human reproduction. male reproductive system front view
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Reproduction
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Male reproductive system
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Front view
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Three additional glandsSeminal vesicles, Prostate gland and Cowper’s gland collectively: Provide energy (carbohydrates) for sperm.Alkaline fluid to protect against vaginal acidity.Provide mucus for lubricates end of penis
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List the main changes that occur in male characteristics during puberty under the influence of testosterone. (i.e. Secondary sexual characteristics)
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Male hormones
Testosterone: produced by cells of Leydig in the testes secondary sex characteristics at puberty needed for sperm production maintain reproductive organs sex drive or libido
FSH: Produced by hypophysis Stimulates spermatogenesis
LH: Produced by hypophysis Stimulates the secretion of testosterone
Don’t worry about these for now…
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Cross section through TESTIS
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Scrotum
Septum
Seminal vesicles
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Gamete
Gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis:
Diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergo meiosis to form haploid sperm cells
Creation
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Mitose
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Tail
Head
Neck
Acrosome
Nucleus
(Haploid)
Centriole
Mitochondria
Microtubules
Anatomy of human sperm cell
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Female reproductive system
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Endometrium
18 N
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Werwelkolom
Cervix
Rectum
Vagina
Anus
Fallopian tube
Spinal column
Urethra
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora
Fimbrae
Uterus
Pubic bone
Bladder
Ovarium
Internal reproductive structures
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Fimbrae
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Label the following
Uterus
Fallopian tubeFALLOPIAN tubesA
B
C
Uterus D
E
D
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List the main changes that occur in female characteristics during puberty under the influence of oestrogen.
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Egg
oogenesis
Oogenesis:
Diploid cells in the ovary undergo meiosis to form a primary follicle consisting of haploid cells. Three cells disintegrate and one cell develops into an ovum contained in a Graafian follicle.
Creation
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Exercise 2 pg 81 no 1 only
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Menstrual cycleIncludes uterine (uterus lining) and ovarian (ovary) cycles
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Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle
Gland Hormone Function
FOLP
Copy and complete the table below.
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Hormones from pituitary gland (FSH and LH)
Changes occurring in the ovary (ovarian cycle)
Hormones from the ovary (oestrogen and progesterone)
Changes in the endometrium (uterine cycle)
Graph showing:
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Day 1- approx 5
FSH increases
The endometrium from the previous cycle breaks down and is shed (menstruation)
Primary follicles in the ovary are stimulated to develop
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Day 6- 13
As the follicle develops and increases in size…
It secretes oestrogen
Which causes the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to thicken
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Day 14 (Approx)
High levels of oestrogen…
Cause a peak in LH
Which results in the mature Graafian follicle releasesing the egg (ovulation)
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Day 16-25 (Approx)
The remainder of the follicle becomes the corpus luteum.
Which secretes progesterone
That maintains and further thickens the endometrium
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If there is no fertilisation and implantation
The corpus luteumdegenerates
Decreasing the amount of progesterone
The endometrium is no longer maintained and the cycle starts over again
Low levels of progesterone no longer inhibit the secretion of FSH(negative-feedback)
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OR… If there is fertilisation and implantation
And continue to secrete progesterone
The endometrium is maintained
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Estrogen
There is also a change in body temperature
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Females hormones 1 FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone):
stimulates oogenesis development of follicle
LH (Luteinizing hormone): triggers ovulation development and maturation of corpus luteum
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Female hormones 2Oestrogen:
released by the follicles later by corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy
secondary sex characteristics at puberty.maintain reproductive organscauses the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, to
grow and thicken in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg.
prepare breasts for lactation (milk production)build-up of estrogen inhibits FSH productionbuild-up of estrogen stimulates LH production
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Female hormones 3Progesterone:
released by corpus luteum and released from placenta, if pregnant
causes the lining of the uterus, the endometrium, to grow and thicken in preparation of implantation of a fertilized egg.
During pregnancy: maintains placenta stops uterus from contracting (abortion)
Prepare breasts for lactation (milk production)
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MenstruationRelease of blood, unfertilised egg and endometrium through the vagina
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Ex 7 pg 99
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Fertilisation and development
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The Ovum
CytoplasmKeeps egg cell alive
Nucleus (haploid)Contains mother’s genetic material
Zona PellucidaEncloses delicate parts
Follicle cellsNourishes egg cell
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Copulation: Union of sex organs (penis is inserted into the vagina).
Fertilisation: Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei to form a (diploid) Zygote (in the fallopian tube).
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Fertilization
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He (God) has created both sexes, male and female, from a drop of semen which has been ejected. (Qur'an, 53: 45-46)
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Morula
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Embryonic development
Morula (8/many cell stage)
Blastocyst (Hollow ball of cells)
Embryo
Diploid Zygote
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Gestation (pregnancy)
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ImplantationThe blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium
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Pg 101 Ex 8 no 3,4 and 6
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Foetus
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Identify and state the functions of the following parts of the developing embryo/foetus: Chorion and chorionic villi Amnion, amniotic cavity and amniotic fluid Umbilical cord (including umbilical artery and umbilical vein)
Placenta
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Placental functions
1. Gaseous exchange
2. Nutrition
3. Excretion
4. Protection
5. Endocrine function
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Hormones
1. FSH – Hypophysis
2. LH – Hypophysis
3. Oestrogen – Graafian follicle + corpus luteum + placenta
4. Progesterone - corpus luteum + placenta
5. Relaxin
6. Prolactin These are not prescribed 7. HCG
8. Oxytocin
Progestero
ne and
Oestrogen m
aintain
pregnancy
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Birth process (aka parturation)
Three stages of the natural birth process Labour (contractions of uterus and dilation of cervix,
breaking of the “water”)
expulsion of baby
release of the afterbirth (placenta)
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Contraception (preventing pregnancy)
Not assessed
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Barrier methods
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IUD or loop
Allows fertilisation, but prevents implantation
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Diaphragm
Spermicides
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Other chemical methods“The pill” (daily)Day after pillInjections (2-3 months)Implants (3-5 years)
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Ultra-sound scans
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Gonorrrhoea
What is it?A bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is estimated that 650,000 people will develop it this year. (CDC)How can I get it? (Transmission)
Gonorrhea is transmitted when germs (bacteria) are passed from one person to another during sexual activity
How will I know I have it? (Symptoms) Signs of gonorrhea usually appear within 2 to 10 days
after sexual activity with someone who's infected
Women may not have any symptoms, or they may feel pain or a burning sensation when urinating, or they may see a yellow-greenish discharge from the vagina.Later, they may have bleeding between periods or pain in the pelvic area.
Men may have a urinary frequency or a burning sensation when urinating and a whitish discharge from the penis. In later stages, this discharge may be yellow-greenish
How will I know for sure? (Diagnosis) Contact your health care provider
A culture of the drainage will be sent to the lab for examination
The results will be back in a few days Current treatments Ofloxacin or Doxycycline, orally is often prescribed
Ceftriaxone, intramuscularly is often prescribed
Treatment may be daily or over several days depending upon medication and physician choice
You must take all the medicine as ordered or the organism may not die or may develop ways to make itself immune to the drug (resistance)
Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Doxycycline cannot be taken by pregnant women
Potential Problems and Complications Women can develop a severe infection in the
reproductive organs that can prevent them from having children.