Human Physiology in the Development of Performance

D681 12

Session 2

By the end of today’s lesson you should:

• Correctly identify what you have learned from last week

• Correctly identify the anatomy of a long bone

• Correctly identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each

• Correctly describe the basic movement patterns

• Correctly identify and describe the features of a synovial joint

• Correctly identify the adaptations that occur in the skeleton due to exercise

Test

• Lets now see what you have remembered from last week

• Anatomical names of bones

Revision from session 1

• 5 main functions of the skeleton

Support

Protection

Movement

Blood Cell Production

Calcium Storage

Revision from session 1

• 5 Types of bone

Long

Short

Flat

Irregular

Sesamoid

Structure of a Long Bone

• The following slide contains a diagram of a long bone

• The parts labelled are the most important and a brief explanation of each is provided on the following slides

• The terms you require to be most familiar with are:

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Periosteum

Medullary Cavity

A Long Bone

Features of a Long Bone; Terms You Need to Know

Structure Description Function

Diaphysis Centre or shaft of the bone

Gives bone length

Epiphysis Bulges or ends of the bone

Allows attachment of tendons and ligaments

Periosteum Tough skin like coating

Protects the bone

Medullary Cavity

Hollow in the diaphysis of the bone

Contains yellow marrow

Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms

Structure

Description Function

Cartilage White rubbery material

Protects ends of bones and acts like a shock absorber

Epiphyseal Plate

Line between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Where bone grows longer

Bone Marrow

Soft tissue which fills the medullary cavity

Red bone marrow produces red blood cells yellow produces white blood cells

Features of a Long Bone; Other Terms

Structure

Description Function

Collagen Bundles of tough stringy material

Strengthen bone during development

Compact bone

Dense rigid part of bone

Gives bone it’s strength

Spongy Bone

Lies beneath compact bone in a criss cross appearance

Allows bones to be light yet strong

Task

• You must now draw your own long bone

• The bone must be labelled with all 10 terms found in the tables above

• Take your time and make your drawing big and clear

Activity

• In your groups think about what a joint is and then make a list of all the joints you can think of in the body?

Types of Synovial Joints

• There are 6 basic types of Synovial joints:Hinge jointBall and socketPivot jointCondyloid (Ellipsoid/Ovoid) jointGliding jointSaddle joint

Types of Synovial Joints

Hinge joint– Joint which only allows movement in one

plane– Examples: Elbow, Knee and Ankle

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball and socket– Allows the widest range of movement– Examples: Shoulder and Hip

Types of Synovial Joints

Pivot joint– Joint which only allows movement in one plane– Examples: Radius and Ulna below elbow joint

Top 2 vertebrae in neck (cervicle)

Types of Synovial Joints

Saddle joint– Joint which allows movement in two

planes– Example: Metacarpal Thumb joint

Types of Synovial Joints

Gliding joint– Joint where flat surfaces glide past each

other (normally allow movement in two planes however may permit movement in all directions)

– Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae

Types of Synovial Joints

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joint– Joint which allows movement usually in two planes– Example: Metacarpal and 1st phalange

Radius, Ulna & Carpals (wrist)

Movement Patterns

• FlexionAngle between joints is decreasedBending action

• ExtensionStraightening actionAngle between joints is increased

• Hyper ExtensionExtreme extensionUsually straightening past 180º

Movement Patterns

• Horizontal Flexion

Bending action on horizontal plane

Angle between joints is decreased

• Horizontal Extension

Straightening action on horizontal plane

Angle between joints is increased

Movement Patterns

• Abduction

Moving away from the midline of the body

• Adduction

Moving towards the midline of the body

Movement Patterns

• Rotation

A bone turns around within it’s axis

Usually a twisting action

• Circumduction

A bone turns around within it’s axis to make a cone like shape

Movement Patterns

• Dorsi FlexionThe foot is raised

upwards towards the tibia

• Plantar FlexionThe toes are pointed

downwards

Movement Patterns

• Supination

Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face upwards

• Pronation

Form of rotation which occurs when the palm of the hand is turned to face downwards

Making Movement Patterns Specific

• Whenever you use a movement pattern you must make it specific to a joint

• Simply saying extension gives us little information

• If however you say knee extension then we know exactly what type of extension we are talking about

• More importantly where in the body you are talking about

Activity – Charades

• You will now be split into small groups

• One person in the group will volunteer to go first

• Each volunteer must act out the three movements on the card and it is up to those in the group to correctly name the movement patterns

• The volunteers will then swap

• Everyone will get the opportunity to act out the movement patterns to their group

Task

• In your small groups work out the movement patterns that are created during the exercises listed and state the joint that is involved

• Lift phase – when the weight/body is lifted

• Lower phase – when the weight is lowered/body is lowered

Structure of a Synovial Joint (Knee Joint)

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint

Term Description

Femur Thigh bone

Tibia Lower leg bone (thick)

Fibula Lower leg bone (fine)

Patella Knee Cap

Quadriceps Thigh muscle

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint

Term Description

Bursa Fluid-filled sacs, between bones, ligaments, or other adjacent structures help cushion the friction in a joint

Cartilage Cartilage is found at the end of bones and helps reduce the friction of movement

Ligaments Attach bone to bone

Features of a Synovial Knee Joint

Term Description

Tendon Attach bone to muscle

Synovial Membrane

A tissue called the synovial membrane lines the joint and seals it into a joint capsule.

Synovial Fluid Synovial fluid (a clear, sticky fluid) is secreted from the synovial membrane around the joint to lubricate it.

What happens to the skeleton if you take part in sport or fitness training programme?

• Skeleton =

Bones

Ligaments

Tendons

In your group make a list of all the changes that you think happen to the skeleton with exercise

Adaptations to the Skeleton with Exercise

• Increased bone density

• Increased bone strength

• Increased strength of ligaments and tendons

• Increased flexibility of ligaments and tendons

You Should Now Be Able To;

• Identify what you have learned from last week

• Identify the anatomical names of the bones in the upper body

• Identify the 6 types of synovial joints and examples of each

• Describe the basic movement patterns

• Identify and describe the features of a synovial joint