human evolution as 3.6 (91606). classification of the primates primates are distinguished by their...
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![Page 1: Human Evolution AS 3.6 (91606). Classification of the primates Primates are distinguished by their adaptations to arboreal (tree) life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697bf861a28abf838c88546/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Human Evolution AS 3.6 (91606)
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Classification of the primates
Primates are distinguished by their adaptations to arboreal (tree) life.
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Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
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Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
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Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
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Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
Eye sockets – forward facing and are walled off behind by bone.
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Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
Eye sockets – forward facing and are walled off behind by bone.
The clavicle is large – from its role in transmitting body weight from breastbone to arm when the hand is holding a branch.
![Page 8: Human Evolution AS 3.6 (91606). Classification of the primates Primates are distinguished by their adaptations to arboreal (tree) life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697bf861a28abf838c88546/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
Eye sockets – forward facing and are walled off behind by bone.
The clavicle is large – from its role in transmitting body weight from breastbone to arm when the hand is holding a branch.
Skin on fingertips has ridges, increasing sensitivity.
![Page 9: Human Evolution AS 3.6 (91606). Classification of the primates Primates are distinguished by their adaptations to arboreal (tree) life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697bf861a28abf838c88546/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
Eye sockets – forward facing and are walled off behind by bone.
The clavicle is large – from its role in transmitting body weight from breastbone to arm when the hand is holding a branch.
Skin on fingertips has ridges, increasing sensitivity.
Nails are present instead of claws – increasing support for the soft tissue.
![Page 10: Human Evolution AS 3.6 (91606). Classification of the primates Primates are distinguished by their adaptations to arboreal (tree) life](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081515/5697bf861a28abf838c88546/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Primate Skeleton
Feet – pentadactyl pattern of 5 digits. They are flat on the ground in plantigrade position.
Bones in lower limbs (radius, ulna, fibula, tibia) are separate for greater mobility.
Limbs are prehensile – they can grasp objects.
Eye sockets – forward facing and are walled off behind by bone.
The clavicle is large – from its role in transmitting body weight from breastbone to arm when the hand is holding a branch.
Skin on fingertips has ridges, increasing sensitivity.
Nails are present instead of claws – increasing support for the soft tissue.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRadLDVA7qw
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Vision – distinctive in 3 ways
1. 3D vision – eyes face forward, overlapping visual fields give slightly different pictures. The brain compares them and judges distances.
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Vision – distinctive in 3 ways
1. 3D vision – eyes face forward, overlapping visual fields give slightly different pictures. The brain compares them and judges distances.
2. Colour vision – photoreceptors are the cones. Apes are trichomatic (3 kinds of cones) = colour vision. Most other mammals are dichromatic (2 kinds) = red/ green colourblind.
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Vision – distinctive in 3 ways
1. 3D vision – eyes face forward, overlapping visual fields give slightly different pictures. The brain compares them and judges distances.
2. Colour vision – photoreceptors are the cones. Apes are trichomatic (3 kinds of cones) = colour vision. Most other mammals are dichromatic (2 kinds) = red/ green colourblind.
3. Ability to see detail – monkeys and apes have a fovea (small sensitive spot at the back of the retina containing only cones). In the fovea, each photoreceptor has its own optic nerve to the brain = more detailed image.
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Other characteristics
Smell – not so important as scent trails are often lost in the trees.
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Other characteristics
Smell – not so important as scent trails are often lost in the trees.
Balance & kinaesthetic sense – well developed as well as the sensory position of each limb.
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Other characteristics
Smell – not so important as scent trails are often lost in the trees.
Balance & kinaesthetic sense – well developed as well as the sensory position of each limb.
Brain – large in relation to body mass. Must be able to process sensory info rapidly from eyes, inner ear, and skin, as well as sending out info to the muscles.
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Primate reproduction
Primates invest more energy into raising offspring than other mammals.
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Primate reproduction
Primates invest more energy into raising offspring than other mammals.
Long gestation period, young are born at late stage of development = clinging onto fur.
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Primate reproduction
Primates invest more energy into raising offspring than other mammals.
Long gestation period, young are born at late stage of development = clinging onto fur.
Single young are usual in monkeys and apes.
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Primate reproduction
Primates invest more energy into raising offspring than other mammals.
Long gestation period, young are born at late stage of development = clinging onto fur.
Single young are usual in monkeys and apes.
Two uteri of most mammals has fused into one.
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Primate reproduction
Primates invest more energy into raising offspring than other mammals.
Long gestation period, young are born at late stage of development = clinging onto fur.
Single young are usual in monkeys and apes.
Two uteri of most mammals has fused into one.
Young suckle at sitting position = mammary glands on the chest.
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Social life
All social except for orang-utan.
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Social life
All social except for orang-utan.
More eyes to detect predators and find food.
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Social life
All social except for orang-utan.
More eyes to detect predators and find food.
Can learn from others and benefit from accumulated knowledge from group.
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Social life
All social except for orang-utan.
More eyes to detect predators and find food.
Can learn from others and benefit from accumulated knowledge from group.
Easier to find a mate – inbreeding is avoided by young adults leaving the group.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFACrIx5SZ0