human resources in science and technology (hrst) in...

HUMAN RESOURCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (HRST) IN THE PHILIPPINES

Department of Science and Technology SCIENCE EDUCATION INSTITUTE

Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) in the Philippines

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©2014 by the Department of Science and Technology - Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI)

Manila, Philippines

Citation:

Department of Science and Technology - Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI) (2014). Human

Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) in the Philippines. Manila: DOST-SEI.

ISBN: 978-971-8600-54-2

Published by:

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DOST Compound, General Santos Avenue Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Printed in Metro Manila, Philippines

CONTENTS Page

Foreword …………………………………………………………………… i

Executive Summary ……………………………………………………….. ii

Introduction ………………………………………………………………... 1

Objectives ………………………………………………………………….. 2

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………... 2

Data Sources and Method ………………………………………………….. 2

Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………………………… 4

Results

Philippine Workforce and Comparison of HRST (Professionals)

by Selected Countries ……………………………………………… 4

By S&T/Non-S&T Classification …………………………………. 7

By Sex ……………………………………………………………… 9

By Age ……………………………………………………………… 10

By Marital Status ………………..………………………………….. 11

By Overseas Work Status ………………………………………….. 12

By Region ………………………………………………………….. 13

By S&T Occupations ………………………………………………. 14

By S&T Occupations and Sex ……………………………………… 16

By S&T Occupations and Overseas Work Status ………………….. 17

By S&T Occupations and Region ………………………………….. 19

Summary and Conclusions …………………………………………………. 23

References …………………………………………………………………. 25

Annexes

Annex A: Sampling Methods and Procedures ……………………. 26

Annex B: List of Specific Occupations Belonging to the Core Coverage Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) …. 28

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http://www.science-scholarships.ph/

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1. Suggested List of HRST Coverage for Data Collection,

by Occupation ………………………………………………………. 3

Table 2. Filipino Workers 15 Years Old and Over by

Major Occupational Group: 2000 & 2010 …………………………. 5

Table 3. Distribution of HRST by Age Group and Median Age:

1990, 2000 and 2010 ………………………………………………. 10

Table 4. Distribution of HRST by Marital Status: 1990, 2000, and 2010 … 11

Table 5. Distribution of HRST by Region: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ………... 13

Table 6. Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group:

1990, 2000, and 2010 ………………………………………………. 15

Table 7. Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group

and Sex: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ……………………………………. 16

Table 8. Distribution of HRST Overseas Workers by S&T

Occupational Group: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ………………………. 18

Table 9.1 Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group

and Region: 2010 …………………………………………………… 20


and Region: 2000 …………………………………………………… 21


and Region: 2010 …………………………………………………… 22

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1. Percentage HRST (Professionals) to the Total Workers

by Selected Countries: 2010 …………………………………….. … 6

Figure 2. Filipino Workers 15 Years and Over by S&T/Non-S&T

Classification: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ……………………………... 8

Figure 3. Distribution of Filipino Professionals by S&T/Non-S&T

Classification: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ………………………………. 8

Figure 4. Percentage Distribution of HRST by Sex: 1990, 2000, and 2010 ... 9

Figure 5. Percentage Distribution of HRST by Overseas Work Status:

1990, 2000, and 2010 ………………………………………………. 12

i

FOREWORD

In line with the Institute’s mandate to develop a critical mass of Human

Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) to accelerate the country’s economic

development, the Science Education Institute of the Department of Science and

Technology (SEI-DOST) conducts projects and programs towards S&T human resource

development including empirical studies to provide relevant data that would serve as

basis for policy decisions. The data on HRST are crucial in understanding the demand

and supply of personnel in science and technology.

Using the available census data of the National Statistics Office (NSO), which is

now part of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), this study presents the estimates

on the number of S&T professionals in 1990, 2000, and 2010. It describes the S&T

professionals in terms of sex, age, marital status, overseas work status, including the

disaggregation and geographic spread of HRST. Likewise, the S&T occupational groups

were also described in terms of sex, overseas work status, and region.

This publication hopes to provide valuable knowledge and policy directions to

the scientific community, particularly to demographers, researchers, academicians and

policy-makers. The results can be used as bases for human resource development

programs in the S&T sector and as vital inputs for crafting strategies that would in-

crease and maintain the pool of S&T human resource in the country.

JOSETTE T. BIYO, Ph.D.

Director

Science Education Institute

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Investing in human capital, particularly in S&T is central to economic

development. Making use of data on human resources in Science and Technology

(HRST), therefore, can give policy-making bodies a better understanding of the demand

for and the supply of personnel in science and technology. However, there is a dearth

of information on the number of highly skilled workers considered as having S&T

occupations. This study thus, intends to provide estimates of the workforce in S&T,

which are necessary in crafting policies related to the development of the S&T human

resources pool in the country.

Moreover, this is a benchmark study on establishing estimates of the stock of

HRST in the country using secondary data from Census conducted by the National

Statistics Office (NSO), which is now part of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).

In 2010, the Philippine workforce consists mainly of laborers and unskilled

workers that comprised a quarter (or around 8 million) of the 31 million workers. This

was followed by farmers, forestry workers, and fishermen with about 7 million or 21

percent. Only around 1.8 million Filipinos were professionals, which comprised 5.6

percent of the total employment.

The available data comparing countries by the number of HRST was found in

OECD iLibrary (OECD, 2011). However, HRST was defined more broadly compared

to the operational definition used in this study. It covered all professionals, namely:

physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals; life science and health

professionals; teaching professionals; and other professionals. Among the selected

countries, Philippines was fourth from the bottom with only 5.6 percent of the total

workers were HRST or professionals.

In general, this study aims to establish estimates and provide a picture of the

stock of Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) in the Philippines.

Specifically, it attempts to: a) estimate the number of HRST in the country; b) describe

the HRST in terms of age, sex, marital status, and overseas work status; c) determine

the disaggregation and geographic spread of HRST by region; and d) describe the S&T

occupations by sex, overseas work status, and region.

ii

This study utilized the 1990, 2000, and 2010 census data of NSO, in which two

sets of questionnaires were used: the common household questionnaire that gathered

information from all households (100%) and the sample household questionnaire from a

sample of 10 percent or 20 percent of all households, or 100 percent depending on the

number of households in a municipality . The latter, which contains more variables

including occupation, was used in this study.

The occupations of household respondents were reclassified using the

International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) guided by the Canberra

Manual, an international standard list of occupations considered as S&T developed by

OECD, UNESCO, and ILO.

Results of the study indicated that the estimates on the number of human

resources in Science and Technology (HRST) using census data showed an increasing

trend from 1990 to 2010. The estimated numbers of HRST in decadal interval are: 362

thousand in 1990, 593 thousand in 2000, and 721 thousand in 2010.

Disaggregating the HRST in terms of sex revealed slight discrepancy in number

between males and females. In all three (3) survey periods, there were slightly more

male than female Filipino S&T professionals. Males accounted for more than half of the

total number of S&T professionals, ranging from 50.6 percent to 54 percent.

In terms of age, S&T professionals were relatively young with median age

ranging from 32 to 34. In other words, half of the total number of S&T professionals

aged lower than 32 or 34 years old. Moreover, distribution of HRST by age group

showed a concentration of proportions in age groups lower than 45 years.

On the proportion of HRST working overseas, the data confirmed previous

migration studies about the increase of outflow of S&T professionals. The proportion of

S&T overseas Filipino workers (S&T OFWs) ranged from 9.4 percent to 15.7 percent.

In terms of absolute figures, there was a huge increase of S&T OFWs from 40 thousand

in 1990 to 113 thousand in 2010.

iii

As to the marital status, a great majority of S&T professionals was married

ranging from 54.7 percent to 61.8 percent.

Regional spread of HRST depicted a concentration in the National Capital

Region (NCR) and nearby regions (i.e., Region IV-A or CALABARZON and Region

III or Central Luzon) in all three (3) survey periods. S&T professionals from

metropolitan and nearby regions comprised more than half of all HRST. A remarkable

increase in number was recorded in Region IV-A from 45 thousand in 1990 to around

127 thousand in 2010.

The most numbered S&T occupations were nursing and midwifery profession

followed by engineering and related professions, as well as health professions. On the

other hand, the least numbered S&T occupations were mathematicians, statisticians

and related professions, followed by physicists, chemists and related professions, as

well as life science professions.

While in general the number of HRST increased over the three (3) survey

periods, looking at the specific S&T occupational groups showed that not all of them

had an upward trend. Enormous increase was observed among computer professionals

as well as nursing and midwifery professionals but huge drop was recorded among

mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals and physicists, chemists, and

related professionals. Positive changes were consistent in all survey years only among

nursing and midwifery professionals, engineering and related professionals, and

architects and related professionals.

Disaggregating the S&T occupations by sex confirmed the common

knowledge that engineers and related professionals and architects and related

professionals are male-dominated professions while health professionals and nursing

and midwifery professionals are dominated by females.

The distribution of S&T OFWs by occupational groups confirmed that

nursing and midwifery professions and engineers and related professions have the

most number of professionals who were working abroad.

In terms of percentage of S&T professionals by occupational group in the

different regions in 2010, nursing and midwifery professionals had the highest

proportions of S&T professionals in almost all regions, followed by engineers and

related professionals.

iv

1

Introduction

With the current trend toward a knowledge-based economy, the role of human

resources in science and technology (HRST) is undeniably essential to the economic

growth of a country. In knowledge-based economy, knowledge resources such as

know-how and expertise are as critical as other economic resources. The Organization

for Economic Co-operation and Development or OECD (2000) in its paper entitled:

“Mobilising Human Resources for Innovation” has stated it well and it is

worth-quoting:

“Human capital, especially in science and technology,

is of growing importance for innovation and technology

-led economic growth. In the new economy where

knowledge is the source of wealth creation, human

capital becomes as important as financial capital.”

The OECD (2000) enumerated several reasons on the importance of HRST.

First, investment in human capital is a key to innovation and growth. Second,

firm-level evidence indicates that the share of S&T workers in firms, irrespective of

firm size and sector, has an impact on the introduction of new products and processes.

Third, the movement of science and technology personnel between sectors, large and

small firms, and across national borders is an important conduit for technology transfer.

Fourth, mismatches in supply and demand for S&T personnel can have repercussions

on the broader economy; shortages for information technology (IT) workers, for

example, could result in wage pressure. Finally, human resources in science and

technology are important because they constitute a source of entrepreneurs.

Investing in human capital, particularly in S&T is thus central to economic

development. Making use of data on HRST, therefore, can give policy-making bodies

a better understanding of the demand for and the supply of personnel in science and

technology. However, there is a dearth of information on the number of highly skilled

workers considered as having S&T occupations. This study thus, intends to provide

robust estimates of the workforce in S&T, which are necessary in drafting policies

related to the creation and development of the S&T human resources pool in the

country.

2

Moreover, this is a benchmark study on establishing estimates of the stock of

Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) in the country using secondary

data from Census conducted by the National Statistics Authority (NSO), which is now

part of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).

Objectives

In general, this study aims to establish estimates and provide a picture of the

stock of Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) in the Philippines.

Specifically, it attempts to:

a. estimate the number of HRST in the country;

b. describe the HRST in terms of age, sex, marital status, and overseas work

status;

c. determine the disaggregation and geographic spread of HRST by region;

and

d. describe the S&T occupations by sex, overseas work status, and region

Significance of the Study

Together with the data from the Migration studies, this study intends to describe

the status and supply of HRST in the country based on the most recent data. Aside from

benchmarking the estimate of the number of S&T professionals, the results of this study

will also guide the policymakers on crafting legislations concerning improvement and

maintaining human capital in S&T necessary in knowledge creation and technological

innovation.

Data Sources and Method

This study utilized the 1990, 2000, and 2010 census data of NSO, in which two

sets of questionnaires were used: the common household questionnaire that gathered

information from all households (100%) and the sample household questionnaire from a

sample of 10 percent or 20 percent of all households, or 100 percent depending on the

number of households in a municipality (See Annex A for the Sampling Method and

Procedures Used by NSO). The latter, which contains more variables including

occupation, was used in this study.

3

The occupations of household respondents were reclassified using the

International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) guided by the Canberra

Manual, an international standard list of occupations considered as S&T developed by

OECD, UNESCO, and ILO. According to the manual’s recommendation, coverage of

HRST has three (3) options; it can be in terms of education, occupation, or combined.

Due to data limitation, this study followed the coverage in terms of occupation, using

the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) as stated in the Can-

berra Manual (OECD, 1995). Table 2 presents the suggested list of coverage for data

collection, by occupation.

. ISCO-88

Code ISCO-88 groups of occupations Coverage

122 Production and Operations Department Managers

Extended

123 Other Department Managers Extended

131 General Managers Extended

21 Physical, Mathematical, and Engineering Science Professionals

Core

22 Life Science and Health Professionals Core

23 Teaching Professionals Extended

24 Other Professionals Extended

31 Physical and Engineering Science Associate Professionals

Extended

32 Life Science and Health Associate Professionals

Extended

33 Teaching Associate Professionals Extended

33 Teaching Associate Professionals Complete

34 Other Associate Professionals Complete

Table 1. Suggested List of HRST Coverage for Data Collection, by Occupation

Source: Canberra Manual (OECD,1995), p. 25

4

In terms of the extent of coverage, the groupings can be core, extended, or complete depending on the countries’ specific needs. In this particular study, HRST only includes Physical, Mathematical and Engineering Science Professionals (ISCO-88 21) and Life Science and Health Professionals (ISCO-88 22) groups of occupations as core coverage.

Under these occupational groups, the following are considered as core S&T

occupations: Physicists, Chemists and Related Professionals; Mathematicians,

Statisticians and Related Professionals; Computing Professionals; Engineers and

Related Professionals; Life Science Professionals; Health Professionals; and Nursing

and Midwifery Professionals. (For the complete list of S&T occupations, refer to An-

nex B)

Using descriptive method of analysis, the data were processed, reclassified, and

analyzed using the Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) Statistics 18, better known

as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The results in this study only cover three survey periods, i.e. 1990, 2000, and

2010, as NSO conducted the survey only every 10 years. Since the data were taken

from a survey and not from a total enumeration, it must be emphasized that the results

are not exact; they are estimates only and, as such, are subject to sampling errors.

Sampling errors can be calculated based on the sampling design used by the NSO.

Results

Philippine Workforce and Comparison of HRST (Professionals) by Selected

Countries

In 2010, the Philippine workforce consists significantly of laborers and

unskilled workers that comprised a quarter (or around 8 million) of the 31 million

workers. This was followed by farmers, forestry workers, and fishermen with about

7 million or 21 percent. Only around 1.8 million Filipinos were professionals, which

comprised 5.6 percent of the total employment (Table 1).

From 2000 to 2010, a decrease in number was observed among farmers, forest-

ry workers, and fishermen, from 7.7 million in 2000 to 6.7 million in 2010. In fact, this

agricultural group had the highest proportion in 2000 (34.7%). On the other hand, a

huge increase was recorded among officials of government and special interest

organizations, corporate executives, managers, managing proprietors, and supervisors,

from around 517 thousand in 2000 to 2.7 million in 2010. The number of professionals

increased by 19 percent, from 1.5 million in 2000 to 1.8 million in 2010.

5

The available data comparing countries by the number of HRST is found in

OECD iLibrary (OECD, 2011). However, HRST is defined more broadly compared to

the operational definition used in this study. It covered all professionals, namely:

physical, mathematical and engineering science professionals; life science and health

professionals; teaching professionals; and other professionals. Figure 1 displays

percentages of HRST (professionals) to the total workers by selected countries in 2010.

Among the selected countries, the Philippines ranks fourth from the bottom with only

5.6 percent of the total workers were HRST or professionals.

Major Occupational Group 2000 2010

Number Percent Number Percent

Officials of Government and Special Interest Organizations, Corporate Execu-tives, Managers, Managing Proprietors, and Supervisors

516,621 2.34 2,746,594 8.76

Professionals 1,485,927 6.72 1,766,647 5.63

Technicians and Associate Professionals 679,766 3.07 862,335 2.75

Clerks 940,634 4.25 1,709,737 5.45

Services Workers and Shop and Market Sales Workers

1,444,507 6.53 2,705,814 8.63

Farmers, Forestry Workers and Fisher-men

7,666,503 34.67 6,737,452 21.48

Trade and Related Workers 2,351,666 10.63 2,788,272 8.89

Plant and Machine Operators and As-semblers

1,946,638 8.80 3,357,888 10.71

Laborers and Unskilled Workers 4,168,424 18.85 7,974,257 25.44

Armed Forces 158,460 0.72 7,784 0.02

Other Occupation Not Elsewhere Classi-fied

756,427 3.42 57,508 0.18

Not Reported - - 646,669 2.06

Total 22,115,573 100.00 31,360,957 100.00

Table 2. Filipino Workers 15 Years Old and Over by Major

Occupational Group: 2000 & 2010

Source of Basic Data: Philippine Statistics Authority, Census of Population and Housing (Survey Data)

6

Figure 1. Percentage of HRST (Professionals) to the Total Workers

by Selected Countries: 2010

3.82

4.31

5.48

5.63

6.68

7.05

10.11

10.18

10.57

10.95

11.06

11.12

14.05

14.31

14.42

15.09

15.27

15.32

15.43

16.09

16.72

17.09

17.24

17.80

18.20

18.49

19.00

19.76

20.06

20.15

20.26

20.28

21.39

23.03

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00

Indonesia (2008)

India (2008)

South Africa (2008)

Philippines

Brazil (2007)

Turkey

Italy

Portugal

Czech Republic

Japan

Austria

Slovak Republic

Norway

France

Spain

Hungary

United Kingdom

Germany

Greece

Slovenia

Poland

United States

Denmark

New Zealand

Switzerland

Russian Federation (2008)

Finland

Sweden

Ireland

Iceland

Estonia

Netherlands

Australia

Belgium

Percentage of Total EmploymentSource: OECD iLibrary

7

By S&T/Non-S&T Classification

In 2010, of the 31 million Filipino workers aged 15 years old and over, only 2.3

percent or 721 thousand Filipinos were S&T professionals. This number is almost a

hundred percent higher than that in 1990 with only around 362 thousand (1.7%). In

2000, the proportion of S&T professionals was also higher (2.8% or 593 thousand) as

compared to that of 1990 data. The three survey period data revealed an increasing trend

in the number S&T professionals but the proportion of this occupational group to the

total working population remained small, ranging from 1.7% to 2.8% only (Figure 2).

However, looking at the proportion of HRST among Filipino professionals

revealed an increasing trend from 33.3 percent in 1990 to 39.9 percent in 2000, then

further grew to 40.8 percent in 2010 (Figure 3). Of the 1.8 million professionals in 2010,

721 thousand were S&T professionals.

8

Figure 2. Filipino Workers 15 Years Old and Over

by S&T/Non-S&T Classification: 1990, 2000, and 2010

Figure 3. Distribution of Filipino Professionals

by S&T/Non-S&T Classification: 1990, 2000, and 2010

9

By Sex

When the data was disaggregated by sex, there were slightly more male than

female Filipino S&T professionals in all three (3) survey periods (Figure 4). In 2010,

there were about 366 thousand males (or 50.7%) S&T professionals compared to

females with 355 thousand (or 49.3%). On the other hand, males made up 50.6 percent

of the 362 thousand S&T professionals in 1990, while females, 49.4 percent. Sex

discrepancy was a little higher in 2000 with 54.1 percent (or 321 thousand) for males

and 46.0 percent (or 273 thousand) for females. Notably, there was almost a hundred

percent increase in both males and females from 1990 to 2010 in terms of number

(99.7% and 98.4%, respectively).

Figure 4. Percentage Distribution of HRST by Sex: 1990, 2000, and 2010

10

By Age

Filipino S&T professionals are young in general. In 2010, the median age of

S&T workers was 33 years old, which is only a year older than the median age in 2000

and 2 years older than that in 1990 (Table 3). In other words, half of the S&T

professionals were younger than 33 years old.

Of the workforce population of S&T professionals in 2010, 76.6 percent were

under 45 years of age or around 552 thousand. Filipino S&T professionals aged 25 to 34

years comprised 34.1 percent of the workforce population with S&T occupations. Those

aged 45 to 54 years accounted for 16.4 percent, and those aged 65 and above, 1.0

percent. By comparison in 1990, Filipino S&T professionals under 45 years of age

accounted for 84.0 percent of the S&T workforce population or 304 thousand. Those

aged 25 to 34 years comprised 45.8 percent while those aged 45 to 54 years accounted

for 9.8 percent. Remarkably, from 1990 to 2010 there was a huge increase of S&T

professionals aged 45 to 54 and 65 & above years, 233 percent and 143 percent increase,

respectively.

Table 3. Distribution of HRST by Age Group and Median Age: 1990, 2000, and 2010

Age Group (years)

1990 2000 2010

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

24 & below 58,147 16.06 79,233 13.35 119,888 16.63

25-34 166,045 45.85 238,692 40.23 245,990 34.12

35-44 79,985 22.09 157,783 26.59 186,108 25.81

45-54 35,617 9.83 77,158 13.00 118,615 16.45

55-64 17,640 4.87 29,001 4.89 42,873 5.95

65 & above 4,729 1.30 11,513 1.94 7,496 1.04

TOTAL 362,163 100.00 593,380 100.00 720,970 100.00

Median Age 32 33 34

11

By Marital Status

In terms of marital status, a majority of S&T professionals were married for all

survey periods. On the other hand, the proportion of single S&T professionals increased

from 36.2 percent in 1990 to 39.4 percent in 2010 (Table 4).

Table 4. Distribution of HRST by Marital Status: 1990, 2000, and 2010

Marital Status 1990 2000 2010


Single 131,109 36.20 195,049 32.87 283,709 39.35

Married 223,035 61.59 366,514 61.77 394,429 54.71

Widowed 4,996 1.38 10,452 1.76 11,228 1.56

Divorced-Separated

2,429 0.67 6,778 1.14 12,911 1.79

Others 483 0.13 11,821 1.99 18,082 2.51

Unknown 111 0.03 2,766 0.47 611 0.08

TOTAL 362,163 100.00 593,380 100.00 720,970 100.00

12

By Overseas Work Status

Of the 721 thousand S&T professionals in 2010, 113 thousand or 15.7% were

overseas workers. This proportion was higher than that of 1990 and 2000, with 11

percent (or around 40 thousand) and 9.4 percent (or 56 thousand), respectively.

Apparently, there was a huge increase of almost 200 percent from 1990 to 2010 with

only around 40 thousand S&T overseas workers in the earlier period (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Percentage Distribution of HRST by Overseas Work Status :

1990, 2000, and 2010

13

By Region

In terms of regional spread of S&T professionals in 2010, significant

proportions were coming from metropolitan and nearby areas: 211 thousand (29.2%)

S&T professionals were from the National Capital Region; 127 thousand (17.7%) from

Region 1V-A; and 89 thousand (12.4%) from Region III (Table 5). The least number

was observed in ARMM with only around 5 thousand (0.7%). The regional spread of

S&T professionals was almost the same in all survey periods in terms of proportion. A

remarkable increase of 185.5 percent from 45 thousand in 1990 to 127 thousand in

2010 was recorded in Region IV-A (CALABARZON).

Table 5. Distribution of HRST by Region: 1990, 2000, and 2010

Region 1990 2000 2010


Philippines 362,163 100.00 593,380 100.00 720,970 100.00

NCR 127,265 35.14 181,354 30.56 210,712 29.23

CAR 8,438 2.33 12,026 2.03 15,567 2.16

Region I 16,387 4.52 26,820 4.52 34,972 4.85

Region II 9,020 2.49 14,229 2.40 17,132 2.38

Region III 35,509 9.80 67,694 11.41 89,188 12.37

Region IV-A 44,657 12.33 93,625 15.78 127,496 17.68

Region IV-B 5,901 1.63 8,510 1.43 7,758 1.08

Region V 13,166 3.64 19,206 3.24 19,816 2.75

Region VI 22,407 6.19 36,344 6.12 44,120 6.12

Region VII 22,093 6.10 39,930 6.73 46,914 6.51

Region VIII 9,245 2.55 14,736 2.48 14,186 1.97

Region IX 7,812 2.16 12,673 2.14 17,657 2.45

Region X 8,822 2.44 14,831 2.50 24,460 3.39

Region XI 14,726 4.07 25,416 4.28 24,118 3.35

Region XII 6,015 1.66 13,076 2.20 13,833 1.92

CARAGA 6,594 1.82 8,991 1.52 8,067 1.12

ARMM 4,106 1.13 3,919 0.66 4,974 0.67

14

By S&T Occupations

In 2010, the most numbered S&T occupation was nursing and midwifery

(281 thousand or 39.0%), which was followed by engineering and related professions

(230 thousand or 31.9%). Ranked third were health professions with 112 thousand or

15.5%. On the other hand, mathematicians, statisticians, and related professions were

the least numbered S&T occupation with only about 6 hundred or 0.08% (Table 6).

From 1990 to 2010, almost a tripled increase was recorded among computer

professionals from 16 thousand in 1990 to almost 61 thousand in 2010. Also, almost a

doubled increase was observed among nursing and midwifery professionals from 97

thousand in 1990 to 281 thousand in 2010. However, huge drop was recorded among

mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals, from 7 thousand in 1990 to only

around 6 hundred in 2010. Other professions with negative percentage change were

physicists, chemists and related professionals (-72.6%) and life science professionals

(-16.0%).

From 2000 to 2010, more S&T occupations had apparent decreases, namely,

mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals (-88.4%), physicists, chemists

and related professionals (-83.7%), life science professionals (-37.8%), computer

professionals (-10.8%), and health professionals (-8.3%). Positive changes were

consistent in all survey years among nursing and midwifery professionals, engineering

and related professionals, and architects and related professionals.

15

Table 6. Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group: 1990, 2000, and 2010

S&T Occupational Group

1990 2000 2010


Nursing and midwifery professionals

97,376 26.89 136,502 23.00 280,831 38.95

Engineers and related professionals

118,345 32.68 205,775 34.68 229,758 31.87

Health professionals (except nursing)

86,343 23.84 121,698 20.51 111,758 15.50

Computer professionals 15,787 4.36 67,863 11.44 60,529 8.40

Architects and related professionals

12,568 3.47 19,369 3.26 22,486 3.12

Life science professionals 14,518 4.01 19,576 3.30 12,183 1.69

Physicists, chemists and related professionals

10,150 2.80 17,017 2.87 2,780 0.39

Mathematicians, statisti-cians and related profes-sionals

7,076 1.95 5,580 0.94 645 0.08

TOTAL 362,163 100.00 593,380 100.00 720,970 100.00

16

By S&T Occupations and Sex

Disaggregating the S&T occupations by sex, the data confirmed the common

knowledge that engineers and related professionals and architects and related

professionals are male-dominated professions while health professionals and nursing

and midwifery professionals are dominated by females. In all survey periods, the

figures revealed that differences among computer professionals by sex were small

(Table 7).

The 1990-2010 change showed tremendous increase among male nursing and

midwifery professionals (941.1%). The data also revealed more than 200 percent

increase for both male (291.0%) and female (274.0%) computer professionals.

Reduction in the number of mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals was

still evident both among males (-91.3%) and females (-90.6%).

Table 7. Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group and Sex:

1990, 2000, and 2010


1990 2000 2010

Male Female Male Female Male Female


4,764 (46.96)

5,386 (53.06)

8,353 (49.09)

8,664 (50.91)

1,028 (36.98)

1,752 (63.02)


3,024 (42.74)

4,052 (57.26)

2,661 (47.69)

2,919 (52.31)

263 (40.78)

382 (59.22)

Computer professionals 8,737

(55.34) 7,050

(44.66) 36,875 (54.34)

30,988 (45.66)

34,162 (56.44)

26,367 (43.56)


10,618 (84.48)

1,950 (15.52)

15,312 (79.05)

4,057 (20.95)

18,492 (82.24)

3,994 (17.76)


107,269 (90.64)

11,076 (9.36)

174,542 (84.8)

31,233 (15.2)

202,361 (88.08)

27,397 (11.92)

Life science professionals 10,112 (69.65)

4,406 (30.35)

13,235 (67.6)

6,341 (32.4)

7,901 (64.85)

4,282 (35.15)


32,223 (37.32)

54,120 (62.68)

48,389 (39.8)

73,309 (60.2)

35,440 (31.71)

76,318 (68.29)


6,341 (6.51)

91,035 (93.49)

21,356 (15.6)

115,146 (84.4)

66,018 (23.51)

214,813 (76.49)

TOTAL 183,088 (50.55)

179,075 (49.45)

320,723 (54.10)

272,657 (45.90)

365,665 (52.72)

355,305 (49.28)

( ) = percent in row

17

By S&T Occupations and Overseas Work Status

The distribution of S&T OFWs by specific occupations confirmed the figures

from the annual estimates of S&T migrant workers (SEI-DOST, 2011), particularly

nursing and midwifery professionals and engineers and related professionals as the most

numbered professions among S&T OFWs. In 1990, nursing and midwifery professionals

comprised 43 percent or around 40 thousand S&T OFWs while engineers and related

professionals made up 37 percent of the S&T OFWs. In 2000, there were more

engineers and related professionals than nursing and midwifery professionals who were

working abroad (22 thousand or 39.4% and 20 thousand or 35.6%, respectively). In the

most recent survey (2010), the proportions of engineers and related professionals and

nursing and midwifery professionals were almost the same (Table 8).

From 1990 to 2010, an increase of S&T OFWs was notable among engineers

and related professionals (225.5%) and architects and related professionals (255.9%). A

decrease in S&T OFWs was recorded among mathematicians, statisticians and related

professionals (-87.7%).

18

Table 8. Distribution of HRST Overseas Workers by S&T Occupational Group:

1990, 2000, and 2010


1990 2000 2010

Number of OFWs

Percent Number of

OFWs Percent

Number of OFWs

Percent


16,995 42.82 19,940 35.59 48,459 42.92


14,686 37.00 22,082 39.41 47,801 42.34


4,113 10.36 5,566 9.93 8,389 7.43

Computer professionals 1,786 4.50 5,304 9.47 3,924 3.48


1,065 2.68 1,540 2.75 3,790 3.36

Life science professionals 454 1.14 542 0.97 298 0.26


449 1.13 943 1.68 212 0.19


146 0.37 117 0.21 18 0.02

TOTAL 39,694 100.00 56,034 100.00 112,891 100.00

19

By S&T Occupations and Region

The distribution of HRST by S&T occupation and region showed high

concentration in National Capital Region (NCR) and neighboring regions. In all survey

years, NCR had the highest proportion of S&T professionals by occupation, followed by

Region IV-A and Region III. On the other hand, ARMM had the least proportion of

S&T workers in all other specific occupations (Tables 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3).

In 2010, in terms of percentage of S&T professionals by occupation in the

different regions, nursing and midwifery professionals had the highest proportions in

almost all regions, followed by engineers and related professionals. Conversely,

mathematicians, statisticians, and related professionals had the least proportions of S&T

workers in all regions (Table 9.1).

20

Table 9.1. Distribution of HRST by S&T Occupational Group and Region: 2010

Region S&T Occupational Group Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NCR 1,041 251 27,095 9,197 67,199 623 37,797 67,509 210,712

CAR 5 19 525 348 4,774 697 2,306 6,893 15,567

I 36 16 1,371 832 9,139 842 5,841 16,895 34,972

II 29 27 926 247 4,603 866 2,634 7,800 17,132

III 265 53 4,963 3,298 31,039 966 12,821 35,783 89,188

IV-A 696 114 10,184 3,970 50,682 1,163 16,789 43,898 127,496

IV-B 25 20 479 162 2,139 457 1,311 3,165 7,758

V 47 0 1,334 675 5,633 600 2,730 8,797 19,816

VI 239 40 1,601 1,060 10,032 1,151 7,156 22,841 44,120

VII 133 5 5,805 1,218 15,328 995 7,368 16,062 46,914

VIII 14 20 1,461 326 4,256 697 2,018 5,394 14,186

IX 49 15 845 185 4,014 631 1,984 9,934 17,657

X 80 0 1,246 249 7,219 740 3,520 11,406 24,460

XI 65 50 1,107 525 6,952 676 3,856 10,887 24,118

XII 41 5 610 79 3,372 501 2,074 7,151 13,833

CARAGA 15 10 827 96 2,129 503 1,195 3,292 8,067

ARMM 0 0 150 19 1,248 75 358 3,124 4,974

Total 2,780 645 60,529 22,486 229,758 12,183 111,758 280,831 720,970

Legend:

1 - Physicists, Chemists, and Related Professionals.

2 - Mathematicians, Statisticians, and Related Professionals

3 - Computer Professionals

4 - Architects and Related Professionals

5 - Engineers and Related Professionals

6 - Life Science Professionals

7 - Health Professionals (Except Nursing)

8 - Nursing and Midwifery Professionals

21



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NCR 5,306 1,977 29,199 7,010 63,056 2,645 42,375 29,786 181,354

CAR 173 57 756 242 4,110 706 2,616 3,366 12,026

I 443 163 1,649 1,125 7,682 920 5,559 9,279 26,820

II 124 96 899 306 4,258 1,363 3,130 4,053 14,229

III 1,947 496 8,178 2,661 24,363 1,540 12,881 15,628 67,694

IV-A 4,045 881 12,013 3,249 38,002 2,539 16,213 16,683 93,625

IV-B 161 144 755 193 2,567 704 1,809 2,177 8,510

V 402 231 1,594 578 5,980 788 3,712 5,921 19,206

VI 774 252 2,527 935 9,539 1,521 7,209 13,587 36,344

VII 1,212 183 4,041 969 14,714 981 7,789 10,041 39,930

VIII 316 260 991 301 4,477 1,043 3,301 4,047 14,736

IX 516 135 765 326 4,172 711 1,999 4,049 12,673

X 692 220 1,009 268 5,206 834 2,778 3,824 14,831

XI 527 250 1,714 733 8,176 1,855 5,669 6,492 25,416

XII 192 122 804 259 4,995 535 2,615 3,554 13,076

CARAGA 166 113 810 119 3,239 611 1,589 2,344 8,991

ARMM 21 - 159 95 1,239 280 454 1,671 3,919

Total 17,017 5,580 67,863 19,369 205,775 19,576 121,698 136,502 593,380

Legend:









22



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NCR 4,293 2,392 9,793 6,319 41,464 892 36,299 25,813 127,265

CAR 191 117 161 131 2,713 640 1,611 2,874 8,438

I 138 326 296 420 4,368 1,173 3,332 6,334 16,387

II 114 261 104 130 2,704 1,140 1,798 2,769 9,020

III 612 480 1,315 1,150 12,133 1,499 8,641 9,679 35,509

IV-A 1,679 776 2,181 1,544 14,933 1,893 9,279 12,372 44,657

IV-B 29 114 53 91 1,942 729 1,243 1,700 5,901

V 178 380 292 360 4,188 500 2,740 4,528 13,166

VI 690 422 371 374 6,783 1,281 4,335 8,151 22,407

VII 727 283 419 731 8,324 747 4,958 5,904 22,093

VIII 296 298 86 212 3,248 596 1,880 2,629 9,245

IX 237 181 126 150 2,388 516 1,651 2,563 7,812

X 314 188 135 252 2,539 704 2,037 2,653 8,822

XI 265 365 276 373 4,688 892 3,459 4,408 14,726

XII 48 72 49 39 2,081 375 1,231 2,120 6,015

CARAGA 252 289 62 148 2,262 666 1,377 1,538 6,594

ARMM 87 132 68 144 1,587 275 472 1,341 4,106

Total 10,150 7,076 15,787 12,568 118,345 14,518 86,343 97,376 362,163

Legend:









23

Summary and Conclusions

The estimates on the number of human resources in Science and Technology

(HRST) using census data showed an increasing trend from 1990 to 2010. The

estimated numbers of HRST in ten-year interval are: 362 thousand in 1990, 593

thousand in 2000, and 721 thousand in 2010.

Disaggregating the HRST in terms of sex revealed slight discrepancy in number

between males and females. In all three survey periods, there were slightly more male

than female Filipino S&T professionals. Males accounted more than half of the total

number of S&T professionals, ranging from 50.6 percent to 54 percent.

In terms of age, S&T professionals were relatively young with median age

ranging from 32 to 34. In other words, half of the total number of S&T professionals

aged lower than 32 or 34 years old. Moreover, distribution of HRST by age group

showed a concentration of proportions in age groups lower than 45 years.

On the proportion of HRST working overseas, the data confirmed previous

migration studies about the increase of outflow of S&T professionals. The proportion

of S&T overseas Filipino workers (S&T OFWs) ranged from 9.4 percent to 15.7

percent. In terms of absolute figures, there was a huge increase of S&T OFWs from 40

thousand in 1990 to 113 thousand in 2010.

As to the marital status, majority of S&T professionals were married ranging

from 54.7 percent to 61.8 percent.

Regional spread of HRST depicted a concentration in the National Capital

Region (NCR) and nearby regions (i.e., Region IV-A or CALABARZON and Region

III or Central Luzon) in all three survey periods. S&T professionals from metropolitan

and nearby regions comprised more than half of all HRST. A remarkable increase in

number was recorded in Region IV-A from 45 thousand in 1990 to around 127 thousand

in 2010.

24

The S&T occupations with the most number of professionals were nursing and

midwifery profession followed by engineering and related professions, as well as health

professions. On the other hand, the S&T professionals with the least number were

mathematicians, statisticians and those in related professions, followed by physicists,

chemists and related professions, as well as those in life science professions.

While in general the number of HRST increased over the three (3) survey

periods, looking at the specific S&T occupational groups showed that not all of them

had an upward trend. Enormous increases were observed among computer professionals

as well as nursing and midwifery professionals but huge drop was recorded among

mathematicians, statisticians and related professionals and physicists, chemists, and

related professionals. Positive changes were consistent in all survey years only among

nursing and midwifery professionals, engineering and related professionals, and archi-

tects and related professionals.

Disaggregating the S&T occupations by sex confirmed the common knowledge

that engineers and related professionals and architects and related professionals are

male-dominated professions while health professionals and nursing and midwifery

professionals are dominated by females.

The distribution of S&T OFWs by occupational groups confirmed that nursing

and midwifery professionals and engineers and related professionals as the most num-

bered professions who were working abroad.

In terms of percentage of S&T professionals by occupational group in the

different regions in 2010, nursing and midwifery professionals had the highest propor-

tions of S&T professionals in almost all regions, followed by engineers and related pro-

fessionals.

25

REFERENCES

Department of Science and Technology – Science Education Institute (DOST-SEI)

(2011). International Migration of Science and Technology (S&T) Manpower –

OFWs. Manila: DOST-SEI.

International Labor Organization (2004). International Standard Classification of

Occupations. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/

isco88/

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2011). OECD

Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2011. Retrieved from http://

www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/sti_scoreboard-2011-en/02/03/index.html?

contentType=/ns/Chapter,/ns/StatisticalPublication&itemId=/content/chapter/

sti_scoreboard-2011-14-en&containerItemId=/content/

serial/20725345&accessItemIds=&mimeType=text/html

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2000).

Mobilising Human Resources for Innovation. Retrieved from

http://www.cgiar-ilac.org/files/OECD_HR_Innovation.pdf

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1995). The

Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities: Manual on the Measure-

ment of Human Resources Devoted to S&T “Canberra Manual”. Retrieved from

http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tubitak_content_files/BTYPD/kilavuzlar/Canberra.pdf

Philippine Statistics Authority (n.d.). NSO Data Archive. Retrieved from http://

web0.psa.gov.ph/nsoda/index.php/home

26

Annex A: Sampling Method and Procedures

2010 Census on Population and Housing (CPH)

In the 2010 CPH, there are basically two types of questionnaires used for the

enumeration of household members. These are CPH Form 2 or the Common Household

Questionnaire and CPH Form 3 or the Sample Household Questionnaire. CPH Form 3

contains more questions than CPH Form 2.

The 2010 CPH was carried out through a combination of complete enumeration

and sampling. For this census, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. This sampling

method is designed in such a way that efficient and accurate estimates will be obtained

at the city/municipality level.

The sampling rate or the proportion of households to be selected as samples

depends on the size of the city/municipality where the Enumeration Area (EA) is

located. For the cities/municipalities with estimated number of households of 500 and

below, 100 percent sampling rate was used. While for those cities/municipalities with

estimated number of households of 501 and above, a sampling rate of 20 percent was

implemented.

In this sampling scheme, each city/municipality was treated as a domain. For

city/municipality with 100 percent sampling rate, all households in all the EAs within

this city/municipality were selected as samples. For those with a 20 percent sampling

rate, systematic cluster sampling was adopted. That is, sample selection of one in five

clusters with the first cluster selected at random. Thus in effect, the EAs belonging to

the city/municipality with 20 percent sampling rate are divided into clusters of size 5.

Random start is pre-determined for each EA.

If the sampling rate applied to a city/municipality is 100 percent, it means that

all households in that municipality were administered with CPH Form 3. If it is 20

percent, it means that 20 percent of all households used CPH Form 3 while 80 percent

used CPH Form 2.

27

The random start used by EA is a number from 1 to 5 which was used to select the cluster where the first sample households in an EA, and subsequently the other sam-ple households, were included. Clusters are formed by grouping together households that have been assigned consecutive serial numbers as they were listed in the Listing Booklet. For a 20 percent sampling rate, clusters were formed by grouping together five households. 1990 and 2000 Census on Population and Housing (CPH) In the Census 1990 and 2000, CPH Form 2 (Common Household Questionnaire)

and the CPH Form 3 (Sample Household Questionnaire) are also used. There are

procedures for selecting those households to whom CPH Form 3 will be administered.

All enumerators are required to strictly follow these procedures.

The sampling rate, or the proportion of households to be selected as samples

within each EA, varies from one EA to another. It can be either 100%, 20% or 10%

depending on the size of the municipality where the EA is located. If the sampling rate

applied to an EA is 100%, it means that all households in that EA will use CPH Form 3.

IF it is 20% or 10%, it means that one-fifth or one-tenth, respectively, of all households

will use CPH Form 3 while the rest will use CPH Form 2. The different sampling rates

are given below:

No. of Households in the Municipality Sampling Rate

1 - 500 100%

501 - 1500 20%

1501 and above 10%

The sampling rate for each municipality was identified before the start of the

census enumeration based on the estimated number of households.

The scheme for the selection of sample households is known as systematic

sampling with clusters as the sampling units. Under this scheme, the households in an

EA are grouped in clusters of size 5. Clusters are formed by grouping together housholds

that have been assigned consecutive serial numbers as they are listed in the Listing Page.

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

28

Annex B. List of Specific Occupations Belonging to the Core Coverage

Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST)

21 PHYSICAL, MATHEMATICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCE PROFESSIONALS

211 PHYSICISTS, CHEMISTS AND RELATED PROFESSIONALS

2111 Physicists and Astronomers

2112 Meteorologists

2113 Chemists

2114 Geologists and Geophysicists

212 MATHEMATICIANS, STATISTICIANS AND RELATED PROFESSIONALS

2121 Mathematicians and Related Professionals

2122 Statisticians

213 COMPUTING PROFESSIONALS

2131 Computer Systems Designers and Analysts

2132 Computer Programmers

2139 Computing Professionals not elsewhere classified

214 ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND RELATED PROFESSIONALS

2141 Architects, Town and Traffic Planners

2142 Civil Engineers

2143 Electrical Engineers

2144 Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers

2145 Mechanical Engineers

2146 Chemical Engineers

2147 Mining Engineers, Metallurgists and Related Professionals

2148 Cartographers and Surveyors

2149 Architects, Engineers and Related Professionals not elsewhere classified

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco88/21.htm























29

List of Specific Occupations Belonging to the Core Coverage

Human Resources in Science and Technology (HRST) (Cont.)

22 LIFE SCIENCE AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

221 LIFE SCIENCE PROFESSIONALS

2211 Biologists, Botanists, Zoologists and Related Professionals

2212 Pharmacologists, Pathologists and Related Professionals

2213 Agronomists and Related Professionals

222 HEALTH PROFESSIONALS (except nursing)

2221 Medical Doctors

2222 Dentists

2223 Veterinarians

2224 Pharmacists

2229 Health professionals (except nursing) not elsewhere classified

223 NURSING AND MIDWIFERY PROFESSIONALS

2230 Nursing and Midwifery professionals

Source: International Labor Organization ISCO-88

30

ADVISERS

Dr. Josette T. Biyo

Ms. Ruby R. Cristobal

EDITORS

Ms. Ruby R. Cristobal

Ms. Ruby D. Laña

Ms. Imelda S. Sario

TECHNICAL WRITER

Mr. Randolf S. Sasota

COVER DESIGN ARTIST

Mr. Gaius Karl G. Noble

PROOF READER

Ms. Casylyn M. Bilale














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