HUMAN GROWTH &

DEVELOPMENTCHAPTER 17-18

THE BEGINNINGFERTILIZATION: union of male sperm

cell with female egg cell

ZYGOTE: cell that results from

fertilization

IMPLANTATION: process by which

the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

EMBRYO: cluster of cells that

develops between weeks 3-8.

FETUS: embryo after about 8 weeks

AMNIOTIC SAC: thin, fluid-filled

membrane that surrounds & protects the

developing embryo

UMBILICAL CORD: ropelike structure that

connects the fetus with the mother’s

placenta

EMBRYO: cluster of cells that develops

between weeks 3-8.

FETUS: embryo after about 8 weeks

MULTIPLE BIRTHSTwins, Triplets & Quadruplets

IDENTICAL: develop from

one zygote & splits to form

two embryos

FRATERNAL: develops from a

separate egg & each is

fertilized by its own sperm cell

PREGNANCYIt is healthy for a pregnant

woman to gain 25-28 lbs

Women carry babies different:

• High or Low

• Narrow or Wide

COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCYFETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME:

alcohol-related birth defects that

includes physical & mental problems

MISCARRIAGE: spontaneous

expulsion of a fetus before the 20

week

PREECLAMPSIA: severe high blood

pressure for the mother during the

pregnancy

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY: zygote

implants in fallopian tube, impossible

for fetus to grow

COMPLICATIONS OF BIRTH

PREMATURE BIRTH: at least 3

weeks before due date

BREECH BIRTH: birth where a

baby’s buttocks or feet are

delivered first

STILL BIRTH: birth of a baby that

died in the womb – older than 28

weeks

LABOR & DELIVERY• Labor

• Delivery

• CEASAREAN or C-SECTION:

delivery with incision made

through the mother’s abdomen

• Afterbirth

• PLACENTA: thick, blood-rich

tissue that lines the wall of the

uterus during pregnancy &

nourishes the embryo

GENETICSCHROMOSOMES: thread-like

structures found within the nucleus of

a cell that carry the codes for inherited

traits

GENES: basic units of heredity

DNA: chemical unit that makes up

chromosomes

Each child gets:

• 23 from mother’s egg

• 23 from father’s sperm

• 46 total

GENETIC DISORDERSDISORDER CAUSED PARTLY OR COMPLETELY BY A DEFECT IN GENES

Down Syndrome: extra chromosome

Cystic Fibrosis: respiratory disease

Hemophilia: failure of blood to clot

Sickle Cell: blood cells have sickle shape

Tay-Sachs Disease: destruction of nervous

system

INFANCY: BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS

Opens and closes hands

May begin associating sounds with objects

Imitates new word sounds

May walk a few steps

Experiences the five basic emotions

Forms strong attachment to parents

Begins to smile

Wants companionship

Enjoys company of other children

Begins experiencing stranger anxiety

Shows strong likes and dislikes

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

EARLY CHILDHOOD: AGES 1-3

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Walks well

Picks up objects without losing balance

Throws balls overhead, but inaccurately

Draws recognizable pictures

Begins showing defiance, disagreement

Behaves affectionately

May wish to help adults

Begins being bothered by fears

Desires approval

Bosses other children

Takes part in group activities

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: AGES 4-6

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Dresses and undresses

Uses utensils to eat for most foods

Becomes more independent

Eager to explore the larger world

Craves praise and approval

Self-confidence grows

Begins forming friendships

Becomes more outgoing and talkative

Respects others’ belongings

May want to do things their own way

LATE CHILDHOOD: AGES 7-12

CHILD DEVELOPMENT

Puberty may begin

Sensitivity about body image may begin

Develops sense of self

Recognizes unique personality traits

Sense of competence develops

Becomes aware of dangers in the world

Deeper friendships develop

Relationships with parents change

Begins facing moral decisions

Peer pressure becomes stronger

PUBERTYADOLESCENCE: period between

childhood & adulthood

PUBERTY: time when a person begins to

develop certain traits of adults of his/her

gender

PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS:

relate to the production of reproductive

cells

• Eggs: in a female’s body at birth &

mature during puberty

• Sperm: production begins at puberty

PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING ADOLESCENCE

*Acne

MENTAL CHANGES DURING ADOLESCENCE

MATURITYPHYSICAL MATURITY: when the

physical body & all its organs are fully

developed

EMOTIONAL MATURITY: when the

mental & emotional capabilities of an

individual are fully developed

• Ability to give love

• Ability to receive love

• Ability to face reality

• Ability to deal with reality

• Capacity to learn from life

experiences

• Positive values

• Positive goals

STAGES OF ADULTHOOD

YOUNG

adulthood

MIDDLE

adulthood

OLDER

adulthood

SPAN 19-40 40-65 65+

GOAL to develop Intimacy through

close personal

relationships

Sense of having

contributed to

society

Satisfaction with

his/her life

MARRIAGECOMMITMENT: promise or a pledge

• Communication

• Emotional maturity

• Interest

• Values

MARRIAGECONFLICTS

Issues that can Cause Problems in a Marriage

Differences in spending & saving habits

Conflicting loyalties involving family & friends

Jealousy, infidelity or lack of attention

Lack of communication

Abusive tendencies or attitudes

Lack of intimacy

Decisions about having children & arranging child care

ADULTHOOD & PARENTHOODADOPTION: legal process of taking a child of other parents as

one’s own

INTERGITY: firm adherence to a moral code

UNCONDITIONAL LOVE: love without limitations or

quantifications

TRANSITIONS: critical changes that occur at all stages of life

MENOPAUSE: the end of ovulation when a woman can no longer

become pregnant

EMPTY NEST SYNDROME: feelings of sadness or loneliness

that accompany seeing children leave home & enter adulthood

GOOD PARENTS TEACH:

**LEAD BY EXAMPLE

TEEN PARENTING