropriate formula or equation to solve a problem and then solve it• Apply and use concepts from a standard scientific model or theory

Item SpecsBENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.36

• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

• Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms

• Benchmark SC.912.L.14.36 Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

• Benchmark• Clarification Students will identify factors that affect blood flow and/or describe

how these factors affect blood flow through the cardiovascularsystem.

• Content Limits Items may address factors such as blood pressure, blood volume,resistance, disease (atherosclerosis), and exercise.Compare the blood vessels – tissues, thickness, blood flow rates, resistance

• Stimulus Attributes None specified• Response Attributes None specified• Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply knowledge described in the

NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisiteknowledge from SC.6.L.14.5.

Cardiovascular Flow

• The Heart• Blood flow:

o Artery & Vein compositiono Heart – flow of blood o Blood pressure vs. osmotic pressureo Skeletal muscle contraction

ARTERYVEIN

CAPILLARIES

arteriole

endothelium

connective tissue

smooth muscle

venule

valve

Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart.– blood under great pressure– thicker, more muscular walls

• Veins carry blood back to the heart– blood under less pressure– thinner walls, larger diameter– valves prevent backflow

• Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells. – One layer, one cell thick

• Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls.

– systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts

– diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes

• High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke.

How the heart pumps

What makes the blood move through the heart? * cardiac muscle* difference in thickness of wall* valves

• Blood flow animation• Besides the composition of the blood vessels, the heart,

and blood pressure, what else can affect the heart rate? External factors?

Atherosclerosis• a condition in

which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

• This is linked to high fat diets and lack of exercise.

Lab - Effect of exercise on Heart Rate

Lab - What drugs affect the heart rate of Daphnia?

Follow up

• Q/A board• Problem solving issues in class

• Additional activities– Interactive Tutorial on Internal Heart Anatomy– Heart Dissection on You Tube– How to Measure BP and What It All Means

Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards

• SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (MODERATE)

• HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.14.52

• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

• Standard Standard 14 Organization and Development of Living Organisms

• Benchmark SC.912.L.14.52 Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics. (Also assesses SC.912.L.14.6, HE.912.C.1.4, and HE.912.C.1.8.)

• Also Assesses SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspectives of both individual and public health.HE.912.C.1.4 Analyze how heredity and family history can impact personal health.HE.912.C.1.8 Analyze strategies for prevention, detection, and treatment of communicable and chronic diseases.

• Benchmark• Clarifications Students will identify and/or explain the basic functions of the human immune

system, including specific and nonspecific immune responses.Students will describe how the human immune system responds to vaccines and/or antibiotics.Students will explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health from the perspective of both individual and public health.

• Content Limits Items assessing the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agents to health are limited to a conceptual understanding.

• Stimulus Attribute Scenarios are limited to those commonly included in a biology course.• Response Attributes None specified• Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledge described in the NGSSS

from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.6, SC.6.E.7.8, SC.8.N.4.1, and SC.8.N.4.2.

ImmuneBell ringerOsmosis Jones Vaccine Clip

• Immune System is a body system that fights infection & prevents illnesses

• Immunity: – the ability of the body to defend itself against

infectious agents, foreign cells, and abnormal body cells (ex. cancer)

Line of Defense• 1st Line: barriers

– Broad, external defense• “Walls and Moats” • skin & mucus membranes

• 2nd Line: Nonspecific patrol – Broad, internal defense

• “Patrolling soldiers” • phagocytes eating WBC’s

• 3rd Line: Immune System – Specific, acquired immunity

• Elite trained units• lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies

– B & T cells

1st line: Physical Barriers

Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells

•Non-specific defense

•External barriers

•skin –physically blocks pathogens

• mucus membranes- traps particles

in nose and throat

•excretions•sweat

•tears

•mucus

•stomach acids

•saliva (“lick your wounds”)

Inflammatory reaction–Four outward signs (redness, heat, swelling, & pain)–Histamine is released which cause capillaries to become enlarged

–and more permeable –(causes redness, –swelling, pain)White Blood cellsNon-specific (macrophage)

2nd Line of DefenseNon-specific

3rd Line of Defense - Specific Defense• Pathogens, cancer cells, or foreign cells have protein markers on

surface (antigens) that activate the immune system because foreign to body

Types of White Blood Cells- all made in the bone marrow- All called in after the non-specific WBCs

–B lymphocyte cells (mature in bone marrow)• produce antibodies that combine with antigens and target

particular pathogens• Produce memory B cells

–T lymphocyte cells (mature in thymus gland)• directly destroy infected cells• produce cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T

cells

Immunity

• Active– Body creates an immune response after being

exposed to a pathogen or a vaccine – Memory cells are produced so this immunity

lasts (sometimes even a lifetime)• Passive

– Antibodies in breast milk or shots of antibodies provide a temporary immune response

Different pathogen cause common infectious diseases

•Antibiotics kill pathogens inside the body

•antibiotics cause pathogens to burst

•target on specific bacterium or fungus

•not effective against viruses

• antibiotic resistance issues

Antibiotics have killed the bottom cell by weakening its cell wall and causing it to burst. (colored TEM; magnification 55,000X

• Antibiotic resistance can cause medicines to become ineffective.– Some bacteria in a population have genes that make

them immune to antibiotics.– These bacteria spread the gene, making the antibiotics

useless.A bacterium carriesgenes for antibioticresistance on a plasmid.

A copy of the plasmid is transferredthrough conjugation.

Resistance is quicklyspread throughmany bacteria.

Vaccines artificially produce acquired immunity.

• Vaccines also control pathogens and disease.– given to prevent illness– contain the antigen of a weakened pathogen

• Vaccination provides acquired immunity.– stimulates a specific

immune response

– allows immune system to respond quickly to infection

– causes memory cells to be produced

– has such a fast response, a person will not get sick

A memory B cell isstimulated when the real pathogen binds to it.

2

The B cell quickly activates and makes antibodies that fight the pathogens before you get sick.

3

Antigens in a vaccinetrigger an immune response, and memory B cells are made.

1memory B cells

Allergies

• Our body releases histamine which makes vessels leaky

• Histamine causes the mucus membranes of the nose and eyes to release fluid as a defense against pathogens – This produces cold-like symptoms

• With anaphylatic shock, the capillaries become so permeable that blood pressure drops

Immunity from Disease ActivityWe’ve got a problem!

Then……• HIV lab• Glow germs

Follow up

• Problem solving issues in class

• Additional activities: – Malaria interactive game– Id agents of disease research activity– Antibodies Virtual Lab /

Human reproductive systemfetal development

SC.912.L.16.13Describe the basic anatomy and physiology

of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy. (MODERATE)

BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13• Reporting Category Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems

• Standard Standard 16 Heredity and Reproduction

• Benchmark SC.912.L.16.13 Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.

• BenchmarkClarifications Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the

human reproductive system.

Students will describe the process of human development from the zygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth.

• Content Limits Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited to the seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, scrotum, penis, and testes.

Items referring to the female human reproductive system are limited to the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina.Items assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate to the development of the fetus.

Items will not assess physiological or hormonal changes of the mother during pregnancy.

Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of the physiology of the human reproductive system are limited to a conceptual understanding of the production of hormones.

• Content limits cont. Items will not assess hormonal control during pregnancy.

Items may refer to the early stages of development (implantation, morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, neurulation) but will not assess the definition of these terms.

Items referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normal human development.

Items will not assess specific knowledge of malformations in the human fetus, miscarriages, maternal preexisting conditions, genetic conditions, or the impact of exposure to environmental conditions.

Items will not assess the utilization of technology to assist in or prevent fertilization or monitor development of the fetus.

Items will not address or assess the menstrual cycle.

• Stimulus Attribute Illustrations or diagrams may be used.

• Response Attributes None specified

• Prior Knowledge Items may require the student to apply scientific knowledgedescribed in the NGSSS from lower grades. This benchmark requires prerequisite knowledge of SC.6.L.14.5.

T - :e .. ·.: ·· -a· le- - -. R·-·e· · : · - 10: - d·. --c-- ·t :.v· -- ·.e·-.

. . ·. . · .. · -- . . . .. . - -- · . .

penis ------c

Syste· ... ··

------------ se m1 i n a I vesicle

--vas deferens Q,�---� F---- epid idym is

�+----- --- - estis�-------------------scrotum1

. - - -

Male Reproductive System

Scrotum contains:• Testes

– The seminiferous tubules produce sperm and testosterone

– Require a low temperature – Sperm live up to 72 hrs. in a female

• Epididymis - folds of tissue (700 ft long)– Lies on top of the testes– Sperm mature here with aid from helper sperm (mask

the 23 chromosome sperm from immune system)

• Vas deferens– Connects the external scrotum to the internal pathway.– Curves around the bladder, stores sperm, empties into the urethra– Sperm travel through this during ejaculation

• Urethra– glands including the prostate gland produce a fluid that combines

with the sperm to produce semen, enters here– semen flows through the urethra along with sperm during

ejaculation (out the penis)

Female Reproductive system

(oviduct)

Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries - pair, internal– Mature and release one egg/month– Matures in the follicles within the ovaries– Born with all the eggs a female will ever have– 2 million at birth; 200-400 thousand at puberty; 400 will

mature and be released– Once the egg has been released by the follicles, the

follicles will release hormones for child development if fertilization takes place

• Oviducts or Fallopian tubes– Feathery like projections– After ovulation (releasing of the egg) occurs, the egg enters one

of the oviducts– This is where fertilization occurs as the egg only lives 6-24 hrs.– The egg can’t move so it relies on cilia that lines the duct to

cause a current along with muscle contraction (cramps at ovulation)

– Fertilized egg zygote embryo

Female Reproduction

• Uterus– Embryo will embed itself in lining of uterus

• This causes a hormone to be released (+ pregnancy test result)

– Embryo will develop into a fetus– Uterus: 5 cm wide but expands to 30 cm– Thick walled muscular organ above the bladder

• Cervix – This opening connects the vagina to the uterus– Opening is usually 1 cm wide, but during birth, expands

to 10 cm• Vagina

– Birth canal, site of sexual intercourse, site of menstruation – acidic for immunity reasons

Fetal Development

The fertilized egg implants into the uterus and is nourished by the placenta and umbilical cord.

• The zygote becomes a blastocyst and implants in the uterus.

blastocyst

uterine wall

Implantation of blastocyst

placenta

umbilical cord

uterus

amniotic sac

• The blastocyst becomes an embryo.

• Embryonic membranes protect and nourish the embryo.– amniotic sac cushions

embryo.– amniotic fluid in the

amniotic sac– placenta connects mother

and embryo.– umbilical cord connects

embryo to placenta.

• Construct a six-page flip-chart• Label the exposed tabs as

– First trimester– Second trimester– Third trimester– Problems That can occur and when– Affects of drugs (have a list of drugs you want them to

research)** or place the last two topics first as there is less room on the foldable to write information.

• Indicate the important changes that occur in each stage as we cover it in class

• Research problems that can occur if the developing fetus is exposed to drugs such as alcohol or tobacco.

FETAL DEVELOPMENTInstruction on how to make a foldable

Insert info as we go through the content

A zygote develops into a fully formed fetus in about 38 weeks.

• Human pregnancies are divided into trimesters. – 1st trimester: body plan and early development– Most genetic issues occur here

– 2nd trimester: fetus more active, developed

Second Trimester

– 3rd trimester: all organs fully formed

• After about 38 weeks, fetus is ready to be born.

Third Trimester

Fetal development

• Interactive Developmental Time Line • Activity - Human fetal growth

Follow-up

• Q/A Board• Problem solving issues in class• Additional activities:• Fetal Development sonograms by weeks

EOC Study Guide{SC.912.L.14.52} Explain the basic functions of the human immune system, including specific and nonspecific immune response, vaccines, and antibiotics.

– 1. Give an example of specific and non specific responses.– 2. How do vaccines prevent disease?– 3. How do antibiotics prevent disease?

{SC.912.L.14.26} Identify the major parts of the brain on diagrams or models.– Draw a brain and label the major parts: Cerebellum, Cerebrum, frontal, parietal, temporal,

occipital, Pons, stem {SC.912.L.14.36} Describe the factors affecting blood flow through the cardiovascular system.

– 1. Describe plaque and the relation to cholesterol and heart attacks– 2. Describe high blood pressure/ low blood pressure– 3. Describe normal events (i.e. exercise, relaxation) that effect blood flow– 4. Compare and Contrast arteries, veins and capillaries

{SC.912.L.16.13} Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. – 1. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that

occur in each trimester of pregnancy (i.e. fertilization, embryo formation, tube formation, organ system formation, heart beat, movement.

– Define embryo•

Post Test

Thank you! We’ll see you again on April 14th when we will cover the

topics of Evolution and Classification.