human physiology(digestive system) - wifistudy.com · human digestive system (भानव...
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Human Physiology(Digestive system)
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Human Digestive System (भानव ऩाचन तॊतर)
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The alimentary canal and the glands associated with digestion constitute the human digestive system.
आहायनार कनार औय ऩाचन स जडी गरॊथथमाॊ भानव ऩाचन तॊतर का गठन कयती ह।
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Alimentary canal(आहायनार): The alimentary
canal in human beings measures about 8 to 10
meters in length. It extends from the mouth to the
anus. It has the following parts-
भानव भ आहायनर की रॊफाई रगबग 8 स 10 भीटय तक
होती ह। मह भॊह स गदा तक परी होती ह। इसक
ननमनलरखित बाग ह-
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Alimentary canal has the following parts
1.Mouth(भह)
2.Pharynx(गरसनी)3.Stomach(उदय)
4.Small intestine(छोटी आॊत)
5.Large intestine(फडी आॊत)
GLANDS Liver(मकत)
Pancreas(अगनमाशम)
Gallbladder(पऩतताशम)
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1.Mouth(भह):
The mouth consists of the oral cavity, through which
food is ingested. It is bounded by lips and cheeks. It
contains gums, teeth, a tongue and muscles.
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मह म मौखिक गहा होता ह, जिसक माधयम स भोिन को ननगऱा िाता ह। यह होठ और गाऱ स निरा हआ ह। इसम मसड, दात, एक िीभ और मासपशिया होती ह।
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The tongue tastes food and moves it
into the pharynx.
जीब बोजन का सवाद रती ह औय उस
गरसनी भ र जाती ह|
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Teeth help in biting, cutting and chewing food.
दाॊत बोजन को काटन, काटन औय चफान भ भदद कयत ह।
Teeth masticate the food. This makes it easier to swallow
food and increases its surface area for various digestive
secretions to act on.
दाॊत बोजन को कतयत ह। मह बोजन को ननगरन भ आसान फनाता ह औय पवलबन ऩाचन सरावो ऩय कामय कयन क लरए इसकी सतह तर को फढाता ह।
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Types of teeth - four
i. Incisors/कॊ तकii. Canines/छदकiii. Premolars/अगरचवणयकiv. Molars/चवणयक
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Our teeth are covered with a hard
protective covering of enamel.
हभाय दाॊत एनभार क एक कठठन
सयातभक आवयण स ढॊक हए ह|
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2.Pharynx(गरसनी): The oral cavity opens
into the pharynx. The swallowing mechanism
guides the masticated food through the pharynx,
into a tube called oesophagus.
भौखिक गहा गरसनी भ िरता ह। ननगरन वारा तॊतर
गरसनी क भाधमभ स अनपरणारी नाभक एक टमफ भ बोजन को ननदलशत कयता ह।
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3.Oesophagus(गरासनरी): The oesophagus is a muscular tube about
25cm (10in) long. /गरासनरी एक ऩशी टमफ ह जो रगबग 25cm (10in) रॊफी होती ह।
It connects your mouth to your stomach.
मह आऩक भॊह को आऩक ऩट स जोडता ह।
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The upper part of the oesophagus is
behind the windpipe (trachea).
गरासनरी का ऊऩयी ठहससा पव ॊडऩाइऩ (टरककआ)
क ऩीछ होता ह।
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3.Stomach(उदय): The stomach is a muscular
organ located on the left side of the upper
abdomen. The stomach receives food from the
esophagus.
ऩट एक ऩशी अॊग ह जो ऊऩयी ऩट क फाई ओय
ससथत ह। ऩट गरासनरी स बोजन परापत कयता ह।
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The stomach secretes acid and enzymes
that digest food.
ऩट बोजन को ऩचान वार एलसड औय एॊजाइभ
सतरापवत कयता ह।
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Digestion of protein begins in the stomach.
Pepsin breaks down proteins into peptones.
Gastric lipase partially breaks down lipids.
परोटीन का ऩाचन ऩट भ शर होता ह। ऩसपसन परोटीन को ऩपटोन भ तोड दता ह। गससटरक राइऩस आॊलशक रऩ स
लरपऩड को तोड दता ह।
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4.Small intestine(छोटी आॊत): The
small intestine is about 6 meters
in length and 2.5 centimeters in
thickness.
छोटी आॊत की रॊफाई रगबग 6 भीटय
औय भोटाई 2.5 सटीभीटय होती ह।
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There are three divisions of the
small intestine:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum.
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Duodenum is the first part. It
begins from the pyloric stomach,
and is C-shaped.
डओडनभ ऩहरा बाग ह। मह
ऩाइरोरयक ऩट स शर होता ह, औय
सी-आकाय का ह।
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Jejunum is the middle part of the
small intestine. It is found only in
man.
जजनभ छोटी आॊत का भधम बाग ह। मह
कवर भनषम भ ऩामा जाता ह।
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Ileum is the last and main part of
the small intestine. “The major part
of digestion and absorption takes
place here”
छोटी आॊत का अॊनतभ औय भखम बाग
इलरमभ ह। "ऩाचन औय अवशोषण का परभि ठहससा महाॉ समऩन होता ह"
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5.Large intestine(फडी आॊत):
The ileum passes into the large intestine. The
large intestine can be divided into two parts:
इलरमभ फडी आॊत भ गजयता ह। फडी आॊत को दो बागो भ पवबासजत ककमा जा सकता ह:
a) colon b) rectum
c)caecum
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caecum :At the junction of ileum
and colon, there is a blind (one end
closed) outgrowth called caecum.
इलरमभ औय फहदातर क जॊकशन ऩय, एक
छोय फॊदहोता ह सजस caecum कहा जाता ह।
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Colon:The colon has an ascending part,
a transverse part and a descending part.
फहदातर भ एक आयोही बाग, एक अनपरसथ
बाग औय एक अवयोही बाग होता ह।.
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Rectum:The last part, or the
descending part, opens into the
rectum./अॊनतभ बाग, मा अवयोही बाग,
भराशम भ िरता ह।
The terminal part of the rectum is
called anal canal/भराशम क टलभयनर बाग
को गदा नहय कहा जाता ह|
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GLANDS
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Liver(मकत):
It is the largest gland of the body. It
performs many functions.
मह शयीय की सफस फडी गरॊथथ ह। मह कई
कामय कयता ह।
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It secretes bile, which helps indigestion.
मह पऩतत को सतरापवत कयता ह, जो अऩच भ भदद
कयता ह
Bile produced by the liver & stored in the gall
bladder./पऩतत मकत दवाया ननलभयत होता ह औय पऩतत
भतराशम भ सॊगरठहत होता ह ।
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The liver is the largest gland located in the body. Most of it is situated in the upper right part of the ventral coater. Its weight is around 1.2 to 1.4 kg मकत शयीय भ ससथत, सफस फडी गरॊथथ ह। इसका अथधकाॊश उदयीम कोटय क ऊऩयी दाएॉ बाग भ ससथत ह। इसका बाय 1.2 स 1.4 ककरोगराभ क रगबग होता ह।
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Jaundice(ऩीलरमा)-It is the infection and inflammation of the liver.
मह रीवय का सॊकरभण ह।
-Bile pigments are present in the blood and cause
yellowing of eyes, skin, etc.
पऩतत वणयक यकत भ भौजद होत ह औय आॊिो, तवचा आठद क
ऩीरऩन का कायण फनत ह।
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Bile/पऩतत:A yellowish green
alkaline juice, is poured into the
duodenum through the common
bile duct.
एक ऩीरा हया ायीम यस, पऩतत नरी भ साभाम पऩतत नरी क भाधमभ स डारा जाता ह।
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The pH of common duct bile (7.50 to 8.05) Nature- Basic/ायीम
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Pancreas(अगनमाशम):
It secretes pancreatic juice, which is carried by
the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
मह अगननाशमी यस का सराव कयता ह, जो अगननाशमी नलरका को गरहणी भ र जाता ह।
Pancreas is known as a mixed gland
अगनमाशम को एक लभथित गरॊथथ क रऩ भ जाना जाता ह
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MIXED GLAND: A mixed gland is a gland which has both endocrine and exocrine functions लभथित गरॊथथ: एक गरॊथथ होती ह सजसभ अॊतसरावी औय फठहसरावी दोनो कामय होत ह Pancreas released both enzyme and harmones
Pancreatic juice
Insulin and glucagon
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Pancreatic juice contains a number of digestive
enzymes such as
अगननाशमी यस भ कई ऩाचक एॊजाइभ होत ह जस कक-
amylase for the splitting of polysaccharides
ऩॉरीसकयाइड क पवबाजन क लरए एभाइरज
Llipase for the breakdown of fats
वसा क टटन क लरए राइऩज
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trypsin and chymotrypsin for the
breakdown of proteins.
परोटीन क टटन क शऱए टरिजससन और काइमोटरिजससन।
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Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar (glucose) from carbohydrates in the food that you eat for energy or to store glucose for future use. Insulin helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
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इॊसलरन एक हाभोन ह जो अगनमाशम दवाया फनामा जाता ह जो आऩक शयीय को बोजन भ काफोहाइडरट स चीनी (गनरकोज) का उऩमोग कयन की अनभनत दता ह जो आऩ ऊजाय क लरए िात ह मा बपवषम भ उऩमोग क लरए गनरकोज को सटोय कयत ह। इॊसलरन आऩक यकत शकय या क सतय को फहत अथधक (हाइऩयगनरसलभमा) मा फहत कभ (हाइऩोगनराइसीलभमा) होन स फचान भ भदद कयता ह।
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Gallbladder: When a fat-rich food enters the small intestine, the gallbladder shrinks and secretes the stored bile. पऩतताशम:जफ वसा स बया बोजन छोटी आॊत भ परवश कयता ह तो पऩतत की थरी लसकड जाती ह औय सॊगरहीत पऩतत को सरापवत कयती ह|
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The important enzymes are:
i. Saliva released from salivary glands
राय गरॊथथमो स राय ननकरती ह|
ii. HCI, pepsin released from stomach
HCI, pepsin ऩट स सतरापवत होता ह|
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iii. Amylase, lipase and trypsin
released from pancreas /एभाइरज, राइऩज औय ठटरसपसन अगनमाशम स सतरापवत होत ह|
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