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Chapter 5 Lecture
Human Geography: Places and
Regions in Global Context Sixth Edition
Wendy A. Mitteager
State University of New York, Oneonta
Cultural Geographies
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Cultural Geography
• Cultural Complexes
• Cultural Regions
• Cultural Systems
• Diaspora
• Cultural Hearths
• Identity
• Americanization Figure 5.1 Maori men with traditional tattoos
Key Concepts
• Cultural Geography: a sub-field within
human geography which studies cultural
products and norms and their variations
across and relations to spaces and places.
• Cultural Complexes: a group of culture
traits all interrelated and dominated by one
essential trait: ex: Nationalism is a culture
complex.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Cultural Regions: a geographical area with one
relatively homogeneous human activity or
complex of activities . These are often
associated with an ethnolinguistic group and the
territory it inhabits. Can also be called a “cultural
sphere,” or “cultural area.”
• Cultural Systems: the interaction of different
elements of culture. While a cultural system is
quite different from a social system, sometimes
both systems together are referred to as the
sociocultural system.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Diaspora: an ancient Greek word meaning
"to scatter about." People of a diaspora
scatter from their homeland to places
across the globe, spreading their culture
as they go.
– The Bible refers to the Diaspora of Jews
exiled from Israel by the Babylonians. But the
word is now also used more generally to
describe any large migration of refugees,
language, or culture.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts
• Cultural Hearths: any place where certain
related changes in land-use appeared due
to human domestication of plants and
animals.
• Identity: How we make sense of ourselves
• Americanization
– Ghetto: A group of people, all of the same
ethnicity, that live in the same area of a city
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Cultural geography
– Space, place, and
landscape
– Ongoing process
• Folk culture
• Popular culture
Culture as a Geographical Process
• Complex concept
• Shared set of
meanings
• Globalization impacts
culture
Figure 5.2 Road accident memorial
Culture as a Geographical Process
• Globalization impacts culture
– How does Globalization impact culture?
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Culture as a Geographical Process
• Cultural geography
– Space
– place
– landscape
– Ongoing process
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Culture as a Geographical Process
• Folk culture vs. Popular culture
– Folk Culture: Culture traditionally practiced by
a small, homogeneous, rural group living in
relative isolation from other groups.
– Popular Culture: Entertainment spread by
mass communications and enjoying wide
appeal.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Culture of Hip-Hop
Figure 5.B Internationally
successful rapper, Nicki
Minaj
Figure 5.A Sources and diffusion of U.S. rap
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Complexes
• Carl Sauer – American Geographer (UC-
Berkley 1923-1957)
– considered how cultural
landscapes are made up of
environmental and man-
alterations on the physical
landscape.
– Was a contradiction to the
believed theory of
“environmental determinism”
(Belief that environment
predisposes human social
development towards
particular trajectories
Figure 5.3 Cultural landscape in Kenya
Cultural Complexes
• Historical geography: is the study of the
human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and
"real" geographies of the past.
– Historical geography studies a wide variety of
issues and topics.
– A common theme is the study of the
geographies of the past and how a place or
region changes through time.
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Cultural Complexes
• Genre de vie
– Created by French Geographer Paul Vidal de
la Blache
– Again contrary to Environmental Determinism
– Said human beings are not confined by their
environment, rather this environment creates
opportunities
– What is possible is what can happen
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Cultural Complexes
• Cultural traits: any trait of human activity
acquired in social life and transmitted by
communication.
• Rites of passage: a ceremony or event
marking an important stage in someone's
life, especially birth, puberty, marriage,
and death.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Complexes, (cont'd)
Figure 5.4 Sauer's cultural landscape, summarized
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Figure 5.6 A cultural trait of mature
Tuareg men in Niger
Figure 5.8 A coming-of-age ceremony
in South Korea is a rite of passage
based on age
Apply your knowledge: Identify traits characteristic of
your cultural group
Cultural Complexes, (cont'd)
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Cultural Complexes, (cont'd)
Figure 5.9 Cultural regions based on religion in the U.S.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Systems
Figure 5.11 The world's four major
religions: origins and diaspora Figure 5.13 The spread of
Christianity
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Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
Figure 5.10 World distribution of major religions
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
• Religion: a belief system and set of
practices that recognize the existence of a
power higher than humans
– Monotheism vs. Polytheism
– Major Religions
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
• Religious groups
• Religion and globalization
Figure 5.16 Megachurch in Illinois Figure 5.15 Tibetan monks protest in
Nepal
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Cultural Systems, (cont'd) • Language: the method of human communication, either
spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a
structured and conventional way.
– Dialects: a particular form of a language that is peculiar
to a specific region or social group.
– Language family (same as Language Group): a group
of languages related through descent from a common
ancestor, called the proto-language of that family.
– Language branch, a newer, or less commonly spoken
language that has a older "parent language“
Apply your knowledge: Identify different dialects of
American English. On a map identify, where these dialects
are spoken and consider these regions in terms of culture
and power. Do certain dialects have different cultural
power?
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
• Largest Language Families – Atlantic-Congo (1,432 languages)
– Austronesian (1,276 languages)
– Indo-European (585 languages)
– Sino-Tibetan (472 languages)
– Afro-Asiatic (372 languages)
– Nuclear Trans-New Guinea (315 languages)
– Pama-Nyungan (240 languages)
– Otomanguean (178 languages)
– Austroasiatic (164 languages)
– Tai-Kadai (96 languages)
– Dravidian (81 languages)
– Arawakan (76 languages)
– Mande (74 languages)
– Tupian (71 languages)
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Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
• Kinship: Related by blood
– Kinship Links: types of push or pull factors
that influence a migrant's decision to go
where family or friends have already found
success
• Tribe: form of social identity created by
groups who share a set of ideas about
collective loyalty and political action
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Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
• Cultural nationalism: an effort to protect
regional and national cultures from the
homogenizing impacts of globalization,
especially the penetrating influence of U.S.
culture
• Islamism: a popular reform movement
advocating the reordering of government
and society in accordance with laws
prescribed by Islam.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 5.17 World distribution of major languages
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 5.18 India's linguistic landscape is
complex with hundreds of distinct
languages in use
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
[Insert Figure 5.22]
Just include the 2003 map
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
Figure 5.22 World distribution of TV sets
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cultural Systems, (cont'd)
Figure 5.23 The broad reach of Muslim cultural, colonial, and trade
activities.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture and Identity
• Sexuality: set of practices
and identities that a given
culture considers related to
each other and to those
things it considers sexual
acts and desires
Figure 5.24 Gay pride
parade in Brazil
Apply your knowledge: Investigate ethnicity and
territory by mapping out your city's places of worship.
What does the distribution tell you about the local ethnic
geography?
Culture and Identity
• Ethnicity: socially created system of rules
about who belongs and who does not
belong to a particular group based upon
actual or perceived commonalities, such
as language or religion
• Race: a problematic classification of
human beings based on skin color and
other physical characteristics
– According to M. El-Kati there is no such thing
as race
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture and Identity
• Racialization: the practice of creating
unequal castes where one ethnicity is
considered the norm or unexceptional
• Gender: the social differences between
men and women rather than the
anatomical differences that are related to
sex
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Culture and Identity
• Hybridity: a mixture of 2 or more cultures
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Culture and Identity, (cont'd)
Figure 5.C Islamic veiling fashion is highly variable
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Culture and Identity, (cont'd)
Figure 5.27 Indian women in the informal
sector
Figure 5.26 Chinatown, San Francisco:
voluntarily chosen by immigrants or a
place of exclusion and racism?
Apply your knowledge: What are the gender
constructions in your culture? What are gender
constructions in other cultures?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Emergent Cultural Geographies
• Actor-network theory
(ANT): is an approach
to social theory and
research, originating in
the field of science
studies, which treats
objects as part of social
networks.
Figure 5.28 Family watching TV in China
Emergent Cultural Geographies
• Non-representational theory (NRT):
Unconscious awareness of human life as ever-
changing
– Ben Anderson
• Materialism: a tendency to consider possessions
and physical comfort as more important than
spiritual values.
– Post Materialism: theory that claims growing equality
and prosperity in the rich industrialized countries have
resulted in a shift from class-based to value-based
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Globalization and Cultural Change
• Americanization
• A global culture?
• World music
• Global film industry
Figure 5.30 Nollywood film industry centered
in Nigeria
Apply your knowledge: What films are available in your
local video store (or the web) from Indian or Nigerian
production companies? How do the issues in the films
reflect culture?
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Geographies of Protest and Care
Figure 5.D The 2011 Wisconsin Protests
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Future Geographies
Figure 5.31 UNESCO world heritage sites: 936 properties considered to have
outstanding universal value
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
End of Chapter 5