human factors issues in maintenance publication designhuman factors issues in maintenance...
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![Page 1: Human Factors Issues in Maintenance Publication DesignHuman Factors Issues in Maintenance Publication Design Dr. Katrina Ricci Senior Research Psychologist NAVAIR Orlando, Training](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052020/6033c37f59c2ea6b6c3b9181/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Factors Issues in Maintenance Publication Design
Dr. Katrina RicciSenior Research Psychologist
NAVAIR Orlando, Training Systems [email protected]
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776 aircraftdestroyed in
1950
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
50 60 70 80 90 99
31 aircraftdestroyed in
2002
Naval Aviation Class A Flight Mishap Rates
Naval Aviation Safety Center (Now NSC)Naval Aviation Maintenance Program
Fleet Replacement Squadron ConceptNATOPS Program
Squadron Safety ProgramSystem Safety Designs
CRM ProgramHF Reviews
Climate SurveysSurveys
Cla
ss A
FM
s/10
0,00
0 Fl
ight
Hou
rs
Fiscal YearFiscal Year
Impact of Engineering & Administrative Controls:
Total Cost of Naval Aviation Mishaps LastFY was nearly $700 Million w/33 Fatalities
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Engineering & Administrative Controls have Impacted Hardware Reliability, but….
Cla
ss A
, B,&
C M
isha
ps/1
00,0
00 F
light
Hou
rs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Material Failure
Human Error
70’s 80’s 90’s
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Mishap Data Analysis Focus:Naval Aviation Class A FM Causal Factors
62%56%
39%
17%
5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Superviso
ry
Aircrew
Materia
l
Mainten
ance
Facilit
ies
Initial emphasis on “Pilot Error,”
but to reach goal of cutting human
factors mishaps in half the focus
has turned to: Maintenance
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Human Factors Analysis & Classification System Maintenance Extension
ManagementConditions
WorkingConditions
MaintainerConditions
Latent Conditions!Ineffective Publication Management System!Inadequate Oversight Ensuring Publication Use
Latent Conditions!Missing Publications!Outdated Publications
Latent Conditions!Stress/Fatigue!Miscommunication
Active Failures!Did Not Use Maintenance Manual!Forgot to Tighten Hydraulics Line
UnsafeActs
Mishap!In-flight Fire
Failed orAbsent Defenses
Note: Adapted from Reason’s “Swiss Cheese” Model
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Preliminary HFACS-ME Analysis of All FY 90-02 Maintenance Mishaps
• 294 of all Naval Aviation Maintenance Mishaps Involved a Publications Problem (28%)– 168 Involved Process/Procedure Deficiencies (16%),
some common examples include:• Missing procedural step and/or steps out of sequence• Inadequate procedure for inspection, troubleshooting, etc.• Procedures do not include hazard and risk warnings
– 158 Involved Documentation Deficiencies (15%), some common examples include:
• Technical data is wrong and/or missing (e.g. torque values)• Part number, diagrams, etc. are inaccurate and/or missing• Inspection criteria inadequate, missing, and/or inaccurate
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Maintenance Mishaps Involving Publications Activity Breakout
• Inspection 31%• Installation 23%• Troubleshoot 10%• Servicing 08%• Repair 05%• Removal 04%• Assembly 04%
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E6A Illustrated Parts Diagram Deficiency vs. Aircrew Glove
IPD Wins Hands Down!
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Naval Aviation Technical Manual Status(As of 6/14/00)
10%
43% 22%
25%
< 5 YRS5-10 YRS10-20 YRS> 20 YRS
Updated withinPast 5 Years
Updated within5 to 10 Years
Updated within10 to 20 Years
Updated more than20 Years ago
Source: NATEC Master Technical Manual Database
68% have not been totally revised in 10+ years
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NATEC Technical Manual StatusAs of 20 DEC 01
"Outstanding Actions "2,761 Interim Rapid Action Changes (IRACs)"18,780 Tech Pub Deficiency Reports
(including 218 CAT I) "5,683 Publications require update
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TPDs in Naval Aviation Maintenance Mishaps Involved a Publications Problem
# %
Technical data is inaccurate or not established 134 46
Maintenance procedures unclear, incomplete or out of sequence 93 32
Inspection procedures are inadequate or not established 54 18
Hazards/Warnings not included in maintenance procedures 13 4
(n=294)
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Long-Term Strategic Initiative: Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals
• IETM Working Group– Working group est.November 2001– Navy Safety Center in the loop– Purpose: Eliminate/minimize stovepipe
implementations– Program by Program review of digital
implementations• IETM Standard Viewer for Naval Aviation
– Competitively procure an IETM viewer for Navy; Plan approved by PDASN(RDA)
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Electronic Technical Documentation:Potential Opportunities and Pitfalls
• Conversion of traditionally paper-based technical documentation to electronic format
• Current state of technology– Most presently converted documentation exists as scanned pdf files– Current technologies lack sound human centric design principles,
intelligent tutoring capabilities, user testing, and accepted mobility
• Electronic manuals can be tedious to use– Lowers efficiency and effectiveness of mechanics
• Little guidance exists to maximize the potential of electronic technical documentation (and what guidance that does exist is often ignored!)
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Scanned Static Displays• No interaction• High memory load for user• Difficulty navigating and keeping track
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Dynamic Electronic Display
• Interactive, Facilitates troubleshooting• Reduces memory load for user• Easy to navigate and keep track
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Human Factors Guidance: Search/Navigation
• User’s require:– “Breadcrumbs” or history paths between procedures and
illustrations– More active linking between text and illustrations
• Avoid potential to get lost in “hyperspace”
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Human Factors Guidance: Portability and Operability
• Wearable/Mobile Displays– Permits point of use access to technical
publications and technical information– Supports circumstances warranting
primarily hands-free operation– Requires users tend to wear special gear
and may inhibit fine motor operations– Lighting is variable, and may make
readability an issue in some settings
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Human Factors Guidance:Provide for Optimized HSI
• Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)– Leave enough white space to tolerate user errors– Include status indicators that the system is working,
cues for user action, acknowledgements, etc.• Typography
– Reserve use of all caps for headlines or emphasis– Increase text sizes to accommodate resolution increase– Point size alone is not the only indicator is sizing text– Consider phrase-sensitive spacing
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Questions?
Dr. Katrina RicciSenior Research Psychologist
NAVAIR Orlando, Training Systems [email protected]