human physiology: cell structure and function and organization of cells, tissues and organs, systems...
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Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Cell structure and function and Cell structure and function and
Organization of cells, tissues and Organization of cells, tissues and organs, systemsorgans, systems
Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.
M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYIII LectureIII Lecture
9/August/20129/August/2012
Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.
Cell JunctionsCell Junctions
Plasma membrane proteins Plasma membrane proteins connect connect neighboring cellsneighboring cells - called - called Cell junctionsCell junctions
Plant cells – Plant cells – plasmodesmataplasmodesmata provides provides channels between cellschannels between cells
Cell Junctions Cell Junctions
3 types of cell junctions in animal cells3 types of cell junctions in animal cellsTight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap Tight junctions; Anchoring junctions & Gap
junctionsjunctions
3. Gap junction Membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channels
2. Anchoring junction Cytoskeleton fibers join cells in tissues that need to stretch
1. Tight junction
Membrane proteins seal neighboring cells so that water soluble substances cannot cross 1
3
2
Cell JunctionsCell Junctions
1.1. Tight junctions Tight junctions – membrane proteins – membrane proteins seal neighboring cellsseal neighboring cells so that water so that water soluble substances cannot cross soluble substances cannot cross between thembetween them
• Example, between stomach cellsExample, between stomach cells
Cell JunctionsCell Junctions
2.2. Anchoring junctions Anchoring junctions – – cytoskeleton cytoskeleton fibers fibers join cells in tissues join cells in tissues that need to that need to stretchstretch
• See between heart, skin, and muscle cellsSee between heart, skin, and muscle cells
3.3. Gap junctions Gap junctions – membrane proteins on – membrane proteins on neighboring cells link to form channelsneighboring cells link to form channels
• This links the This links the cytoplasm of adjoining cellscytoplasm of adjoining cells
Plant Cell JunctionsPlant Cell Junctions
PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata form form channels between channels between neighboring plant cellsneighboring plant cells
Vacuole
Wallsof twoadjacentplant cells
Plasmodesmata
Layersof one plantcell wall
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Plant cell 1
Plant cell 2
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Extracellular StructuresExtracellular Structures
Extracellular structures include:Extracellular structures include:
-extracellular matrix surrounding animal -extracellular matrix surrounding animal cellscells
-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists-cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists
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Extracellular StructuresExtracellular StructuresCell wallsCell walls
-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and -present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protistssome protists
-the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary -the carbohydrates present in the cell wall vary depending on the cell type:depending on the cell type:
-plant and protist cell walls - -plant and protist cell walls - cellulosecellulose
-fungal cell walls – -fungal cell walls – chitinchitin
--the the entire outside surface of the cell often has entire outside surface of the cell often has a loose carbohydrate coat a loose carbohydrate coat called the called the ““glycocalyx”glycocalyx”. .
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Extracellular StructuresExtracellular Structures
Extracellular matrix (ECM)Extracellular matrix (ECM)
-surrounds animal cells-surrounds animal cells
-composed of -composed of glycoproteinsglycoproteins and and fibrous fibrous proteinsproteins
-may be connected to the cytoplasm via -may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrinintegrin proteins present in the plasma proteins present in the plasma membranemembrane
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Extracellular StructuresExtracellular Structures
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Levels Of Organization and Levels Of Organization and Function-Organelles, tissues, Function-Organelles, tissues,
organs and systemsorgans and systems
Levels Of OrganizationLevels Of Organization
7.3.1 Summarize the levels of 7.3.1 Summarize the levels of organization within the human organization within the human body (including cells, tissues, body (including cells, tissues,
organs, and systems).organs, and systems).
The levels of organization from The levels of organization from simplest to most complex aresimplest to most complex are::
CellsCells Tissues Tissues OrgansOrgans SystemSystem OrganismOrganism
CellsCells The basic unit of structure and The basic unit of structure and
function in the human bodyfunction in the human body Though all cells perform the processes Though all cells perform the processes
that keep humans alive, they also that keep humans alive, they also have specialized functions as well.have specialized functions as well.
Examples may be nerve cells Examples may be nerve cells (neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.(neurons), blood cells, and bone cells.
TissuesTissues
A group of specialized cells A group of specialized cells that work together to perform that work together to perform the same function.the same function.
There are four basic types of There are four basic types of tissue in the human body:tissue in the human body:
TissuesTissues
Nerve TissueNerve Tissue Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue Connective TissueConnective Tissue
TissuesTissues1.1. Nerve tissueNerve tissue – carries – carries
impulses back and forth to impulses back and forth to the brain from the bodythe brain from the body
Three types of muscle tissueThree types of muscle tissue Muscle tissueMuscle tissue – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal) – (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
contract and shorten, making body parts movecontract and shorten, making body parts move Skeletal Skeletal
CardiacCardiac
SmoothSmooth
3. Epithelial tissue – covers the 3. Epithelial tissue – covers the surfaces of surfaces of the body, inside the body, inside ((as lining and /or covering as lining and /or covering of internal organsof internal organs) and ) and outside (as layer of outside (as layer of skin)skin)
4. Connective tissue – 4. Connective tissue – connects all parts of connects all parts of the body and provides supportthe body and provides support (for (for example example ligaments, cartilage, tendons ligaments, cartilage, tendons ).).
OrgansOrgans A group of two or more A group of two or more different types different types
of tissue of tissue that work together to perform that work together to perform a specific function.a specific function.
The The task is generally more complex task is generally more complex than that of the tissue.than that of the tissue.
For example, the heart is made of For example, the heart is made of muscle and connective tissues muscle and connective tissues which which functions to pump blood throughout functions to pump blood throughout the body.the body.
SystemsSystems A group of two or more organs A group of two or more organs that work that work
together to perform a specific function. together to perform a specific function. Each Each organ system has its own function organ system has its own function but but
the the systems work together and depend on systems work together and depend on one anotherone another. .
There are eleven different organ systems in There are eleven different organ systems in the human body: the human body: circulatory, digestive, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, endocrine, excretory (urinary), immune, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, integumentary (skin), muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.
Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Cell Membrane transport across Cell Membrane transport across cell, membrane and Intercellular cell, membrane and Intercellular
communicationcommunication
Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.
M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYIII LectureIII Lecture
9/August/20129/August/2012
Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.
Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Levels Of Organization and Function-Levels Of Organization and Function-
Organelles, tissues, organs and Organelles, tissues, organs and systemssystems
Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
Collected and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.
BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.
M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYII LectureII Lecture
7/August/20127/August/2012
Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Regulation of cell multiplication Regulation of cell multiplication and Musculo-skeletal system and Musculo-skeletal system
Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.
M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYII LectureII Lecture
13/August/201213/August/2012
Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.
Human Physiology:Human Physiology:Musculo-skeletal system: Musculo-skeletal system:
Structure and function of bone, Structure and function of bone, cartilage and connective tissue. cartilage and connective tissue. Disorders of the skeletal system. Disorders of the skeletal system. Types of muscles structure and Types of muscles structure and
function function
Source: Collected from different sources on the internet-http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html
BYBYDR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D. DR BOOMINATHAN Ph.D.
M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)M.Sc.,(Med. Bio, JIPMER), M.Sc.,(FGSWI, Israel), Ph.D (NUS, SINGAPORE)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYPONDICHERRY UNIVERSITYII LectureII Lecture
14/August/201214/August/2012
Collected, and modified by Dr Boominathan Ph.D.