human, social and political science part i: pol2 international … · structure, which incorporates...

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Human Social and Political Science Part I POL2

International Relations I

2015-16

Paper Organiser Professor Christopher Hill

Email cjh68camacuk

Lecturers Professor Hill is the lead lecturer for this course but some lectures will be given by Dr Stefano Recchia

Aims and Objectives

The course aims to introduce students to the subject of International Relations (IR) whose main focus is the nature of politics at the international level This includes not just foreign and security policy issues but also aspects of international trade human rights and international law to name a fewmdashmatters in which states international institutions and transnational nongovernmental organizations all play a major role Students will acquire the empirical and conceptual foundations needed to understand an international political system which cannot be accurately described as either pure anarchy or a coherent form of lsquoglobal governancersquo International politics can be analysed using varying analytical frameworks which compete but also to some extent complement each other Some of these frameworks assume IR is best understood as an lsquointernational societyrsquo with a shared set of institutions and common procedures that allow states to co-exist Others presume IR is best characterized as an endless competition for power and prestige still others contend that international politics should be studied from a moral point of view - even if there are many versions of morality active in the world The course introduces students to the main IR theories but does not treat theory as an end in itself Rather it is the means to opening up substantive problems analytically and critically showing how different assumptions lead to different interpretations More specifically the course aims to equip you to have informed discussions about the historical origins of the present international system what is distinctive about international politics as opposed to politics inside the state and the main challenges which confront humanity at the global level in the twenty-first century

Brief Description of the Paper

The subject of International Relations (usually given capital letters as opposed to international relations as events) has a huge range To make the task of learning IR manageable this course is structured around four inter-related themes each of which takes

2 | P a g e

a different lsquocutrsquo at the subject and selects certain key areas of knowledge or debates from which (in conjunction with your supervisor) you may choose your topics for supervisions Preceding these themes is a section introducing you to the main theories and approaches relevant to the study of IR The four substantive themes are as follows

1) History The way the international system has evolved from a world in which the interaction between continents was limited through the rising predominance of the European states system and balance of power to the current post-imperial and multi-level structure which incorporates 193 states as members of the United Nations (together with a small number of unrecognised states) thousands of intergovernmental organisations and even more nongovernmental actors in civil society often operating transnationally

2) Order in world politics What are the key concepts of international relations How much order exists in the system and how is it sustained Is it proper to speak of an lsquointernational societyrsquo What are the respective roles played by states regions organisations law and economic exchange in the international political system Are states still the main players and what can they do via their foreign policies How significant are the effects of interdependence and globalisation

3) War As a major part of the human experience ndash what it represents why it happens and the nature of its effects at home and at the level of the international system Is war in decline or simply changing its nature Is war essentially a continuation of politics or its opposite

(4) Ethics What is it reasonable to expect of states in terms of ethical behaviour in international relations How may competing ethical systems or cultural traditions be reconciled in a world which is both globalising and competitive What are the major moral dilemmas thrown up at the global level

Modes of teaching

The paper is taught by a combination of 28 lectures six hours of supervision for each student for which essays are written and two classes in the Easter term The lectures will usually be accompanied by an illustrative outline on PowerPoint which will subsequently be made available on CamTools The outlines are not full versions of the lectures and thus not a substitute for attendance In their turn the lectures are intended to provide a structure for your work and must be built upon by your reading and by your supervisory discussions The lecture notes may be accessed on the Moodle site for the course

Lectures begin promptly at 1000 am on Mondays (Lecture Room 6 Sidgwick Lecture Block) and at 1000 am on Fridays (Biffen Lecture Theatre Genetics Building Downing Site) There will be two lectures a week in the Michaelmas term and two per week in the Lent term with the last two weeks of the latter left free for catching up with essays and reading The classes

3 | P a g e

in the Easter term are provided as a way of pulling together the main ideas and themes examined in the course and of assisting you in your revision

Mode of Assessment

There will be a three hour unseen examination paper in the Easter term in which you will be required to answer three questions from a choice of sixteen The paper will be divided into two sections one covering the two themes of History and War and one covering the other two themes Order and Ethics You will be required to answer at least one question from each section While each individual question will generally focus on a particular topic a familiarity with the course as a whole will almost certainly improve the quality of your answers In the reading list which follows lists of essay questions for supervisions are given at the end of each of the four sections

READING

Textbooks and general background books

For this course you need to recognise that you will need varying kinds of knowledge some historical some conceptual and some involving awareness of the contemporary world The following are recommended both for preparatory reading before the course and for background during it While there is variation in terms of what different books choose to emphasise these general texts also overlap quite a bit and thus can be used to substitute for one another In other words donrsquot imagine that you are expected to read all of any single textmdash let alone read all of them Instead read selectively according to interest Mayall however is an exception as it rewards reading straight through The course is not designed around any single book but if you wish to purchase one or two for regular reference then those by Brown and Ainsley Best et al and Jackson would probably be most useful Second hand copies of most will be available from online retailers while do not worry if you cannot find the latest edition of a text which is regularly updated - the earlier ones will serve as well on the concepts

Baylis John Steve Smith and Patricia Owens (eds) The Globalization of World Politics An Introduction to Politics and International Relations 6th edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2014) [This best- selling text covers a wide range of theoretical and empirical material with the help of boxes and other study aids Its overviews are reliable starting points for many of the issues which you will encounter]

4 | P a g e

Best Anthony Hanhimaki Jussi Joseph A Maiolo and Kirsten Schulze An International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond 3rd edition (London Routledge 2014) [This collaborative work provides comprehensive coverage of world history since 1900 broken down by periods and by regions ndash but a good alternative is Keylor below]

Brown Chris and Kirsten Ainsley Understanding International Relations 4th edition (Houndmills Palgrave Macmillan 2009) [This is the most coherent and concise introduction available It has a theoretical leaning but always stays close to real world concerns It is written in a lively and engaging style]

Burchill Scott and Andrew Linklater (eds) Theories of International Relations 5th edition (Basingstoke Palgrave 2013) [Exceptionally clear and comprehensive collection of essays on all the main theories] Kegley Charles W and Shannon L Blanton World Politics Trend and Transformation 2014-2015 edition (Boston Wadsworth) [Well-established general introduction that emphasises the elements of change in the international system]

Keylor William A World of Nations the International Order since 1945 2nd edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2008)[Sober factual account of the main themes of international politics in the Cold War and beyond]

Jackson Robert J Global Politics in the 21st Century (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2013) [A lively accessible and up to date survey of most issues covered in the course Note that there are two Robert Jacksons whose books appear in this guide]

Mayall James World Politics Progress and its Limits (Cambridge Polity 2000) [Professor Mayall a member of POLIS and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex produced in this book a marvel of compression Its 155 pages contain incisive discussion of the main ideas institutions and debates in international society from a broadly English School (or liberal) perspective]

Mingst Karen A and Ivan M Arreguiacuten-Toft Essentials of International Relations 6th edition (New York WW Norton 2013) [A tried tested and concise overview]

Watson Adam The Evolution of International Society (Abingdon Routledge 2009) (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|56982) [This is a lucid account of how human societies since the earliest times have dealt with each other forming what we now call lsquostates- systemsrsquo It is divided into three sections the ancient world European international society and global international society]

5 | P a g e

LECTURES

A summary list of the 28 lectures is given here followed by a more detailed description accompanied by relevant readings Possible essay questions are listed at the end of each section of the reading list

MICHAELMAS TERM

International Relations Theories and approaches

1 Introduction

2 The subject of International Relations

3 The realist tradition

4 Varieties of liberalism

5 The constructivist turn

6 Critical approaches

Theme 1 History ndash the evolution of the international system

7 Before the state

8 The European balance of power

9 The Concert of Europe industrialisation and empire

10 The hopes and failures of the League of Nations

11 Bipolarity globalisation and the lsquotriumph of the Westrsquo

Theme 2 War in International Society

12 Systemic causes of war

13 Domestic causes of war

14 Systemic consequences of war

15 Domestic consequences of war

6 | P a g e

LENT TERM

Theme 3 Order in World Politics

16 Concepts of international system and society

17 Statehood

18 Foreign policy and diplomacy

19 International order law rules and norms

20 International organisation (i) The UN Security Council

21 International organisation (ii) managing the international economy

22 International organisation (iii) The EU and other forms of regionalism

23 Non-state actors and the concept of global civil society

Theme 4 Normative dilemmas

24 Order v Justice

25 Saving strangers an obligation to intervene

26 The environment and the problem of global commons

27 Nuclear proliferation

28 Unity and diversity in international society

EASTER TERM

Revision sessions (see p41 )

7 | P a g e

DETAILED READINGS

Readings are distinguished as follows

Highly recommended

Recommended but often broad overviews of a topic offering further theory and background information These are best thought of as supplementary to the highly recommended readings Again you should read selectively according to interest (translation you can and should try to read some of the one star selections that correspond with each lecture but if you try to read all of them you will find yourself overwhelmed)

NB Citations without any asterisk are still relevant and worthwhile They provide useful alternatives where there is pressure on the availability of books

Many of the book chapters and articles listed below will be scanned and accessible through the Library CamTools portal Please note that this is NOT the same as the separate Part I portal on CamTools Instead it is accessed CamTools gt SPS Library gt Files (on the left bar) gt Part I gt Pol 2

1 Introduction

How is the modern world organised to the extent that it is The creation of a single global system

what kind of politics takes place across and beyond national frontiers The differences between

lsquointernational relationsrsquo and lsquoworld politicsrsquo System and society The concept of globalization

Baylis John and Smith Steve (eds) (see TEXTS) Chapters 1 and 2

Waltz Kenneth lsquoThe continuity of international politicsrsquo in Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (eds) Worlds in Collision terror and the future of global order (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2002) [Brief but usefully blunt statement of the argument that states still dominate world politics]

Jackson Robert (see TEXTS) Chapter 1

Kegley and Blanton (see TEXTS) Chapter 1


International Relations (IR) as an academic subject ndash history purposes scope relations with other social sciences and with the humanities special subjects within IR different national and cultural traditions in its study

8 | P a g e

Hollis Martin and Steve Smith Explaining and Understanding International Relations (Oxford Oxford University Press 1990) ch 1 [Two general ways of orienting oneself to the study of IR]

Schmidt Brian C lsquoOn the history and historiography of International Relationsrsquo in Walter Carlsnaes Thomas Risse and Beth Simmonds (eds) Handbook of International Relations (London Sage 2002) [Interesting challenge to the conventional view that International Relations started in 1919] eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|326513

Brown Chris and Kirsten Ainsley (see TEXTS) Chapters 1 2 3

Jackson Robert and Georg Sorensen Introduction to International Relations theories and approaches 4th edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2010) Chapters 1-2

Smith Steve lsquoThe discipline of International Relations still an American social sciencersquo British Journal of Politics and International Relations 2 no 3 (2000) pp 374-402

Waever Ole lsquoThe rise and fall of the inter-paradigm debatersquo in Steve Smith Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (eds) International Theory Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1996) pp 149-185 [For those particularly interested in theory]

THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

Lectures 3 to 6 are intended to provide a direct encounter with the main theories of IR The theories are not a substitute for understanding world politics empirically Rather you should use them to make sense of both the evolution of international politics and the main debates which it engenders They will help you to form a view both on the whole ndash what kind of system do we inhabit ndash and the specifics whether war intervention or international organisation Good supervision essays and examination answers will need to draw on them throughout

3 The Realist Tradition

Realism has its roots in the political philosophy of Thucydides Machiavelli and Hobbes Leading realist thinkers in the modern era include EH Carr Hans Morgenthau Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer Realism emphasises pragmatic (if not amoral) diplomacy state competition and the balance of power military technology and its connection to perceptions of threat and a sceptical view of international institutions and law

Donnelly Jack lsquoRealismrsquo in Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater (eds) (see TEXTS)

Carr EH The Twenty Years Crisis (any edition but the original of 1939 is most revealing) See particularly chapters 1 4-8

9 | P a g e

Hobbes Thomas Leviathan chapter 13 (lsquoOf the Natural Condition of Mankindrsquo) any edition [Hobbes has been a great source of inspiration for realist IR scholars]

Machiavelli Niccolograve The Prince (any edition)

Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War Rex Warner translation (Harmondsworth Penguin Books 1972) [Read lsquoThe Melian Dialoguersquo at the end of Book V often referred to as one of the earliest realist treatises on politics]

Haslam Jonathan No Virtue Like Necessity Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli (New Haven Yale University Press 2002) [relevant throughout for its focus on the evolution of thought and for the relationship between ideas and practice but se especially pp183-254]

Keohane Robert O (ed) Neorealism and its Critics (New York Columbia University Press 1986) [Extracts from the key writings around Waltzrsquos theory of neo-realism (see below) see particularly chapter 1 by Keohane and chapters 4-5 by Waltz]

Morgenthau Hans Politics among Nations the Struggle for Power and Peace (New York Alfred Knopf 1948 and later eds) [Influential but also highly contested attempt to make power the scientific basis for studying IR]

Waltz Kenneth Theory of International Politics (Reading MA Addison-Wesley 1979) [Seminal work perhaps best approached through Keohanersquos collection at this stage]

Wolfers Arnold Discord and Collaboration Essays on International Politics (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press 1962) [Sophisticated and pragmatic realism in a series of essays any of which will reward reading]


Liberalism covers a multitude of diverse approaches in relation to politics both within the state and between states In IR liberalism stresses the interrelationship between inside and outside unlike realism which sees the international realm as distinctive Liberalism also looks for the possibilities for cooperation between states especially (after 1918) through international law and institutions It is closely associated with what is known as the Grotian view and to some extent with modern rationalism It is also naturally the point of reference for those concerned to stress the rights of individuals rather than states and ethical obligations to strangers Economic liberalism tends to highlight trade interdependence and human progress

Axelrod Robert and Robert O Keohane lsquoAchieving cooperation under anarchy strategies and institutionsrsquo World Politics 38 no 1 October 1985

10 | P a g e

Burchill Scott lsquoLiberalismrsquo in Burchill and Linklater (see TEXTS)

Doyle Michael W lsquoLiberalism and World Politicsrsquo American Political Science Review 80 no 4 (1986) pp 1151-1169 [authoritative treatment of the political philosophy behind liberal practices in international relations For a more developed version see Doyle Ways of War and Peace Realism Liberalism and Socialism (New York WW Norton 1997) Part II]

Fukuyama Francis The End of History and the Last Man (New York Free Press 1992) [For the condensed precursor essay see Fukuyama ldquoThe End of Historyrdquo The National Interest (Summer 1989)]

Howard Michael War and the Liberal Conscience (London Temple Smith 1978) [Insights from a major historian sensitive to the necessary dialogue between realism and liberalism]

Held David Democracy and the Global Order From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Democracy (Cambridge Polity 1995) [from a leading exponent of optimistic modern liberalism]

Hill Christopher lsquo1939 the Origins of Liberal Realismrsquo Review of International Studies 15 1989 [an attempt to show why World War II led to liberalism evolving rather than disappearing]

Vincent RJ Human Rights and International Relations (Oxford Oxford University Press 1986) [One of the first IR attempts to bring human rights to the centre of the subject]


Strictly speaking constructivism is not a theory of the substance of international politics it is an epistemological approach common across the social sciences emphasising the need to understand human behaviour not in terms of objective reality let alone laws but rather in terms of lsquointer- subjective understandingsrsquo ndash that is how we use ideas frames perceptions to construct our world which is thus far less predictable than realists liberals or Marxists would have us believe Constructivism has become the dominant approach among European IR scholars and has also established a firm foothold in the US where however rationalism still dominates NB the distinction between lsquothinrsquo constructivism seen as close to liberal rationalism and the lsquothickrsquo variety being strongly post-positivist even post-modernist

Hopf Ted lsquoThe promise of constructivism in International Relations Theoryrsquo International Security 23 no 1 (1998)

Reus-Schmidt Christian lsquoConstructivismrsquo in Burchill and Linklater (see TEXTS)

11 | P a g e

Wendt Alexander lsquoAnarchy is what states make of it the social construction of power politicsrsquo International Organization 46 no 2 (1992) [Classic article from the leading IR constructivist]

Finnemore Martha and Kathryn Sikkink lsquoInternational norm dynamics and political changersquo International Organization 52 no 4 (1998) 887-917 [How can seemingly weak political actors compel powerful states and organisations to alter their behavior]

Guzzini Stefano Power Realism and Constructivism (London Routledge 2013) Part III [Excellent critical synthesis looking back on 20 years of constructivism in IR]

Ruggie John Constructing the World Polity Essays on International Instittutionalization (London Routledge 1998) [Key essays from a leading theorist who has also held major posts at the UN]

Wendt Alexander Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999) [Wendtrsquos major book replying to Waltzrsquos of 1979 Densely theoretical but rewarding]


IR has often been accused of being too close to power despite the influence of lsquoidealismrsquo between the two World Wars With the development of the subject at universities world-wide has come a wide range of approaches empirical and theoretical with critical approaches both to intellectual orthodoxies and their assumptions about what is possible ndash and more importantly not possible ndash in international politics One critical strand looks back to Marxism Another currently more vigorous derives from the work of Michel Foucault and others in challenging the foundational assumptions of established social science This strand is generally termed lsquopost-structuralrsquo There has also been much work generated by feminist and green writers which is generally counter-orthodoxy but not easy to place into the standard academic categories

Burchill and Linklater (see TEXTS) chapters 5 on Marx and 7 on critical theory [Chapters 6 8 10 and 11 (on historical sociology post-structuralism feminism and green politics respectively) are also worth further reading for those particularly interested in this general approach to IR]

Cox Robert W lsquoSocial forces states and world orders beyond International Relations theoryrsquo Millennium 10 no 2 (1981) [highly influential attempt to draw attention to the structures which underlie international relations]

Linklater Andrew lsquoCitizenship and sovereignty in the post-Westphalian statersquo European Journal of International Relations 2 no 1 (1996) [A major statement from Britainrsquos leading

12 | P a g e

IR theorist creatively combining influences from both Marxism and the English School For a fuller treatment see Linklaterrsquos book The Transformation of International Community Ethical Foundations of the Post-Westphalian Era (Cambridge Polity 1998)]

Enloe Cynthia lsquoMargins silences and bottom rungs how to overcome the underestimation of power in the study of International Relationsrsquo in Steve Smith Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (eds) International Theory Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1997) [Attack on the IRrsquos neglect of the actual impact of power on ordinary lives from a leading feminist empiricist]

Strange Susan Casino Capitalism (Oxford Basil Blackwell 1986) [prescient sceptical and readable account from the founder of modern international political economy stressing US hegemony]

Tickner J A Gendering World Politics (New York Columbia University Press 2001) [one of the key writers among feminist approaches to IR]

Campbell David Writing Security United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity revised ed (Manchester Manchester University Press 1998) [Sometimes difficult but innovative study on how foreign policy relies on creating the lsquoOtherrsquo and how that very process shapes our own identities]

Gill Stephen (ed) Gramsci Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1993) [The Italian theorist and anti-fascist Antonio Gramsci has been increasingly influential in the study of IR for the way he combines ideas and material factors]

Essay Questions for Theories and Approaches

Extra readings are given here to indicate how theory can be relevant to real-world problems

1 Take any two theoretical perspectives and consider what light they throw on the possibility of the US accepting a peaceful rise of China to superpower status

Suggested extra readings

a Ikenberry G John Michael Mastanduno and William C Wohlforth lsquoUnipolarity state behavior and systemic consequencesrsquo World Politics 61 no 1 (2009)

b Friedberg Aaron L lsquoThe Future of US-China Relations Is Conflict Inevitablersquo International Security 30 no 2(2005)

13 | P a g e

2 Which theory or theories seem to you best suited to explaining the European Unions growing international role

Suggested extra reading

Filippo Andreatta The EUs international relations a theoretical view in Christopher Hill and Michael Smith eds International Relations and the European Union 2nd ed OUP 2011

3 Did the global recession which began in 2008 demonstrate the weakness of liberal IR theory andor vindicate Marxist-critical approaches to international politics


a Drezner Daniel W lsquoThe System Worked Global Economic Governance during the Great Recessionrsquo World Politics 66 no 1 (2014)

b Foster John Bellamy and Robert W McChesney lsquoThe Endless Crisisrsquo Monthly Review 64 no 1 (2012) Available for download at httpmonthlyrevieworg20120501the-endless-crisis

THEME 1 History - the evolution of the international system

For the whole of theme I see Watson Adam The Evolution of International Society (see TEXTS) 1-276 [The best single source on this subject clear and informative see especially pp152-198 on the emergence of the European states-system]

7 Why the state

The international system used to be constituted by a meacutelange of city-states principalities empires feudal and tribal entities and other forms of political organization It is now overwhelming characterized by polities defined as states What were the historical dynamics that produced the modern state system

Bean Richard lsquoWar and the birth of the nation statersquo Journal of Economic History 33 no 1 (1973) [Sensitive to military political and economic dynamics Bean anticipates Charles Tillyrsquos argument that lsquowar made the state and the state made warrsquo]

Buzan Barry and Richard Little International Systems in World History Remaking the study of International Relations (Oxford Oxford University Press 2000) especially pp 163-240 [Occasionally over-abstract this study nonetheless takes on the big picture with clarity

14 | P a g e

and confidence The pages recommended deal with the ancient and classical systems the authors have identified that is from 3000 BC to 1500 AD]

Hui Victoria Tin-bor lsquoToward a dynamic theory of international politics insights from comparing ancient China and early modern Europersquo International Organization 58 no 1 (2004) [Why did ancient China become a single state rather than a set of competing states as was the case in Europe]

Holsti Kal International Politics A Framework for Analysis 7th edition (London Prentice Hall 1995) Chapter 2 [gives a concise summary of the systems of the ancient world]

Osiander Andreas The States System of Europe 1640-1990 Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford Oxford University Press 1994) [Study of the four great peace congresses from Westphalia through Utrecht and Vienna to Versailles Students interested in reading Osianderrsquos longer critique of popular conceptions of the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 should see his article lsquoSovereignty international relations and the Westphalian mythrsquo International Organization 55 no 2 (2001)]

Spruyt Hendrik lsquoInstitutional selection in international relations State anarchy as orderrsquo International Organization 48 no 4 (1994) [Why states won out over city-states ]

Tilly Charles lsquoWar making and state making as organized crimersquo in Bringing the State Back In ed by Peter Evans Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol (Cambridge University Press 1985) [Influential study of how war has shaped the modern state as we know it]

Berridge Geoffrey et al (eds) Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2001) [Essays on the major theorists of diplomacy see especially those on Machiavelli Grotius and Nicolson]

Bull Hedley and Adam Watson (eds) The Expansion of International Society (Oxford Oxford University Press 1984) Chapter 1 [brief summary by Watson of the approach eventually taken in his later book above]

Mattingly Garrett Renaissance Diplomacy (London Penguin 1955) Chapters 27-28 [close- textured but fascinating history of the emergence of modern diplomacy in the Italian city- states a classic]

Wight Martin Systems of States (Leicester Leicester University Press 1977) [Erudite historical and philosophical reflections on how international relations evolved]

15 | P a g e


The sovereignty principle and its relation to power the classical 18th century balance of power system the upheaval of the French revolution the beginnings of institutionalised discussion about international order ndash the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe

Jervis Robert lsquoSecurity regimesrsquo International Organization 36 no 2 (1982) [Understanding the classic balance of power in Europe within an institutional framework written by one of the leading US IR scholars of the past four decades]

Schroeder Paul lsquoNot even for the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries power and order in the early modern erarsquo in Ernest May Richard Rosecrance and Zara Steiner eds History and Neorealism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2010) pp78-102 [informed critique of some conventional wisdoms For a more historically narrow essay by Schroeder see lsquoDid the Vienna settlement rest on a balance of powerrsquo The American Historical Review 97 no 3 (1992)]

Hinsley FH Power and the Pursuit of Peace (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1963) Chapters

8-11 [A classic book which looks both at the key ideas about war and peace in modern Europe and at the actual evolution of the system]

Lauren Paul Gordon Craig and Alexander Craig Force and Statecraft Diplomatic challenges of our time 4th edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) Chapters 1 and 2 [One of the best US overviews again combining theory with history]

Osiander Andreas The States System of Europe 1640-1990 Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford Oxford University Press 1994) [Study of the four great peace congresses from Westphalia through Utrecht and Vienna to Versailles]

Simms Brendan ldquoA false principle in the Law of Nationsrdquo Burke state sovereignty [German] liberty and intervention in the age of Westphaliarsquo in Simms Brendan and DJ B Trimm eds Humanitarian Intervention A History (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2011) [A detailed contestation of the idea that Westphalia put an end to interventions on moral grounds in domestic affairs]

Simms Brendan Europe the Struggle for Supremacy 1453 to the Present A History of the Continent from 1500 (London Allen Lane 2013) [A major reinterpretation of modern Europe history focusing on geopolitics Long]

Henry Kissinger Diplomacy (New York Simon amp Schuster 1994) Chapters 4-7 [sophisticated realism from the leading scholar-practitioner of our time]

16 | P a g e

Sked Alan The Decline and Fall of the Hapsburg Empire 1815-1918 2nd edition (Harlow Longman 2001)

Wright Peter Moorehead (ed) Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power 1486-1914 (London Dent 1975)

9 The Concert of Europe Industrialism and Empire

The Concert of Europe and the beginnings of international organisation the impact of economics ndash industrialisation and free trade the British lead and the consequences for imperial expansion ndash nationalism the lsquoScramble for Africarsquo and the naval arms race the emerging crisis of the European states system

Bayly CA The Birth of the Modern World 1780-1914 (Oxford Blackwell 2004) chapter 6 on lsquoNation empire and ethnicity c 1860-1900rsquo

Kennedy Paul The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers economic change and military conflict from 1500-2000 (London Unwin Hyman 1988) Chapters 4-5 [A book which touched a chord in the USA worried about decline Powerful historical analysis of the impact of imperial overstretch]

Polanyi Karl The Great Transformation The political and economic origins of our time (Boston Beacon Press 1957) Chapters 1-2 [Influential classic not always easy to read but with highly original analysis of the relationship between states power and markets]

Joll James Europe since 1870 an International History 3rd edition (London Penguin 1990) Chapters 1 4-7 [Superior text]

Schroeder Paul Systems Stability and Statecraft Essays on the International History of Modern Europe (New York Palgrave Macmillan 2004) Chapters 1 2 910 [Schroeder is one of the leading historians of 19th century diplomacy and one who enjoys debating with political scientists The chapters suggested are among the most wide-ranging of his essays]

Stearns Peter N The Industrial Revolution in World History (any edition) [Placing the industrial revolution in global and historical context]

Bartlett CJ The Global Conflict 1860-1990 (London Longman 1984)

Haslam Jonathan No Virtue Like Necessity Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli (New Haven Yale University Press 2002) pp 128-161 [Important for its analysis of the neglected economic dimension of the balance of power]

17 | P a g e

Joll James The Origins of the First World War (London Longman 1992) [Sharp concise compelling]

Roberts JM Europe 1880-1945 3rd edition (London Longman 2000) Chapters 2-4[High- level text]


The political impact of the Great War the attempt to build peace through law the strengths and weaknesses of the League of Nations reasons for failure the impact of economic depression and nationalist reactions the realist critique

Carr EH The Twenty Years Crisis (London Macmillan 1946) [Major classic which deserves reading right through Chapters 2-3-4 provide Carrrsquos critique of lsquoutopianismrsquo and of the League of Nationsrsquo]

Best Anthony et al International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond (see TEXTS) chapters 2 and 7

Dunbabin John lsquoThe League of Nationsrsquo place in the international systemrsquo History 78 254 (1993) pp 421-442

Keylor William The Twentieth Century and Beyond An International History since 1900 5th edition

(Oxford Oxford University Press 2009) Chapters 2-4 [detailed and informative]

Lauren Paul Gordon Craig and Alexander George Force and Statecraft Diplomatic challenges of our time 4th edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) Chapter 3

Steiner Zara The Lights that Failed European international history 1919-1933 (Oxford Oxford University Press 2005) Chapter 7

Steiner Zara The Triumph of the Dark European international history 1933-1939 (Oxford Oxford University Press 2011) [The second volume of the most recent and authoritative diplomatic history of the period Probably best used for reference at this stage]

Armstrong David Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond International Organisation in World Politics 3rd edition (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2004) Chapter 2

Henig Ruth (ed) The League of Nations (London Haus Publishing 2010) [good commentary on the Articles of the Leaguersquos Covenant]

Keynes JM The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London Macmillan 1919) [Devastating contemporary critique of Versailles which either foretold the troubles to come

18 | P a g e

or helped to create them according to onersquos view] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455805)

Northedge FS The League of Nations its life and times (Leicester Leicester University Press 1986) [Lucid history written by an IR professional with an historical approach]


Why was international organisation deemed so important in 1945 given the collapse of the League of Nations The emergence of a bipolar balance of power the impact of nuclear weapons the attempt to ensure economic stability the impact of economic growth and of decolonization the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet bloc unipolarity or multipolarity The impact of globalisation

Gaddis John Lewis lsquoThe Long Peace Elements of Stability in the Postwar International Systemrsquo

International Security 10 no 4 (1986) [A statement by one of the leading historians of the Cold War]

Ikenberry G John lsquoA world economy restored Expert consensus and the Anglo-American postwar settlementrsquo International Organization 46 no 1 (1992) [A historical and theoretical argument for why the US remain engaged with the European system after World War II unlike World War I]

A debate about the end of the Cold War Stephen G Brooks and William C Wohlforth lsquoPower Globalization and the End of the Cold War Reevaluating a Landmark Case for Ideasrsquo International Security 25 no 3 (200001) and in reply Robert D English lsquoPower ideas and new evidence on the Cold Wars end A reply to Brooks and Wohlforthrsquo International Security 26 no 4 (2002)

Calvocoressi Peter World Politics since 1945 9th edition (Harlow Pearson Longman 2009) Chapter 1 [Long detailed and useful reference book on all the major episodes of post-1945 world history good maps]

Clark Ian Globalisation and Fragmentation International Relations in the Twentieth Century (Oxford Oxford University Press 1997) Chapters 6-8 [Important overview from a leading figure in both the history and theory of IR]

19 | P a g e

Halliday Fred The Making of the Second Cold War (London Verso 1983) Chapters 1-2 [Critical perspective on both superpowers as deacutetente failed at the end of the 1970s]

Lauren Paul Gordon Craig and Alexander George Force and Statecraft Diplomatic challenges of our time 4th edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) Chapters 4-6

Reynolds David One World Divisible A Global History since 1945 (London Penguin Press 2001) especially Chapters 1 4 6 10 [The main chapters on superpower relations up to 1979 from this major synthesis of developments at all levels of post-war history]

Buzan Barry The United States and the Great Powers (Cambridge Polity Press 2004) Chapters 1 and 3

Clark Ian The Post-Cold War Order the spoils of peace (Oxford Oxford University Press 2001)

Fukuyama Francis The End of History and the Last Man (Harmondsworth Penguin 1993) [In this book Fukuyama articulated - albeit intelligently - the triumphalism which engulfed some of the West after the fall of the USSR and which culminated in the rise of neo- conservatism in US foreign policy He recanted in an article in the New York Times Magazine of 19 February 2006 ndash to be found in the Wikipedia entry in his name]

Essay questions for Theme 1

1 In what sense if any did lsquointernational relationsrsquo exist in pre-modern times Answer with reference to one or more regionscivilisations

2 Trace the emergence of the sovereign state in Europe Why did this prove such a critical development for international relations

3 Did the industrial revolution destroy the balance of power

4 Was the League of Nations doomed to fail

5 Discuss the extent to which any ONE of the following had an impact on the structure of the international system the First World War the Second World War the end of the Cold War

6 How did a truly global international system come into being

20 | P a g e

THEME II War in international society

12) War (i) systems and dyads

Levels of analysis human nature the state and international anarchy bargaining failure and war technological change and arms races territorial expansion and the role of imperialism religion and the lsquoclash of civilisationsrsquo inequality international terrorism

Singer J David lsquoThe Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relationsrsquo World Politics 14 no1 (1961) pp 77-92 [Introduces the level-of-analysis framework which is central to understanding modern theories on the causes of war]

Levy Jack S and William R Thompson Causes of War (Oxford Wiley-Blackwell 2010) Chapter 2 [Excellent and fairly comprehensive review of the theoretical literature]

Reiter Dan lsquoExploring the bargaining model of warrsquo Perspective on Politics1 no 1 (2003) [A very accessible introduction to the sometimes intimidating formal literature on strategic bargaining and war]

Hobbes Thomas Leviathan Chapter 13 (lsquoOf the Natural Condition of Mankindrsquo) any edition [Hobbes has been a great source of inspiration for realist IR scholars]

Jervis Robert lsquoCooperation Under the Security Dilemmarsquo World Politics 30 no2 (1978) [Explains how efforts to increase onersquos own security can actually decrease it and discusses possible ways out of the dilemma]

Howard Michael The Causes of Wars (London Temple Smith 1983) [Sparkling and varied essays from Britainrsquos leading military historian]

Huntington Samuel P lsquoThe clash of civilisationsrsquo Foreign Affairs (Summer 1993) pp 22-49 [Predicts that future wars will largely occur along cultural and civilizational fault-lines Highly influential and controversial analysis]

Mearsheimer John The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York WW Norton 2001) Chapters 1-2 [Confident statement of lsquooffensive realismrsquo]

Blainey Geoffrey The Causes of War (New York Free Press 1988) [Thoughtful historical examination of patterns of war over the last three centuries]

Bull Hedley The Anarchical Society (London Macmillan 1977) Chapter 8

Freedman Lawrence (ed) War (Oxford Oxford University Press 1994) Section B [A very useful reader with a wide range of relevant extracts]

21 | P a g e

Suganami Hidemi On the Causes of War (Oxford Oxford University Press 1996) [Erudite logical and careful dissection of the common errors made when talking about causes]

Van Evera Stephen ldquoOffense Defense and the Causes of Warrdquo International Security Vol 22 No 4 (Spring 1998) pp 5-43 [War is more likely when conquest is easy or thought to be easy]

Walt Stephen M Revolution and War (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 1997) [Explains how revolution within states can heighten the security dilemma between them]

Waltz Kenneth N Man the State and War (New York Columbia University Press 1959) Classic study using the levels-of-analysis framework]

Waltz Kenneth N lsquoThe Origins of War in Neorealist Theoryrsquo Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol 18 No 4 (1998) pp 615-628 [Anarchy causes war ndash a good summary of Waltzrsquos seminal contribution]

13 War (ii) domestic causes

The state itself the possibility that certain types of stateregime are more or less war-prone than others nationalism and revolutions interventions and the tendency towards crusading competing explanations of the two world wars

See many of the references in the previous section including in particular Blainey Howard and Suganami but also

Frieden Jeffrey A David A Lake and Kenneth A Schultz World Politics Interests Interactions Institutions (New York WW Norton 2010) Ch4 lsquoDomestic Politics and Warrsquo [Exceptionally clear overview of relevant theories]

Lenin VI ldquoImperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalismrdquo in Richard K Betts Conflict after the Cold War 4th edition (Pearson 2012) or any other edition of Leninrsquos seminal text [Capitalist societies are expansionist The full version is available online at wwwmarxistsorgarchiveleninworks1916imp-hsc]

Doyle Michael W lsquoKant Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairsrsquo Part I Philosophy amp Public Affairs 12 no 3 (Summer 1983 [Why established liberal democracies do not fight each other An essential classic]

Mansfield Eward D and Jack Snyder lsquoDemocratization and Warrsquo Foreign Affairs Vol 74 No 3 (1995) pp 79-97 [Established democracies may not fight each other but democratizing states are exceptionally warlike]

22 | P a g e

Snyder Jack Myths of Empire Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 1993) Chapters 1-2 [Explains how domestic logrolling can result in bellicose and even imperialist policies]

Van Evera Stephen lsquoHypotheses on Nationalism and Warrsquo International Security 18 no 4 (Spring 1994) [Explains which lsquotypesrsquo of nationalism can lead to war and under what circumstances]

Levy Jack S lsquoDomestic Politics and Warrsquo The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18 no 4 (Spring 1998) [Historians generally explain war as the outcome of domestic politics Levy attempts to systematize their arguments]

Levy Jack S and William R Thompson Causes of War (Oxford Wiley-Blackwell 2010) Chapter 4 [Good overview of the theoretical literature]

Freedman Lawrence lsquoThe age of liberal warsrsquo Review of International Studies 31 no 1 (2005) [Uses the 2003 Iraq War as a starting-point to discuss the role of legitimacy and liberal values in producing military interventions]

Mueller John lsquoThe Obsolescence of Major Warrsquo Security Dialogue 21 (July 1990) pp 321-328 [As culture changes inter-state war might simply disappear]

14 War (iii) systemic consequences

War as major agent of change peace settlements the redistribution of power and new international orders economic reconstruction empires ndash collapses and creations state-formation ethnic cleansing and migration technological and economic change lsquonew warsrsquo

Ikenberry G John After Victory Institutions strategic restraint and the building of order after major wars (Princeton Princeton University Press 2001) Chaps 1 6 [Shows how major peace settlements have shaped the next stage of international order]

Gilpin Robert War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1983) Chaps 1 5 (eBook ttpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|464500) [Classic realist statement on how war can change the international hierarchy and the rules that underpin it]

Ramos Jennifer Changing Norms Through Action The Evolution of Sovereignty (Oxford Oxford University Press 2013) [Studies under what conditions wars that violate international rules can actually change those rules]

23 | P a g e

Mark W Zacher lsquoThe Territorial Integrity Norm International Boundaries and the Use of Forcersquo International Organization Vol 55 No 2 (2001) pp 215-250 [Explains why contemporary wars no longer result in territorial change]

Kaldor Mary New and Old wars Organized Violence in a Global Era 3rd ed (Palo Alto CA Stanford University Press 2012) esp chaps 2 4 [Does it still make sense to focus primarily on traditional inter-state wars Kaldor shifts our attention to ldquonewrdquo wars within states and their broader consequences for the whole states-system]

Hurrell Andrew On Global Order (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) Chapter 7 [Good overview of the international ramifications of war and attempts that have been made to manage the phenomenon] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|4718158)

Barkin Samuel and Bruce Cronin lsquoThe state and the nation changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relationsrsquo International Organization 48 (1994) pp 107-130 [Studies how the international sovereignty regime has changed partially as a result of major war]

Freedman Lawrence (ed) War (Oxford Oxford University Press 1994) Section G

15 War (iv) domestic consequences

Regime change revolution nationalism militarisation destruction death and genocide ndash the demographic impact economic change ndash ruin andor stimulus social change as in the franchise the role of women artistic expression

Krebs Ronald R lsquoIn the Shadow of War The Effects of Conflict on Liberal Democracyrsquo International Organization 63 no 1 (Winter 2009) [Those interested in a more extensive treatment of the question should see the collection of essays in Elizabeth Kier and Ronald R Krebs eds In Warrsquos Wake International Conflict and the Fate of Liberal Democracy (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2010)]

Barnett Michael Confronting the Costs of War Military Power State and Society in Egypt and Israel (Princeton Princeton University Press 1992) ch 6 [How did constant preparation for war from the 1940s through 1970s affect the state and societies of two of the most powerful Middle Eastern countries]

Sorenson George lsquoWar and State-Making Why Doesnrsquot it Work in the Third Worldrsquo Security Dialogue 32 no 3 (September 2001) [Applies Tillyrsquos analysis to the developing world]

24 | P a g e

Desch Michael C lsquoWar and strong states peace and weak statesrsquo International Organization 50 no 2 (1996) 237-268

Marwick Arthur Clive Emsley and Wendy Simpson (eds) Total War and Historical Change Europe 1914-1955 (Buckingham Open University Press 2001) [Marwick was a path-breaker in writing the history of social change in Britain as the consequence of war Here the analysis is extended across Europe]

Zarakol Ayse After Defeat How the East Learned to Live with the West (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2011) [Studies international stigmatization and the integration of defeated eastern powersmdashTurkey after WWI Japan after WWII and Russia after the Cold Warmdashinto the international system]

Bell Duncan ed Memory Trauma and World Politics (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2006) Chapters 1 3 11 [Memory has become a hugely important theme in the humanities and social sciences The essays in this advanced book probe into what this means for world politics] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|4718148)

Centeno Miguel Blood and Debt War and the Nation-State in Latin America (University Park Pennsylvania State University Press 2002)

Gourevitch Peter lsquoThe Second Image Reversed The International Sources of Domestic Politicsrsquo International Organization Vol 32 No 4 (1978) pp 881-912 read esppp896-900 [First systematic analysis of how the international system can affect domestic politics]

Higonnet Margaret R et al eds Behind the Lines Gender and the Two World Wars (New Haven Yale University Press 1987)

Maier Charles Recasting Bourgeois Europe stabilization in France Germany and Italy in the decade after World War I (Princeton Princeton University Press 1975) Parts I amp II

McNeill W H The Pursuit of Power (Oxford Blackwell 1983) Chapters 7-9 [The classic discussion of the interaction between military technology society and international politics] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|5029747)

Essay questions for Theme II

1 Is it sensible to talk about the causes of war as opposed to the causes of wars

2 lsquoWhile there are sovereign states there will be warsrsquo Discuss

3 Can war break out even if all the parties to a dispute are lsquorationalrsquo actors

25 | P a g e

4 Do great wars lead to great changes in the international system Consider in relation to ONE of the Napoleonic wars the First World War the Second World War

5 Does war only produce domestic change in states already in a condition of upheaval

6 Can liberal democracies fight wars without sacrificing their political values

7 How can a lsquopower transitionrsquo between the US and China be handled peacefully

THEME III The elements of international order


The differences between the concepts of lsquosystemrsquo societyrsquo and lsquocommunityrsquo as applied to international relations Hedley Bulls notion of the anarchical society Martin Wightrsquos three perspectives realism rationalism and revolutionism lsquoworld societyrsquo

Bull Hedley The Anarchical Society (London Macmillan 1977) Chapters 1-3 [The major work of lsquothe English Schoolrsquo also useful as a high-level text]

Buzan Barry lsquoFrom international system to international society Structural realism and regime theory meet the English schoolrsquo International Organization 47 no 3 (1993) [A useful synthesis of a set of perspectives on international politics that are often treated as competitors]

Jackson Robert The Global Covenant Human conduct in a world of states (Oxford Oxford University Press 2000) Chapter 5 [Strong argument for the continued importance of states and of agreements between them] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455400)

Dunne Tim lsquoThe English Schoolrsquo in Tim Dunne Milja Kurki and Steve Smith (eds) International Relations Theories Discipline and Diversity (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) [this text as a whole is exceptionally clear on concepts theories schools of thought and paradigms]

Mayall James World Politics progress and its limits (see TEXTS) Part I

Wight Martin International Theory the Three Traditions (Leicester University Press 1994)

Kaplan Morton System and Process in International Politics (Essex European Consortium for Political Research Press 2005)[Reprint of a classic of systems theory applied to IR]

26 | P a g e

Mitchell C R lsquoWorld Society as Cobweb States actors and systemic processesrsquo in Michael Banks(ed) Conflict in World Society A new perspective on International Relations (Brighton Wheatsheaf 1984) [Well-written account of an alternative view of global politics stressing the transnational dimension]

Northedge FS The International Political System (London Faber 1976) Chapters 1-3 [Lucid traditionalist view of a system run on realist principles but edging towards a society of states]

17 Statehood

The definition of a state states nations and governments nationalism and international relations the internal and external faces of statehood legal personality and membership of the international states system the variety of states the state in decline

Jackson Robert lsquoSovereignty in world politics a glance at the conceptual and historical landscapersquo Political Studies 47 no 3 (1999) (Cambridge Polity 2007) [An effective and up to date treatment of the theme]

Krasner Stephen D lsquoRethinking the sovereign state modelrsquo Review of International Studies 27 no 5 (2001) [A powerful realist critique of the Grundnorm seeing it as nothing more than lsquoorganised hypocrisyrsquo Those interested in a fuller treatment should see Krasnerrsquos book Sovereignty Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton University Press 1999)]

Sorensen Georg The Transformation of the State beyond the myth of retreat (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2004) Chapter 6 [Clearest recent discussion of how the state has had to adapt to modern conditions] A similar chapter can be found in Colin Hay Michael Lister and David Marsh eds The State Theories and Issues (Houndsmill Palgrave Macmillan 2006)

Halliday Fred Rethinking International Relations (Basingstoke Macmillan 1994) Chapter 4 [Cogent discussion from a critic of IRrsquos failure to develop a proper theory of the state]

Hobson JM The State and International Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2000) [Assesses all the major schools of thought about the state in IR]

James Alan lsquoThe practice of sovereign statehood in contemporary international societyrsquo Political Studies 47 no 3 (1999)

27 | P a g e

Mayall James Nationalism and International Society (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1990) Chapters 1 and 2 [Still the best thing available on states nations nationalism and IR]

Navari Cornelia lsquoStates and state systems democratic Westphalian or bothrsquo Review of International Studies 33 (2007) pp 577-595

Hinsley FH Sovereignty (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1986) [Still valuable for its history of sovereignty]

Navari Cornelia (ed) lsquoIntroduction the state as an essentially contested conceptrsquo in Cornelia Navari (ed) The Condition of States (Milton Keynes Open University Press 1991)


The functions of foreign policy the changing character of diplomacy the key aspects of decision- making the changing roles of foreign ministries and of diplomats the principal instruments of foreign policy ndash military political economic and cultural ndash and their limitations the subject of Foreign Policy Analysis

Berridge GR Diplomacy theory and practice 4th edition (Palgrave Macmillan 2010)

Hill Christopher lsquoWhat is to be Done Foreign Policy as a Site for Political Actionrsquo International Affairs 79 no 2 (March 2003) [Argues against the neglect of foreign policy and of agency in general by IR structuralists]

Hudson Valerie M lsquoForeign Policy Analysis Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relationsrsquo Foreign Policy Analysis 1 no 1 (2005) [An argument for FPA as the fundamental lsquobuilding blockrsquo of studies of international politics with an overview of what makes the approach distinctive]

Alden Chris and Aran Amnon Foreign Policy Analysis New Approaches Understanding the Diplomacy or War Profit and Justice (London Routledge 2012) [Concise and up to date]

Hill Christopher The Changing Politics of Foreign Policy (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2003) Chapters 1 2 6 and 11 [Detailed study designed for third year undergraduates and postgraduates but these chapters are relevant here]

28 | P a g e

Hudson Valerie Foreign Policy Analysis Classic and Contemporary Theory (Lanham MD Rowman and Littlefield 2006) [Excellent overview of the main theories of foreign policy and its making]

Lauren Paul Gordon Craig and Alexander Craig Force and Statecraft Diplomatic challenges of our time (4th edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2007)

Ross Carne Independent Diplomat dispatches from an unaccountable elite (London Hurst 2007) Chapter 1 [Critical account from someone who resigned from the British Diplomatic Service]

Smith Steve Amelia Hadfield Tim Dunne (eds) Foreign Policy theories actors cases (Oxford Oxford University Press 2012) [Good introduction to foreign policy in theory and practice]

Berridge Geoffrey et al (eds) Diplomatic Theory from Machiavelli to Kissinger (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2001) [See essay on Harold Nicolson]

Hamilton Keith and Richard Langhorne The Practice of Diplomacy its evolution theory and administration (London Routledge 1995) Chapters 4-7

Hill Christopher lsquoForeign Policyrsquo in Joel Krieger (Ed) Oxford Companion to Politics of the World second revised edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 2001) [brief discussion of definitions overlaps with Chapter 1 of Hill Changing Politics of Foreign Policy below]

Kissinger Henry Diplomacy (Simon amp Schuster 1994) Chapters 9 and 28 [on Woodrow Wilson and Richard Nixon respectively)]

Mintz Alex and Karl DeRouen Jr Understanding Foreign Policy Decision Making (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2010) Chapters 1-3 [Most up to date discussion of decision- making theory for those with a special interest in the subject]

Nicolson Harold Diplomacy 3rd edition (Oxford Oxford University Press 1963) [Published between the wars and influenced by Nicolsonrsquos participation in the Paris Peace Conference Introduces the ideas of the lsquonew diplomacyrsquo]

Rathbun Brian C lsquoThe Value and Values of Diplomacy Rationalism Psychology and European Security in the 1920srsquo [From Rathbunrsquos book Diplomacys Value Creating Security in 1920s Europe and the Contemporary Middle East (Ithaca Cornell University Press 2014) available at wwwprincetonedupoliticsaboutfile-repositorypublicvalue-and-values-princetonpdf

Webber Mark and Michael Smith (eds) Foreign Policy in a Transformed World (Harlow Prentice Hall 2002) Chapters 1-4 11 [Good on individual national foreign policies]

29 | P a g e

Wittes Tamara Cofman ed How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate (Washington DC United States Institute of Peace 2005) [In-depth examination of a prominent area of interest]

19 International order law rules and norms ()

The problem of order at the international level tensions between order sovereignty and justice the distinctive character of international law its relationship to informal rules norms and regimes the proliferation of international organisations

Armstrong David Theo Farrell and Heacutelegravene Lambert International Law and International Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2007) especially Chapters 1-3 [Legally literate but also written from an IR viewpoint]


Jackson Robert The Global Covenant Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford Oxford University Press 2000) Chapter 1 (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455400)

Snyder Jack and Leslie Vinjamuri lsquoTrials and errors Principle and pragmatism in strategies of international justicersquo International Security 28 no 3 (20032004) [On possible unintended consequences of international law]

Armstrong David Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond International Organisation in World Politics 3rd edition (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2004) Chapters 1 and 13 [Short guide in these chapters to the rise of international organisations political and economic]

Barnett Michael N and Martha Finnemore lsquoThe politics power and pathologies of international organizationsrsquo International Organization 53 no 4 (1999) [An analysis of IOs from within a sociological-bureaucratic framework A more extensive treatment of the question can be found in Barnett and Finnemorersquos book Rules for the world International organizations in global politics (Ithaca Cornell University Press 2004)]

Byers Michael (ed) The role of law in international politics essays in international relations and international law (Oxford Oxford University Press 2001) especially Chapters 1 3 10 and Conclusion [Byers is one of the increasing number of international lawyers working at the interface with IR]

Hafner-Burton Emilie M and James Ron lsquoSeeing double Human rights impact through qualitative and quantitative eyesrsquo World Politics 61 no 2 (2009) [A review of some of the

30 | P a g e

best work on human rights and international law conclusions about the effects of international law on state behaviour depend on where you look and the methods you use to interpret the evidence]

Hurrell Andrew lsquoNorms and Ethics in International Relationsrsquo in Walter Carlsnaes Thomas Risse and Beth Simmonds (eds) Handbook of International Relations (London Sage 2002)

Byers Michael Custom Power and the Power of Rules international relations and customary international law (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1999) Chapters 1-3 and 9

Kratochwil Friedrich Rules Norms and Decisions (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1989) Chapters 1-3 [One of the key theorists in the emergence of constructivism in IR that is how ideas shape behaviour]

Slaughter Ann-Marie A New World Order (Princeton Princeton University Press 2004) [Influential argument by a leading US scholar-practitioner that the world is held together by horizontal networks between disaggregated states]

20 International organisation (i) The UN Security Council ()

The aims behind the UNSC its powers functioning and record demands for reform ndash and possible new models the limitations of its role as the agent of international society changing definitions of security and new challenges

Mingst Karen A and Margaret P Karns The United Nations in the 21st Century 4th ed (Boulder Westview Press 2012) Ch 4 lsquoPeace and Security International Organizations as Venues for Securityrsquo

Buchanan Allen and Robert O Keohane lsquoPrecommitment regimes for intervention supplementing the Security Councilrsquo Ethics and International Affairs 25 1 (2011) [imaginative attempt to circumvent the UNSCrsquos monopoly on security issues]


Berdal Mats lsquoThe United Nations Security Council ineffective but indispensablersquo Survival 45 no 2 (June 2003) [Sharp analysis of an impasse which continues a decade later]

31 | P a g e

Lowe Vaughan Adam Roberts Jennifer Welsh and Dominik Zaum (eds) The United Nations Security Council and War The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (Oxford OUP 2008) [Comprehensive set of essays on every aspect of the UNSCrsquos work Best used for reference]

Mazower Mark No Enchanted Palace the end of empire and the ideological origins of the United Nations (Princeton Princeton University Press 2009) pp 1-27 and 190-203 [the UN put into historical perspective]

Roberts Adam and Dominik Zaum Selective Security War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945 (Abingdon Routledge for the International Institute for Strategic Studies 2008) [Informative and judicious on what the UNSC can do and what not]

Hannay David New World Disorder The UN after the Cold War ndash an insiderrsquos view (London IB Tauris 2008) pp 1-27 [Tough-minded but constructive ex-practitioner expert on the UN and the Cyprus dispute]

Kennedy Paul The Parliament of Man the past present and future of the United Nations (New York Random House 2006) Chapters 1-3

Malone David (ed) The United Nations Security Council from the Cold War to the Twenty-first Century (London Lynne Rienner 2004) [Comprehensive coverage]

Melvern Linda lsquoThe Security Council behind the scenesrsquo International Affairs 771 (January 2001) pp 101-112 [Critique of UNSC decision-making over Rwandan genocide]

Roberts Adam and Benedict Kingsbury (eds) United Nations Divided World the UNrsquos roles in international relations (Oxford Clarendon Press 1993) [Now dated but excellent set of essays covering most angles for the Cold War period]

21 International organisation (ii) managing the international economy ()

The rise and fall of the Bretton Woods system the key role of the United States and the emergence of challenges to its hegemony the key regimes ndash trade currencies energy growth development and the environment states markets and privatisation ndash who takes responsibility and for what

Ruggie John Gerard lsquoInternational Regimes Transactions and Change Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Orderrsquo International Organization 36 no 2 (1982) [Ruggiersquos classic article on the interaction between social purpose and political power in determining the form of the global economy NB that an updated and less theoretically

32 | P a g e

densemdashthough less detailedmdashversion is RuggielsquoEmbedded Liberalism Revisited Institutions and Progress in International Economic Relationsrsquo in Emmanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford eds Progress in Postwar International Relations (New York Columbia University Press 1991) pp 201-234

Milner Helen V lsquoGlobalization development and international institutions Normative and positive perspectivesrsquo Perspectives on Politics 3 no 4 (2005) [A review of important debates drawn from several books on what role institutions can and should play in economic globalisation]

Gourevitch Peter lsquoChoice and Constraint in the Great Recession of 2008rsquo in Martha Finnemore and Judith Goldstein eds Back to Basics State Power in a Contemporary World (Oxford Oxford University Press 2013) [A look at how domestic and international politics impacted state responses to the most recent global economic crisis]

Economides Spyros and Peter Wilson The Economic Factor in International Relations a brief introduction (London IB Tauris 2001) [Clear but sophisticated account of the essentials of international political economy (IPE)] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|5011712)

Drezner Daniel W The System Worked How the World Stopped another Great Depression (Oxford Oxford University Press 2013) [As Drezner has said he has lsquocornered the market on optimismrsquo with this book Have the faults of international political-economic institutions been overstated]

Lake David and Mile Kahler eds Politics in the New Hard Times (Ithaca Cornell University Press 2013) [A collection of essays by leading scholars on the 2008 recession]

Narlikar Amrita The World Trade Organisation a very short introduction (Oxford Oxford University Press 2005) [Excellent brief account of the attempt to create an international trade regime]

Strange Susan lsquoWake up Krasner the world has changedrsquo Review of International Political Economy 1 no 2 (Summer 1994) pp 209-219 [Typically combative but also shrewd intervention from one of the most original thinkers on IPE]

Walter Andrew and Gautam Sen Analyzing the Global Political Economy (Princeton Princeton University Press 2009) [Good IPE text with more of an economics focus than the historical approach of Economides and Wilson]

Webb Michael C and Stephen D Krasner lsquoHegemonic stability theory an empirical assessmentrsquo Review of International Studies 15 no 2 (1989) [Places emphasis on economically powerful states]

33 | P a g e

Gill Stephen lsquoTwo concepts of international political economyrsquo Review of International Studies 16 4 (1990) pp 369-381 [Gramscian approach]

Gilpin Robert Global Political Economy understanding the international economic order (Princeton Princeton University Press 2001) especially Chapters 7-10 [One of the few classical realists to bother with economic issues]

22 International organisation (iii) The EU and other forms of regionalism ()

The regional v the universal the origins of European integration federalism and functionalism the uniqueness of the European experiment its record after 53 years the diverse experiences of the OAS NAFTA OAUAU ASEAN et al

Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette Debates on European Integration a Reader (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2006) pp 17-36 89-104 264-303 [Very useful source-book with expert commentary on the key theories and issues surrounding the integration process] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|4718153)

Katzenstein Peter A World of Regions Asia and Europe in the American Imperium (Ithaca Cornell University Press 2005) ch 4 [A comparative analysis of the regional organization of economic and security activity on two continents diverse responses to US power]

Zielonka Jan Is the EU doomed (Cambridge Polity 2014) [A short and sharp critique taking into account recent crises]

Armstrong David Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond International Organisation in World Politics 3rd edition (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2004) Chapters 8-12

Baylis John Smith Steve and Owens Patricia eds (TEXTS) Chapter 26

Bickerton Christopher European Integration From Nation-State to Member State (Oxford Oxford University Press 2012) Ch1 [Sharp analysis of the extent to which the EU is a function of the changing nature of statehood in Europe]

Ginsberg Roy H Demystifying the European Union the enduring logic of regional integration (Lenham Rowman amp Littlefield 2007) [Clear and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the EUrsquos experience]

Hoffmann Stanley The European Sisyphus Essays on Europe 1964-1994 (London Westview Press 1995) especially Chapters 3 7 12 13 [Incisive reflections from a major thinker about both Europe and international relations more generally]

34 | P a g e

Hill Christopher and Michael Smith International Relations and the European Union (Oxford Oxford University Press 2005 ndash second edition January 2011) Chapters 1-3 [An attempt to look at the EU through the lens of IR]

Hurrell Andrew lsquoOne world many worlds the place of regions in international societyrsquo International Affairs 83 no 1 (2007) [IR theorist and Latin American regionalist assesses the significance of the growth of regional organisations]

Acharya Amitav Constructing a Security Community in South East Asia ASEAN and the problem of regional order 2nd edition (Abingdon Routledge 2009)

Archer Clive International Organisations 3rd edition (London Routledge 2001) [Straightforward text]

Marquand David The End of the West the Once and Future Europe (Princeton Princeton University Press 2011) [lively and informed overview of Europersquos troubles from an academicpolitician]

23 Non-state actors and the concept of global civil society ()

The illusion that non-state actors (NSAs) are a modern phenomenon their variety ndash churches business pressure-groups media political parties trades unions revolutionary cells sports organisations social movements and the idea of a global civil society a challenge to the state

Bartelson Jens lsquoMaking sense of global civil societyrsquo European Journal of International Relations 12 no 3 (2006) [useful discussion of how far the scope of lsquocivil societyrsquo might be expanding]

Brown Chris lsquoCosmopolitanism world citizenship and global civil societyrsquo in Jones Peter and Simon Caney (eds) Human Rights and Global Diversity (London Frank Cass 2001) [Sceptical but fair- minded discussion of what it might mean to be a lsquoworld citizenrsquo]

Reimann Kim D lsquoA view from the top International politics norms and the worldwide growth of NGOsrsquo International Studies Quarterly 50 no 1 (2006) [Are NGOs representative of lsquoworld citizensrsquo or elites]

Vertovec Steven Transnationalism (Oxford OUP 2009) [excellent comprehensive coverage including diasporas and migration)

35 | P a g e

Archibugi Daniele The Global Commonwealth of Citizens Towards cosmopolitan democracy (Princeton Princeton University Press 2008) Chapters 1-5 [Lively idealist account of how to move beyond the states-system]


Rosenberg Justin The Follies of Globalisation Theory (London Verso 2000) pp1-15 [Sophisticated assault on the clicheacutes of globalisation thinking]

Ferguson Yale and Richard Mansbach A World of Polities Essays on global politics (Abingdon Routledge 2007) Chapter 9

Josselin Daphne and William Wallace (eds) Non-State Actors in World Politics (Basingstoke Palgrave 2001) [useful essays on different kinds of transnational actors]

Kaldor Mary Global Civil Society An answer to war (Cambridge Polity Press 2003) [Committed analysis from an academic who has advised senior European decision-makers]

Keane John Global Civil Society (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2003) [Political theory employed in defence of the idea of global civil society] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|4761533)

Keohane Robert and Joseph Nye (eds) Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1973) ndash a reprint from International Organization 25 no 3 (Summer 1971) [The first work to focus attention on the various forms of transnational actors]

Scholte Jan Art Globalization a critical introduction 2nd edition (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2005) [Informed sympathetic overview of the phenomenon]

Essay questions for Theme III

1 Is the idea of an international community a hopeless dream

2 Why has sovereignty proved such a resilient concept even in conditions of economic interdependence

3 What can states realistically expect to achieve through foreign policy

4 What constraints are imposed on governments as a result of their membership of international organisations

5 Compare and contrast the United Nations Security Council and the European Union as forces for peace

36 | P a g e

6 Does the international economy require managing If so who or what are capable of taking on the role

7 Are non-state actors paving the way for a lsquoglobal civil societyrsquo or are they too dependent on the existing system of sovereign states

THEME IV Normative dilemmas

24 Order v Justice ()

The different connotations of lsquojusticersquo in the international context its relationship to the principle of equality ndash of states peoples and individuals what costs might be acceptable in the pursuit of justice Justifications for war ndash the ius ad bellum historical injustices ndash how far back should they be traced Where do obligations mainly fall ndash on governments on international organisations or on citizens

Bull Hedley The Anarchical Society (London Macmillan 1977) Chapters 4 and 12 [Bullrsquos major statement tending to privilege order]

Dunne Tim and Nicholas Wheeler lsquoHedley Bullrsquos pluralism of the intellect and solidarism of the willrsquo International Affairs 72 1 (1996) pp 91-107 [Very useful commentary not limited to Bull]

Foot Rosemary John Lewis Gaddis and Andrew Hurrell (eds) Order and Justice in International Relations (Oxford Oxford University Press 2003) especially pp 1-48 [A set of Oxford IR essays on the subject the English School meets international history] (eBookhttpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455401)

Bull Hedley lsquoJustice in International Relationsrsquo in Kai Alderson and Andrew Hurrell (eds) Hedley Bull on International Society (Basingstoke Macmillan 2000) [Later Bull moving toward the justice end of the spectrum]

Brown Chris Sovereignty Rights and Justice (Cambridge Polity Press 2002) [Advanced international political theory text]

37 | P a g e

25 Saving strangers an obligation to intervene ()

European imperialism and lsquola mission civilisatricersquo the growth of a consciousness about human rights and wrongs reactions against imperialism and the Holocaust political v economic rights should vicinity make a difference The lsquoresponsibility to protectrsquo campaign the costs of intervention

Ainsley Kirsten R2P and the International Criminal Court International Affairs Vol 911 January 2015 [critical analysis of the failure of recent innovations]

Doyle Michael lsquoInternational interventionrsquo Chapter 11 in Ways of War and Peace realism liberalism and socialism (New York WW Norton 1997)

Welsh Jennifer ed Humanitarian Intervention and International Relations (Oxford OUP 2004) [essays covering most aspects of the problem from leading authorities in the field See especially Chs 3 and 4 - concise discussions of the issues] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455402 )

Downes Alexander B lsquoRegime Change Doesnrsquot Workrsquo The Boston Review SeptemberOctober 2011 Available online at httpwwwbostonreviewnetdownes-regime-change

Bass Gary Freedoms Battle the origins of humanitarian intervention (New York Knopf 2006) [focuses on the 19 century a compelling narrative]

Economides Spyros and Mats Berdal (eds) United Nations Interventionism 1991-2004 (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2007) [Empirical materials on the crucial period in which the idea of the lsquoresponsibility to protectrsquo emerged] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|464603)

Finnemore Martha The Purpose of Intervention Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press 2004) Ch 3 [Explores how norms of humanitarian intervention have changed since the nineteenth century]

Lang Anthony F Jr Humanitarian Intervention in Duncan Bell ed Ethics and World Politics (Oxford Oxford University Press 2010) [provides the historical and theoretical contexts of the debate]

Posen Barry R lsquoMilitary responses to refugee disastersrsquo International Security21 no 1 (1996) [An expert on military strategy and operations discusses the practical challenges of using force to aid others]

38 | P a g e

Simms Brendan and DJ B Trimm eds Humanitarian Intervention A History (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2011) [As with Bass above an invaluable corrective to the view that these are recent dilemmas]

Walzer Michael Just and Unjust Wars A moral argument with historical illustrations (New York Basic Books 2006 4th edition) Ch6 (a classic of both IR and political theory to be read right through at some point over the three year degree)

Vincent R J Nonintervention and International Order (Princeton Princeton University Press 1974) pp 327-389 [Elegant tracing of the principle of non-intervention as it became established]

Wheeler Nicholas Saving Strangers humanitarian intervention in international society (Oxford Oxford University Press 2000) [Major statement of the case for humanitarian intervention with careful discussion of cases] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|448809)

Brown Chris Sovereignty Rights and Justice (Cambridge Polity Press 2002) Chapter 5

Foot Rosemary Rights beyond Borders the global community and the struggle over human rights in China (Oxford Oxford University Press 2000) Part II [Interesting analysis of Chinarsquos not wholly rigid response to being in the glare of international attention over human rights]

Hoffmann Stanley et al The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (Notre Dame University of Notre Dame Press 1996) especially Chapter 2

Miller David National Responsibility and Global Justice (Oxford Oxford University Press 2007) [A work of political philosophy swimming against the cosmopolitan tide] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|depfacozdb|455403)

Pattison James lsquoLegitimacy and humanitarian intervention who should intervenersquo International Journal of Human Rights 12 (2008) pp 395-413 [ie lsquowho has the right to intervenersquo is as important a question as lsquois there a duty to intervenersquo]

26 The environment and the problem of global commons ()

The emergence of the concepts of lsquoplanet earthrsquo and the lsquocommon heritage of mankindrsquo rhetoric or necessity Natural resources and the lsquolimits to growthrsquo the UN Stockholm conference of 1972 and the emergence of green politics the debate over possible ecological catastrophe the politics of international environmental negotiations can lsquothe worldrsquo act

39 | P a g e

Victor David G Global Warming Gridlock Creating More Effective Strategies for Protecting the Planet (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2011) ch 2 [a forthright effort to puncture lsquomythsrsquo about policy solutions to climate change and to find ways of building consensus from the bottom up]

International Affairs 85 no 6 (November 2009) special issue on lsquoTackling Resource challenges in the 21st century avoiding worst case scenariosrsquo especially articles by Lee Matthew amp Hammill Froggatt amp Levi and Deere-Birkbeck

Frieden Jeffrey A David A Lake and Kenneth A Schultz World Politics Interests Interactions Institutions (New York WW Norton 2010) Ch12 lsquoThe Global Environmentrsquo [Very clear text]

Giddens Anthony Politics of Climate Change (Cambridge Polity Press 2009) [Up to date and lively analysis from the guru of the lsquothird wayrsquo notable in its move back towards states compared to his previous thinking]

OrsquoNeill Kate The Environment and International Relations (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2009) [clear and useful attempt to relate these issues to IR]

Ostrom Elinor Governing the Commons the evolution of institutions for collective action (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1990) Chapter 1 [Good discussion of the theoretical issues involved in international action on the environment by the first female Nobel Laureate in economics]

Vogler John The Global Commons Environmental and Technological Governance 2nd edition (Chichester Wiley-Blackwell 2000) [Good textbook but now rather dated The authors new book Climate Change in World Politics Houndmills Palgrave is due out just as this course is starting]

Elliott Lorraine The Global Politics of the Environment 2nd edition (Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan 2004) [Clear text]

Sprout Harold and Margaret The Ecological perspective on Human Affairs with special reference to international politics (Princeton Princeton University Press 1965) [One of the first to focus on the environments in which politics takes place in the most inclusive sense]

Young Oran George J Demko and Kilaparti Ramakrishna (eds) Global Environmental Change and International Governance (Hanover University Press of New England 1996) [Essays on various environmental regimes from climate and marine life to desertification and bio-diversity]

40 | P a g e

27 Nuclear proliferation ()

The step-change represented by Hiroshima and Nagasaki the theory of nuclear deterrence ndash continued relevance The Non-Proliferation Treaty the slow spread of nuclear weapons ndash reasons for acquisition or reluctance the loss of statesrsquo monopoly over WMD current dilemmas

Lavoy Peter R lsquoThe Strategic Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation A Review Essayrsquo Security Studies 4 no 4 (1995) [There are both nuclear lsquooptimistsrsquo and lsquopessimistsrsquo on proliferation The formative debate in this vein took place between Kenneth Waltz and Scott D Sagan see Sagan and Waltz The Spread of Nuclear Weapons An Enduring Debate 3rd edition (New York WW Norton 2012)]

Litwak Robert lsquoThe new calculus of pre-emptionrsquo Survival 44 no 4 (February 2002) [One of the best US analysts always relating strategy to foreign policy] See also Litwaks Outlier States American Strategies to Change Contain or Engage Regimes (Washington DC Woodrow Wilson Center Press 2012)

Ruzicka Jan and Nicholas Wheeler lsquoThe puzzle of trusting relationships in the nuclear non- proliferation treatyrsquo International Affairs 86 no 1 (January 2010) pp 69-85 [Creatively relates nuclear weapons to the issue of international society]

Solingen Etel Nuclear Logics Contrasting Paths in East Asia and the Middle East (Princeton University Press 2007) [Excellent case-studies on proliferation and its restraints]

Krause Joachim lsquoEnlightenment and nuclear orderrsquo International Affairs 83 no 3 (May 2007) [Dissects some myths of liberal arms control attitudes]

Nye Joseph Nuclear Ethics (New York Free Press 1986) Chapter 6 [The impact of having nuclear weapons on everyone else]

28 Unity and diversity in international society ()

Pluralism v solidarism what is the balance and how well does it work Do we live in the

lsquoWestfailure systemrsquo

Jervis Robert lsquoForce in our timersquo International Relations 25 no 4 (2011) [subtle overview from one of the key IR thinkers of our time]

Keene Edward lsquoOrder in contemporary world politics global but dividedrsquo in Edward Keene Beyond the Anarchical Society Grotius colonialism and order in world politics

41 | P a g e

(Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2002) [The inherent tension between the ideas of civilization and global order]

Strange Susan lsquoThe Westfailure systemrsquo Review of International Studies 25 3 (1999) pp 345-354 [Another sharp critique of orthodox thinking about IR]

Narlikar Amrita lsquoNegotiating the rise of new powersrsquo International Affairs 89 no3 (2013)

Kahler Miles and David Lake lsquoEconomic Integration and Global Governance Why so little supranationalism in Walter Mattli and Ngaire Woods (eds) The Politics of Global Regulation (Princeton Princeton University Press 2009) [Should interdependence lead us to expect more global governance Is supranationalism possible outside the EU]

Ruggie John Constructing the World Polity (Routledge1998) pp 1-40 lsquoWhat makes the world hang togetherrsquo (also in International Organization 52 no 4 October 1998 in amended form) [Stimulating overview from a leading scholar-practitioner] (eBook httpsearchlibcamacukitemid=|eresources|4761514)

Essay questions for Theme IV

1 Is order a precondition of achieving justice in international relations

2 Is the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of states (Article 27 of the UN Charter) now out-dated

3 Can the protection of the environment be reconciled with state sovereignty

4 Have we achieved anything significant so far in terms of protecting the environment

5 How dangerous is nuclear proliferation

6 How divided is the world at the level of values

7 Do you see elements of progress in 21st century international relations

EASTER TERM

Revision Sessions

12noon Monday 25th April (Mill Lane Room 4) and Monday 2nd May 2016 (tbc)

42 | P a g e

WEBSITES

There is a huge range of websites of potential use to you including The foreign ministries and prime ministerialpresidential offices of most states the UN EU NATO and most other intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) the International Crisis Group and other major nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) the media especially the Financial Times Le Monde New York Times The Guardian BBC Al-Jazeera etc (some require payment) There are also specialised academic sites via key portals ndash see the ULrsquos electronic resources

Most URLs are not given here because Google and Google Scholar make finding them and other links so easy But see in particular

wwwcrisisgrouporgenpublication-typereportsaspx The International Crisis Grouprsquos reports for issues relating to international and global conflict

wwwglobalpolicyorg Global Policy forum

wwwisnethzch for the International Relations and Security Network

wwwcfrorg the Council on Foreign Relations offers excellent coverage and background information organised by geographic regions and topical issues if from a somewhat US-centric perspective

wwwunfcccde UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat

43 | P a g e

SAMPLE EXAMINATION PAPER POL2 International Relations 1

Candidates must answer at least ONE question from each of the two Sections

Section 1

1 Why is it difficult to think of international relations as having existed before the modern era

2 How important was Britain to the operation of the European balance of power

3 Did the League of Nations represent a revolution in the practice of international relations

4 Why did the Cold War never turn hot 5 Has globalisation transformed international relations 6 Is war rooted in human nature 7 Is the spread of democracy the best way to ensure peace 8 Is war a major force for change

Section 2

9 What are the key attributes of statehood 10 How can international law and norms have any effect without enforcement

powers 11 Compare and contrast the United Nations Security Council and the European

Union as sources of international order 12 Analyse the impact on international politics of EITHER multinational

companies OR transnational pressure groups 13 Why is it so difficult to agree on what is just and unjust in international

relations 14 Who should intervene when genocide is threatened 15 Are nuclear weapons the biggest threat to the future of the human race 16 lsquoGlobal but dividedrsquo (Edward Keene) How important are the divisions within

the contemporary international system

44 | P a g e

EXAMINATION PAPER JUNE 2014

Candidates must answer THREE questions

1 Is it right to see the Peace of Westphalia as the start of international relations

2 Consider the impact of economic issues on international politics with reference either to the period 1789-1914 or 1918-2014

3 ldquoAnarchy is the rule order justice and morality the exceptionsrdquo (Robert Gilpin) Do you agree with this assessment of international politics

4 Do only great powers enjoy much scope for an effective foreign policy

5 Which international organisations have been the most successful and why

6 Is talk about international norms and regimes much more than wishful thinking

7 Can war break out even when nobody intends it Give examples to support your argument

8 If liberal democracies do not fight each other as Michael Doyle has shown does it follow that the United States and its allies should actively pursue regime change

9 What is the importance of individuals and other non-state actors in international relations

10 Have governments ldquogiven up on the planetrdquo (George Monbiot)

11 What in your view are the main sources of statesrsquo insecurity in the current international system

12 Does lsquointernational societyrsquo serve some interests more than others

45 | P a g e



1 Assess the value of theory in the study of international relations

2 In what respects does the modern international system bear the stamp of European history

3 To what extent was the creation of either the League of Nations or the United Nations a critical moment in the evolution of international society

4 Is the concept of the balance of power still useful in the nuclear era

5 Does it make sense to talk of an international ldquosocietyrdquo when the constituent elements are nation- states

6 Are international organisations anything more than the instruments of the major powers

7 In what ways might foreign policy reflect domestic issues and concerns

8 Identify three major theories of the causes of war and apply them to understanding the causes of either World War I or World War II

9 ldquoWar among states although utterly destructive usually has desirable consequencesrdquo (TILLY) Discuss

10 In what circumstances might it be legitimate to intervene coercively in the affairs of another state

11 Is justice an impossible dream at the international level

12 What do either climate change negotiations or the debate about rogue states and nuclear weapons tell us about the extent of shared norms in international society

46 | P a g e



1 What are the distinctive concerns of the academic subject of International Relations

2 Assess the working of the balance of power in any ONE historical period of your choice before

1900

3 What effects did the industrial revolution have on international politics and how significant were they

4 Why has the international community not succeeded in creating a working system of collective security

5 Does it make sense to say that war is rooted in human nature

6 Is war always a disaster

7 Is international order compatible with attachment to the principle of sovereignty

8 Has diplomacy changed fundamentally in terms of its purpose and practices over the course of the last hundred years

9 Why has international cooperation been more successful in Europe than in other regions of the world

10 Does a lsquoglobal civil societyrsquo exist

11 How realistic is it to pursue moral causes in international politics Illustrate your answer with reference EITHER to the problem of the environment OR to that of humanitarian intervention

12 What problems of international justice arise from attempts to prevent nuclear proliferation

47 | P a g e



1 How significant are the differences between an ldquointernational systemrdquo and an ldquointernational societyrdquo

2 Does it make sense to talk about ldquointernational relationsrdquo in the pre-modern era

3 Assess the significance of one of the following dates in the evolution of international society 1648 1815 1919 1945 1991

4 ldquoIn the international environment actions will not tightly conform with any given set of norms regardless of which set is chosenrdquo (KRASNER) How far do you agree with this assessment of the importance of norms including law in international relations

5 What in your view are the principal causes of war

6 Does war accelerate social and political change within societies

7 To what extent did the United Nations represent a realist reaction to the failure of the League of Nations

8 How far has the modern state had to surrender powers to international organisations Answer with reference either to the European Union or to international economic organisations

9 Does the quality of its decision-making make much difference in terms of the effectiveness of a statersquos foreign policy

10 What are the merits of continuing to uphold the norm of non-intervention in international society

11 Is order a precondition of justice in international relations

12 Is the agenda of international politics largely determined by the Western powers Answer with reference either to environmental negotiations or to the issue of nuclear non-proliferation

48 | P a g e

MARKING CRITERIA FOR EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Mark Quality of Answer

80+ An answer showing outstanding understanding that displays a very high degree of accuracy insight and style and originality in responding to the question and is well-structured To fall into this range an answer has to display all of these qualities

70-79 An answer showing very clear understanding and a high degree of accuracy which provides a cogent and well-structured argument focused on the question with a significant level of insight and a degree of originality

60-69 An answer showing clear understanding and a good level of accuracy that provides a coherent sustained and well-structured argument focused on the question To fall into this range an answer has to display all of these qualities and should not decisively show any of the negative qualities listed under the criteria for a 50-59 Answers where there is some evidence of the negative qualities listed under the criteria for a 50-59 will receive a mark between 60 and 64

50-59 An answer that concentrates on the subject matter of the question that displays relevant knowledge and is generally accurate but which either shows limited understanding or presents a discussion that is not focused on the question or is partially unstructured or where the discussion is not sustained through the course of the essay To fall into this range an answer has to display these positive qualities and should not show any of the negative qualities listed under the criteria for a 40-49

40-49 An answer generally relevant to the subject matter of the question but one that contains a large number of inaccuracies or shows significantly inadequate knowledge or presents an unstructured and disjointed

49 | P a g e

discussion To fall into this range an answer should not show any of the negative qualities listed under the criteria for a 21-39

21-39 An answer that either displays a lack of crucial knowledge or has no structure or is radically incomplete or is almost entirely irrelevant to the question or contains an extremely high number of inaccuracies

1-20 A single paragraph of conventional paragraph length or an answer that is entirely irrelevant should receive a mark not higher than 20

0 No answer provided for a question

2 | P a g e

a different lsquocutrsquo at the subject and selects certain key areas of knowledge or debates from which (in conjunction with your supervisor) you may choose your topics for supervisions Preceding these themes is a section introducing you to the main theories and approaches relevant to the study of IR The four substantive themes are as follows

1) History The way the international system has evolved from a world in which the interaction between continents was limited through the rising predominance of the European states system and balance of power to the current post-imperial and multi-level structure which incorporates 193 states as members of the United Nations (together with a small number of unrecognised states) thousands of intergovernmental organisations and even more nongovernmental actors in civil society often operating transnationally

2) Order in world politics What are the key concepts of international relations How much order exists in the system and how is it sustained Is it proper to speak of an lsquointernational societyrsquo What are the respective roles played by states regions organisations law and economic exchange in the international political system Are states still the main players and what can they do via their foreign policies How significant are the effects of interdependence and globalisation

3) War As a major part of the human experience ndash what it represents why it happens and the nature of its effects at home and at the level of the international system Is war in decline or simply changing its nature Is war essentially a continuation of politics or its opposite

(4) Ethics What is it reasonable to expect of states in terms of ethical behaviour in international relations How may competing ethical systems or cultural traditions be reconciled in a world which is both globalising and competitive What are the major moral dilemmas thrown up at the global level

Modes of teaching

The paper is taught by a combination of 28 lectures six hours of supervision for each student for which essays are written and two classes in the Easter term The lectures will usually be accompanied by an illustrative outline on PowerPoint which will subsequently be made available on CamTools The outlines are not full versions of the lectures and thus not a substitute for attendance In their turn the lectures are intended to provide a structure for your work and must be built upon by your reading and by your supervisory discussions The lecture notes may be accessed on the Moodle site for the course

Lectures begin promptly at 1000 am on Mondays (Lecture Room 6 Sidgwick Lecture Block) and at 1000 am on Fridays (Biffen Lecture Theatre Genetics Building Downing Site) There will be two lectures a week in the Michaelmas term and two per week in the Lent term with the last two weeks of the latter left free for catching up with essays and reading The classes

3 | P a g e


Mode of Assessment


READING




4 | P a g e









5 | P a g e

LECTURES


MICHAELMAS TERM


1 Introduction







7 Before the state










6 | P a g e

LENT TERM



17 Statehood








24 Order v Justice





EASTER TERM


7 | P a g e

DETAILED READINGS


Highly recommended




1 Introduction










8 | P a g e













9 | P a g e












10 | P a g e












11 | P a g e











12 | P a g e













13 | P a g e










7 Why the state




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17 Statehood








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40 | P a g e














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EASTER TERM

Revision Sessions


42 | P a g e

WEBSITES








43 | P a g e



Section 1





Section 2







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45 | P a g e















46 | P a g e





1900











47 | P a g e















48 | P a g e








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1900











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human, social and political science part i: pol2 international … · structure, which incorporates...

Documents