Human Nutrition and Involvement of FAO In World Food Problems Milton R. IMcRobert"

Nntrition Officpr

Food ¡¡nd Agricnltllre Orgauizatioll

Nortll Alllericall Regional Offi('e Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

\'on are all aware of OHr pre"ent Íllllllel'"ion in a ~el'iOlI" ,yorld food situation. Only ten year" ago, we ]¡elieyp!l that we had 13 to 20 years in which to bring tllp t ¡'('lIds of foo!l prodllction and popu lation gl'owth into a balance(1 real it.Y. 0111' intentions were to aIert worId opinion amI inaugurate a con cerned attack npoJl the p1'oh1elll of Ilnnger and malnutrition. But ti­me l'On" a1ollg' more rapidly than \Ve anticípate. Tnevi­t11])l.'". it is ahya.n:; later than we think. Now, we see allllll(lantly e]ear - the crisis is UpOIl us even hefore the ('nd of the decade of the sixties.

y ps. it is the primary concern of the international cOlllnlnnity to pren'nt large-scalp hunger, particularl~­in lhe more densel~- populated areas of the gIobp.

Row did we permit this global food problem to develop?

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Food production in Asia, Africa, and I~atin Ameri­ca has failed to keep pace with population growth in these areas; declining by 4 to 5 percent per capita in 1965/66.

SeYere droughts were experienced in India and A friea in 19()()/67. Only extensive shipments of food grains fJ'ClIt1 North Ameriea averted a disas­ter which histor.Y wouId haye reeorded far worse than any previollfdy experieneed. But now the gra­nary stoe!;,s of tl¡P produetive farm-Iands of North An1Priea are at their lowest leveIs in vears. We no longer have a major resPrYe in ",hieh' to eaH to a eomparahle ('Illergency.

Sincp 1945, 11101'P than 60 countries have realized iTHlependpnce and self-g-overnment responsibilities. 'rhpsp opportunities have hrought discoveries of economic and social real ities much harder with which to deal thall the political arrangements of indeppndent nationali"ll1. Xearly every one of thesp emerging natiOl!H havp realized the vicious cirele of:

agriculture Illlrdened by population pressures, industries onee gpared to external trade left

without internal markets, pducation far "hort of their needs and slowed

by the imnlPllSe costs, education far short of their needs and slowed by

the i111mense costs. . export econolll.'> exppl'iencing deflationary prices, and lllany otile]' totalIy new and immense pro-

blems.

Lmv-pace nationnl ecol1omie" have discovered that eCOIlOlllic dpveloplllent i" not an overnight aCC0111-plü;]lllH'nt, and that five-year plan s, no matter how perfect OIl papel" seell\ to ine\'italJly require revolu­bonary cllange" and deviations to meet with some

IH'ogrpss and particularl", to an'l't t'xtt'll"in' (li"a,,­ter.

'1'he size oí the world's food need is the eore of the prohlem. Tt is monu111Plltal. More than one-half (jj'

lllankilld are inadequately fed, 01' as we read, "mal­llourished."

'l')¡p outlook fol' world fond necessitates a con"i­deration of (1) Food Demand, and (2) Food S1Ipply in (a) food-deficit countries, and (b) food-abundani countries.

vVorId Demand for food is projected to illcrease by 31 percent between 1965 and 1975. Assumptions for this projection are based upon (1) our present rate of population growth, and (2) an optimistic Gross Do­mestic Producto The most rapid growth in food demand will be in today's food-deficit conntries, an increase of 45 percent.

Looking forward another decade - to 1985 - and assuming'

(1) an annual population growth of 2.6 percent, which is present day reality,

(2) an optimistic gross national product of 5.5 per­cent per year from 196:5 to 1973, and 6.0 percent per year from 1975 to 1983.

This will mean an in crease in total food demand between 1965 and 1985 of 112%.

Let us not be so optimistic 011 the gross national product figures. AssllIning a GDP of 3.6 percent per year to 1975 and 3.9 percent per yeal' to 198:5, the foo\1 demand will still ÍIH,¡,pase by 82 pe1'cpnt over 1965.

Let us 1001;: at ealodes, what we haY(' and their influencp upon the wo1'Id's Ipvel of nlltrition.

In 1962, the sllpply of eaIori('" in high incoHlI' countries was 2900 - 3000 per per"on per day. In developing countries, a\'ailable calorips were onl." abont 2200. Roweyer, some disparity is rellloved bct­wcen these two availablt' calorie lpH'l" whell oue loo!;,s at caloric requirell1ents. 'l']¡e rpquirelllpnts of ealo1'ips for persons in the aeve]oppd countri('" are somp 300 calo1'ies highel' per person pe1' day thall in the develop­ing countris, due to gpographicaI loeation alld other factors.

'1'11p balanee of a diet in tel'lllsof llut1'ients is a­Ilother cOIlsideration for evaluating humall lllltritioll. The overall protein/ caIorie ratio of did" iR practicalI," indepelldent of yariatiom; in per capita falllily iueome. 'rlw p1'otein/caIol'ie ration of East .\frica (where tJH' average allnllal iuC'olllP is ::;;76) is pradieall.,' the "alllP as in Xorth America (with al1 average il\('ollle of on']' ~2,00(), i.e .. 11.5 percpnt amI 11.8 pel'cen t, l'espectively.

Can. Inst. Food Technol. J. Vol. 1. No. 2. 1968

Hut, don't mislcad us, you are saying. No, let's [ook at su <"1 1 a sihwtioll and its hasie renSOIlS.

In low íneOllle c01ll1tries, proteill intake is mainly of wgdable origin, 7.1; to 1:2.G llereent in countries "oith illcomes belo\V ~1 OO. vV)¡ether 01' 110t t11ere is a Rl'I'iolls oyera11 pl'otein sllOrtnge depends lnrgely on the protein coutellt oí lile staple foods.

In sayanuah eountries of East and \Vest Africa where 1'00<1 sl1pplies lIIed e¡¡l()]'ie reqllirements, there is no proteil1 shortage. Fol' lhe did is hascd on SOl'­

gltUlII, milet, and pulses. vV)¡preas, in ('lplatorial Afri­can eOlllltries 01' the 1'01'est )',()]I(' \\"11<'1'(' starehy roots form a Iarge part or tlle did, e\"('l1 tllOllgh ealorie needs lllay be lll{'t, tltere is a llIal'ked protein defieieney.

Countries oí tlle Xpar-EaRt, )lorHt Afriea, and southel'n Europl', in spit-e of thei1' lo\\" ineollles, llave n ])l'oteill/ealorie ratio equal to 01' abo\"(' 1hat of north­(,fll Em'ope. Cerea ls, partieularly wheat, are the basie cO.lllponent 01' tIte diet of these countries.

In .Tapan, animal protein eommmption is low in cOJllpariSOll to illeOll1e leve1. IIo\yever, the protein/ ca­¡orie ratio ís satisfaetory heeause of quantities of soya commllled. Tltis is lIluelt in eont1'ast to otlter southeast Asian ('oullt1'i('s whosl' lIIajo!' food ítem is riel'.

1 tltiJlk thai yOll wdI understand tllat tIte pro­blcm for most developillg eountries is jo illerease thei1' supply of ealories wItile at tite sallle time to improve tite ealorie/protein balance. I regret to say that the ]Jl'osp('cts of sol ving tItis problem of protein defieieney over tite npxi 20 years by inereased animal produetion looks ratll('1' grilll. TIterefore, it is vital to attaek the problem frolll tite otiler side as we11, by trying to in­nease tile eonslUllption of vegetable proteins.

Tilese population statistics, I tltink yon will find 01' great iute1'est. At tIte 1'illle of Christ, the world's pOlllllatioll \Vas 2;)0 llIillion, amI it \Vas 1 GOO years be­fOl'e tltis populatioll \Vas doubled. By 1800 \Ve Ilad g1'own in numbers to 923 million; OIle hnndred years later to 1-billioll -551-million. By 1H30, \Ve were just I'cady to turn the :2-billion poillt. Ollly 30 years later, ] 9GO, we Ilad almost anotlter hiIlion, and in 19G4, the world's population figures \y(~I'e 3-billion--28G-million. 'rIle p1'o.ieetions of the flli m'l' are figures that have brougltt us 10 reali)',e that gross prohlellls are ahead. By 1970, we antieipate a population Oll ihis globe of ;3-billioll-478 lIIilI ion, alld eaelt ten years - 1980, 1990, :2000 - \Ve anticipate ano/her oue billion inereaRe in 0111' population lIllllI bers.

It took a long time to eOll1e a short wav. But a11 of a sndden we a~e going a long way in a sllOrt time. As the youth of today keep reminding their elders -"Times haye ehanged."

Tlle wmld faees a situation todav as it Ilas never known before.Wllat Ilas taken over a italf-million vears 1'01' aeltieving the presen t world population, w~ are now onl.)" to require 3,) years to double.

Higltt now, G3-million people are being added to the world, and tltis in ere ase is not taking place at a lt iglter rate in tite more advaneed and prosperous areas.

vVhere is t11is world's population loeated? At tlle beginning of tIte 20th eentury, Asia and

Europe Ilad the greatel' portion of the world's popula­tion. The Alllerieas and Oceania had only a small per­cpnt.

J. Inst. Can. Technol. Aliment. Vol. 1, No 2, 1968

Sixt.v years late1', speeifie trends of interest are ¡¡¡'ising. TIte population of tlle Amerieas has inereased, partiell1ady Latin Allleriea. EUl'opean numbers have d(·clille(]. Af1'iea and ARia ha n~ experienced a slight iu­(']'eHse. But, tlle eltallge, Wll('l1 obsel'vecl as to extent of de\OeloplIIent is profound. Population numbers in the l('ss developed regions of tIte world have inereased 3.7 pereent.

Predietio!ls for the eud of ou1' eentnry llave brought ait ention to grave problems of people and tite eapabili­ty of feeding tItese numbers. In :2000, ""sia and Latin America will have inereased thci1' population numbers tremendollsly. This gives a startling ration of 79.4 per­('('ut of tIte world's populatioll in ou1' less developed regions and onl", :20.G pereent in areas of tIte world witlt a food produetiou eapability adequate to feed its own inhabitants.

1'he Food and Agl'ieultllre Organization has pre­sented tltis sort of statistics and reasolling as the lleeessity for world population stabilization along with the aeeeleration of inel'eased food produetion in tlle developing eountries as the only permanent answer to this monumental global problem.

There is not a half-\vay point to freedom, whether it is politieal 01' eeollomÍe; nor is olle-Ilalf a desirable objeetive for us to eonsider. vVe must aim onr progress toward the eutire eomplex of economic and social mea­sures, whereby tlle proeesses of produetion and distri­hution adequately ll1eet the needs of society.

vVith these background statisties to provide a hasis of operation, 1 would now like to give you a short review of some of the programs with whieh F AO is approaehing the problem of today and the eolossus of tomorrow. These wi11 inelude the Indieative vVorld Plan for Agrieulture Developll1ent, the World Food Program, the Freedom From Hunger Campaign, and tlle Field Project Offieer for Developing Countries.

The ob.iective of -¡"AO's Indieative vVorld Plan for Agrieultural Development is to aualyze tlle world food problem, as a whole and in suffieient detail, to serve as a basis for poliey guidance both to the deve­loping and developed eountries. Tite Indicative Plan is being prepared ,,"ith t\\"o time ]¡orizons - a ten-year perspeetive to 1975 and a :20-yea1' perspeetive to 1985. It will proyide: 1. a foeus for tite aeti vities of F AO ; 2. an international frame of referellee fol' assistanee

to governments in formulating and implemellting their agricultural polieies;

3. a useful basis fol' attemptillg to reconeile tlle conflicts of production and trade polieies between eountries; and

4. guidanee to botll reeipient, and donor eoulltries and organizatiol1s witll respeet to international aid.

1'he Indicative Plan is being built on a realistie exall1ination of the situation in nearly one hundred different eountries and territories.

The major lines 01' emphasis emerging in the In-dieative Plan are: 1. Hesources and population 2. Oyera11 growtll rates ~~. Poeus of agrieultural stl'ategy 4. 'rile role of urbanization ;¡. Str'uetural ehanges

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I¡. l'rocei->i->ing i n<lui->tri('i-> l. Econolllie incpntivPR 8. Institlllional i->ünetm'(' D. Productioll l'equisitps

10. '" ateJ'-llRe poliey 11. IntenRifieation n.;. pxtplli->ioll of area 12. Protein lwoblem 13. Trade 14, The problplI1 of employltwnt 13. Eeonomie illtegration 1 fí. Capital inflow to d('veloping- conntriPR,

A firRt yersion of tlle lndieatiye 'World Plan for Agrienltural Devploplllellt will he plaeed before the 8(,(,0l1(1 'Vorld Food Congress, which is scheduled for (>arl v in 1 !)(m. Later the Plan will be reviewed by the FAÚ Confen'lH'p for endOl'RPIlIPllt and l'ecoll1mendationR to lIlelllher govPI'llIl1pntR, hoth in developing and deve­l(¡ped countries,

WorId Food Program At the end of 1D61 and tlle JJeginning of 1962, a

joint "elüure of the Unite(] NationR and theFood and .\gricultlll'P Organization established the "'orld Food Programo 'rhe ohjective of this proposal was to stimu­late eeonomie and social developrnellt through aid in the form of food. I think that you will agree, we need a construetive answer to this 1l10dern world paradox of overabundance of food in sorne countries and of hun­gel' and malnutrition in others. Thp resources for this progralll, of whieh more tIlan 70 percent is in COl1l11l0-dities, come from voluntary contribntions by 72 mem­llpI'8 of the UN and of FAO.

Uutil the food-deficit eountries become sufficiently developed, eeouomiea11y aud socia11y, the cause of ItUllger will l'elllain. Therefore, it is in this context of eeollolllic and soeial development that food aid is most llH'aningfuI. aeting as an integral part of the l1lodern "'orld's eoncept of aid for developlllent in t11e long-term interests of aIl. Instead of money 01' expert advise, aid takes tbe form of food. Let me stress that the real ob­jedive of tite program is to eliminate the eonditions whieh make fooc} aid necei->sary - that is, development and not charitable relief.

Commodities, once pledged, are ]¡eld in tIte donor coulltries until callpd for h." tlw Programo PAO does noí house stock s of its own. These pledges are then po oled to Illeeí food needs in the case of emergencies 01' toward development projeets eonsidered as objeetive alld desirahle. The donor conntry cannot require that its eontribution be earlllarked for a specifie eoulltry.

The vVorld Pood Program formally started opera­tionR 011 1 ,Tanuary 1963, fOl' an experimental thrce .nars. The pledging cOllferenee held in X ew York re­i->ulted in a eontributioll of $94-million in the form of eommodities, cash, 01' Rerviees. But what a sma11 figure when you realize that eountry-by·eouutry over $2-bil­!ion is being appropriated to food aid programs around the worId eaeh year.

A" new three-year pledgiug period, 1966/68, has a target of $273-million. Of this amount, by the eud of 1 !HHl, :lji160-million hall been contributed.

T11P next pledging period will be for two years, 19(59 and 1970. A target of $200 rnillion has been re· cOJllnlPnded .

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In this progralll of pl'ol1lotillg eeonomie and social deH']OjHl1Pllt througIt tlle Rllppl.ring of f'ood to projects (lming 1 !J(¡:l¡()(¡, 1:!1 projeei R "'el'e in operatioll 01' had IH'en eompleted. 'l'he kinds of projeetR which have been su Jl]lorte(] i ne] nded ]¡ 11Jl1 a Jl reRonr'eeR, ag1'ielllt11re, in­f"l'a¡,;ülletlll'p, :l1ld iudnshy and mineral resourees.

In tlJe area (Jf hnman l"eSOllrees, 1'ood is sllpplied jo sclJool dlildreu to illlpron> health alld briug more of t]¡PIll jo Se!IOOl. 'l'hiR is all illveRtlllent in future resou1'­('('R in ~killi->. Iu tlJe SlllllJIIl'r of 19GG, 123,000 children in s{"]wol, :!OO,()()O presehool ehildrell, alld 15,000 expec­tallt aud 1l11I'Ring 1Il0thpl'R r('('{'iY(~d food aid. One of the important aspeets 01' th is program waR to bring about deRÍrable eltallges in t'ating ltabits - altering the tra­di1 ionH 1 diet of !m'arl am] starelty foods by inelusion of ]¡palthier rationR of meat, fiRlJ, eggs, milk, and fats witIl local fresh fruits anl! vegetables. It is hoped that familiaritv with these new kinds oE food will lead to inereased 'loeal productioll 01' them.

'1'he lal'gest number of projects are aimed at de­vdopment of ag1'ieulture, 63 projects, 01' 60 percent of tIte eommitted 1'eRoureeR. Food aid in the agriculture seetor can assist in a more balaneed development of a cOlllltr,r's eeonollly by stilllulating local employment and increasing food prod11C:tion as well as reducing the migration of rural people to tlle urban centers. One of tlte major effmts in this area of food aid use for agriculture development has been in the resettlement of gl 'oups 01' e0Il111111nities upon new land. Reclaiming land, cOllverting ulltillable acreages to productive 1'orests, improved control of watersIleds, feed grains to livestoek projects, and priee stabilizatioll - all of tlJese Itave been fruitful endea"ors of development in tlH' Rpltere 01' better agrieulture.

Supported p1'ojeets in infrastructure have inclu­ded eOllllllll1lity development in t11e imp1'ovement of llOnsing and water supplies, and in tIte repair and cons­trlletioll of roads and railroads. Twenty-four projects han~ heen proll1oted in tltis arca, involving 15 percent 01' tIle eOlllll1itted resources.

Onl}' eight projeets llave heen supported in in­dust1'Y and mineral resources development, a11 of ,,,hielt have been in 'L'urkey. TIte industries have been ",ilIt emphasis 011 expansioll alld modernization in pI'Odlletion of cement, ff'l'tilizer, pnlp and papel', coal, and iron alld steel.

X ote carefully that the '" orld Food Program does not eontribute teellllieal assistanee, capital, 01' foreign exehangp. '('he ef1'ort of tltis program is to demonstrate tIte posRihilities of food aid for eeouolllic developmellt. Aid as teehnieal assistallce 01' capital is supplied by other seltellle~ - Expallcled Program of Technical Assistance and tIte International De\"elopment Asso­ciatioll, both of whieIl are U.N. agencies.

Freedom From Hunger Campaign In Canada, th FreedoIll j1"'rom Hunger Campaign

lleeds no elaborate "'ords of introduetiol1. This has be en an FAO program tltat has reeeived ll10st excellent sup­port frOlll Calladiall eitizells, and for whieh Canada l'pcei,'es gl'eat praise and eOl1l111endatioll,

Freedom From Hunger Campaign activities have been a dynamic componpnt 01' F AO's overaIl progralll, actiug as a reinforcement to government p1'ograms. I'rohahl.r oí' gl'eateRt value has beell the educatioll and

Can. Inst. Food Technol. J. Vol. 1, No. 2, 1968

illformation llHl)('('f" 01' tllP emllpnigJI. In devplo}le!1 ('o\lIlI1'i('", lile l11lhlit ha" hl'1'1l kepl ;1\\'<11'(' of ille l\(>e(] fol' gl'eatel' a""i"tanee 10 ¡]C'YPloping ('ollnil'ip", ,\nd ill d{'vploping e01lntri('", lwoplp ,,'P]'(' llllHlp a",nl'(' of tlle can"e" of lIlalnutritioll anlI nndel'(]pvplojllllPJlt, a]1(1 ,,'('re (>lleom'aged to pal'tieipatp ill YOIUlllm'," pl'ogral1l" alllI aetivities ailtled a1 im'J'pa"p(] /'ood ])1'oduetion,

1 tltink tllat a rt'view (Jf ('aJl;l<ln's Fl'eedolll Prolll I-Iullgel' Campaigll illn)]YPllIPllt ,vollld JI(' of pal'tienlal' interest.

PÍ\'e pl'ojeets of IllnjOl' inlt'l'l'st hnn' bpen spleeted: 1. At \}Iysore, India, 'I'he pstahliHllIlwnt 01' an inter­

national food tecllllology tl'ainillg C'pntpr. An in­volvpment of $491,506.

') }Iechanization 01' fiHhillg hoats fol' Illany C'onntries, .\n involvement of $45.H31.

~. A fellowship pl'Ogl'lUll ,vhiel¡ ltaH 1)('eu a speeific ])I'ojpct nI' illP ('alladiall 4-II Cluhs. An iuvolve­l1lent 01' :¡¡;2,78D.

J. A cOIlHll1tant fol' tite llll'ptiug ou c(,l'ea]s and bread s fOl' i1lf' Xeal' Enst Regioll. This pl'Ojeet ",as sponsor­ed by tlle Calladiall COOIWl'ative 'Y]¡pat Pl'oducers LtI1. .\ll illvolYelllent 01' $11,111.

d. Thp s]wcial progralll Hponsol'ed by tlle Calladian .TllUiol' Hed (1roH", (Ievplopmellt of Hc]¡ool gardens aJl(I lllltl'itiol1 PfhlC'atioll in Sudan. An involvement of $213,GOO.

'rlteS(~ are exampleH of t]¡e types of programs being (,()]HIneied in appl'OXilllaidy no eOllntries 01' regions of the \\'01'1<1. lluder Ihe gllidance aud objeetives of the Fl'eedolll Fl'Olll Huuger Call1paign. 9:3 projeets have hePH eOlllpleted. ns pl'ojects pl'l'sentIy in operation.

F AO Field Project Officer In

Developing Countries

Snpplying ¡¡('ede(1 (>xpel't achie(' 1'01' agricultural dp\'plo¡JIllPut ltaH 1)pen the objeefivl' l'l'aHOllS 1'01' the tTllited NatiollH' Expandpd I'rogralll of 'reelmical Assis· tallce. Sinee 1H50, 1ll0l'e thall $400-111illioll Imv!' heen ill\'PHted in kllo\\'ledgp il!u] tl'cllllical expPl'ieuee in tllis programo By 1 l){¡J, a ]¡Ol1 t 12,5()() expprt" fl'oJlI n7 na­lions ha(1 "pITed iu l::H cOllutl'ies and tel'ritories. FAO's "hal'p of tll(> ]";xpallded l'l'ogl'illll Itas IH>pn ~l1H lIIillioll an<1 50() l'X)J!'rt" ,,'ol'killg in fiPld pl'ograms 01' ll10rp than 100 ('onutril'S,

'l'lwsp men amI "'O!llen. experts in lllan,\' teclmi­('al ('nt<>gOl'ie:-<, ]¡aY<~ gi"pll ;l""i:-<tante in "il'tna1l." every fipl(] of ('ollsPI'n\lio!l aud eX]lloitatio!l 01' tlle eart]¡'~

l'p!le'"ahlp natural l'P:-<om·('(>~. 'I'hese progralll~ llave val'ietl Íl'olll marine foodH f],()1ll tite ]¡ottolll of tlte ocean lo forp"t illünstrip" in tlle ltigh HilllalanlH. Assistauee haH ]¡PPIl rendpl'f>d tO\val'd tJ¡¡> den~lo]lm'ent of national plan", to teaeJ¡ ing COO].;:Pl'Y to yillage \\'olllen, 10 teaeb­ing illit(>l'ate fishel'lllpn llo,,' to l'epail' tltei!' boats, lo I'Hlabl isll i!lg la hora toril'" 1'01' I i"esto!'].;: (li"pnHe protec· 1 iO!l.

'['he Lllited Xatiolls' Slweial Fnlld is allother ap­])]'oa(')t 01' te(']¡lli('ul (>xpel'1i~e. Let lile give ~'()n two pxalllples: 1. A t 'l'lllTiallm. ('oHta Rica -

"\ pl'ogl'am io stl'eugtlwll tea('hing and j'e:-<earclt }lctivitips 01' au inHtitnte cOllcel'ned witlt the agrio (,llltlll'al j)l'oblplllH 1'01' thp ",hnIe of Latin .\Illerica.

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') 1"01' th(' .\lltnlya J'PgiOll ()f' 'l'nl'key -A prl'ill\'p"tllll'lIt "lllTPY to ('stablish an overa11 plall for deye!0llillg 1 he fnllpst nse of agricultura1 l'esoure(>s for thiH al'pa.

The Freedom From HlIl!gPl' Campaig11 Ilas created au llllTll'('cidellted ('011C('I'U ¡¡\)()nt t[¡p \\'01'1<1 food pro· blem as weH as an unprecidentpd determination to do something about it. Fift,\' fipld projeets llave been ('()udncted undpl' tite aUHl)Í('Ps 01' tl)(, Fl'ee<1om From Hnugp1' Campaign. '['he llWHt important p1'nject has 1)('en a fertilizer prog1'am in 17 conntries 01' the Near East, ",est nud north Afl'iea, and Latin America. A­Ilother large project ha" h('en the mecllanization of silllple local fishing hoais ",itl! ontbomd 1ll0to1's. In Píle]¡ case, a tpe!mica 1 (,XjH'l't has hpen tite essential focal point n]¡ont w]¡ic]¡ the "ucccss 01' thpse p1'ograms in eaeh area of tlle ,yorld ha" deyeloped.

Thel'efore, FAO fip]d programs depend nltimately l1]lon individunl pXp(,l'ts. 'rhese eou1'ageous persons come to grips dail." ,,,ith tlw man,\' prohlems of tech­Ilical developllwut to tite specifie project which is their a"signment. The Pll1phasis is that their help is to he ouly lempora1'.\', lIlltil jhe ('ount1'." develops its own rrSOUl'ees. l\Ja," 1 panse to sny - it takes a true dediea­tioll amI al! alllllldanc(' of ability.

Xow ",iil! thiH bnckgronnd, let ns inrn our tllongllts i otIle Fi(>ld l'l'ojPI't Offic('l' aud just what are !lis 01' lIPI' qualificatioIlH that elassified Itim 01' her as t11is "expert." 1. Field Projeet Offieers, \muall." hetween 35 to (JO

yelu'H of agp, are r('('r11ite<1 internationally. 2. A uniwrHity degl'l>e 01' itH eq11iyalent in tbe field

of speeialization iH a l'equisite. ;j. A t least fin' to tell ."ears 01' professiol1al experi·

pnce and J'espollsihility are 01' utmost signifiean('(' fOJ' lH'OIl1oiing a pl'ogl'am in a developing country. 'l'hpl'pfol'e, llloHt progl'lllllf-; l'eqnire first-elass pro· /'PRHiollal qnalifieationH allied with many years of I)]'adieal experieuc('.

4. T]¡e physieal l'igol's 01' tllese pl'ograms are gl'pat: t]¡el'do]'p, good physieal health is ver." essential.

.1. 'rile years, nttion prog1'ams, and Hpecifie indi­,-¡dnal" that han: pxp('uted tlle top sucC'essfnl FAO field 1)P]'f()]'lllaJH'PH aJ'l' tpstilllonial to the eHsen­tials 01' (a) patipllc(' alld (h) good tempeI'Hlllent, n loug with (e) tlle enol' willingness to tr,\' many ne", paths to tlle solutioIl of a prohlem.

n. 'l'he PHHl'ntial task iH to train loeal technicianH. 'l']¡(>1'pfore, thp eXlwl'/ lllusí he tlle combination 01' a tecllll ician, tea('llel', and diplomat.

To the greateHt extellt possible, local Heientists lmd i('C'huieialls 01' tite hosi: eountr." are invited to \\'ork in tlt(' pl'ognll11~. A ('ondition 01' most progralll" is that tllp aided govel'Jllllent lllUHt provide coullterpart \\'01'­

kpl's. Th is is a good place to pmphasize tllat a selected ex ]>(,1't llllmt be offieiall.v aceepted by the 110st go\'el'll-1I[(,lit [¡efol'e appoilltllll'llt ('au be made.

'j 1t i" PH"eutial to llave sympathetie understandillg 01' tlw pl'ohIelllH oj' tlle people of tlle host countr,\' as ,yen aH heing genuillely interested in raiHing tll(' \\'01'I<1's "ialHIanl oj' living.

,"'. TIte Il'llgtll oí' tillle 01' Hervice of a Field l'rojeet Offic('l' iH fl'OIll a fe", 1Il0nths to five yearH.

!l. 'I'heHl' offi('('I'¡'; al'(, mmally on 1('11<1 fl'OIll pl'inlte

A40

industries, nnin'l·slt¡PS. im;titntes, 01' governlllent ageneies. ~rany expel'ts ¡'('furn to tlwir fornwl' positiOllS wit11 l'l'ne\Yerl \'igol', a superb stimulus of uel\' learning, a mI new i nsights i!lto areas oi' hJllg - standing concern.

1 n. 'l'hl'ee In¡rking langlUlges are official - English, French, amI Spanish. T]¡e kuowledge of a secoud language toget]¡Pl' ",itlt eupabilities in loeal lan­gll<lgps ()]' (lialpds is a <!efillite a~set, thollg]¡ not essentia1. -

'1 The search for new sourees of food should be vigorously pursned, esppeially t11e resourees of tlle sea whiell eO"ers 71.7 pereent of tlle area of this globe, but which eOlltributes at present less than two pereent of lIlall 's food. The potelltial for indus­trial produetion of protein by micro-organisms a180 needs to be vigoro11s1y explored.

1. Of equal illlportanr~e is the lleed for family plan­lIiug in the high-birthrate, low-illeome eountries. TIte birtltrate 8110Uld be l'edueed by half as soon as possible, and gradually brougItt to one pereent per annum. Unless food produetion ean take the lead over population growth in the poorer eountries, the hopes of averting widespread famine are in­deed slim.

11. 1'l'eVi011S eXppl'Íl'IlC'p in del'P]oping eountrips is Itelp fll 1 hui not psselltia1. 'l']¡e greatest single ]Jl'obleIII faeing t]¡e expert arriviug in a develop­ing cOllnü'.,- for tite first time is tlle eulutral shoek. In eonclusioll, 1 would like to l'estate four polieies

amI measures whielt 1 helieve are relevant to the pre­sent food crisis:

'l'hese objeetives will not be easy to aehieve. It is far easier to formulate objeetives of development poliey tl1an to weave tltem into a 811stained long-term strate­gy of growth.

1. First and foremost, food In'oduetion should be inereased in tlle developing couu tries to about donble tlle current rate of annual inerement, and to snstain this enhaneed rate over a number of years. 'l'he food produeing eapaeity of the advaneed coun­tries should be fully ntilized in ol'der to meet cur­rent shortages.

Therefore, agrollomists, food teehnologists, and agrieultural seientists, we aU have a monumental task at whieh to apply our best of eompetenee in professio­nal abilities. And as we work toward sueeessful aecom­plishments, let us not view the world as a haphazard eonglomeration of independent things, but instead a eOIIl plex of in terrela tionshi ps.

A41

BOOKREVIEW

Cottage Cheese and Other Cultured Milk Products

This book, published by Ohas. Pfizer and Oo. Inc. Xew York, N.Y., manufacturer amI distributor of ladie eultures for the food industry. is one of a series of suell puhlieations that have been made available to teehno­logists in the dairy industry. This book, however, is quite different from tile otl1ers in a number of respects. The authors, Drs. Douglas B. Emmons and Stewart L.Tuekey, have had wide experienee in botlt teaehing and researeh in tl1is subject area that is soon apparent to the reader and, furthermore, tItey present tite text in a manner that makes it highly aeeeptable as a refe­rence for both the noviee and the professional. The seetion on eottage cheese makes referenee to recent findings, whieh have in no small measure been eontri­butecl to by the work of Dr. Emmons. Tn this regard referenee is made to investigations on laetie eultures, the development of aeidity and its effeet on the firml1eS8 of eottage eheese, and the laetic-streptoeoeeal aggluti­nins in milk and their influence on aeid produetiol1 al1d physical properties of eottage cheese eurd. The re­"iewer is favorably impressed with the eoverage of the subjeet in this short, 143 page, welI-illustrated pre­sentation. lt brings together much useful technical information on the processing techniques applied in the manufaeture of those dairy produets eharacterized by their dependenee on the productiou of lactic acid by a rauge of lactie acid produeing bacteria from the relatively easily eultured Streptoeo(,(,lls lnetis to the fastidious Lactobacillus aeidophilus.

P. W. Wood

Can. Inst. Food Technol. J. Vol. 1. No. 2. 196~\