human evolution. archaeopteryx skull order modern man neanderthal (32,000-150,000) cro magnon (...
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Human Evolution
Archaeopteryx
SKULL ORDER Modern Man
Neanderthal
(32,000-150,000)
Cro magnon ( 100,000 )
Homo Erectus Pekinensis Broken Hill(200,000- 1.6 million)
Australopithicus Boisei (1.3-2.5 million)
Australopithicus Africanus
(2.3 – 3 million)
Comparison of skulls
CHIMPANZEE GORILLA HUMAN SKULL
UNIQUE FEATURES OF A HUMAN SKULL
• Top of the skull (ie cranium) is smooth. There is no anterior-posterior crest to hold huge jaw muscles
• No protruding brow• No protruding jaw or teeth (ie the teeth
are vertical)• No protruding nose bone• Teeth are arranged in a parabolic shape
rather than a narrow u shape• Small canines and small incisors • Foramen magnum (hole for the spine) is
positioned directly underneath the skull not in the back of the skull
What do we share in common with other hominins?
• This is what your research will include.• Investigation
Evidence for explaining theory of evolution
• Natural Selection• Fossil Evidence• Comparative Anatomy• Comparative Embryology• Biogeography• DNA Hybridisation
Natural SelectionExample of Peppered Moths
In country the industrial revolution has killed the lichen and you can see the light peppered moth is easier to see.
Unpolluted woodlands where white lichen still around harder to see then dark coloured moth.
Some controversy with this due to some fraud in Science but new evidence has determined still an example of natural selection
Fossil evidence
Evidence that many of the species existed in the past can be see from the fossilised remains of plants and animals that were trapped during the process of rock formation.
faculty.evansville.edu geography.berkeley.eduwww.albion-swords.com
Comparative anatomy• Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organisms.• Homologous structures are similar in different species because the species have common
descent• Analogous structures are similar in different organisms because they evolved in a similar
environment. E.g. the torpedo body shape of porpoises and sharks.
Homologous structures
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ec&Ev_Distance_learning/Evidence/evidence_pix.htm http://www.citruscollege.edu/pic/46/0345l.jpg
Analologous structures
Comparative Embryology• Closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic
development• (Example see figure 7.31 of text book)
nitro.biosci.arizona.edu/.../lect2.html
Biogeography• Clues to past evolution can be found in
the natural geographic distribution of related species.
• Major isolated land areas and island groups often evolved their own distinct plant and animal communi
• 200 million years ago all the continents were joined together in a giant land mass called Panagea.
• 20 million years ago Panagea broke up into 2 different land masses. Gondwana included Antartica, Australia, India, Africa and South America
• 45 million years ago Antartica and Australia seperated.
• http://www.youtube.com./watch?v=NYbTNFN3NBo&feature=related
weblogs.madrimasd.org/.../2007/01/04.aspx
http://earthscience.wordpress.com/2007/04/13/day-143-continental-drift-puzzle/
DNA hybridisation• All plants and animals
receive their specific characteristics from their parents by inheriting particular combinations of genes.
• Modern technology is able to use techniques such as sequencing and DNA of organism and hybridisationof DNA as tools in the investigation of the similarity
DNA hybridization generally refers to a molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences. It is usually used to determine thegenetic distance between two species. When several species are compared that way, the similarity values allow the species to be arranged in a phylogenic tree
Relationship between humans and their close relatives using DNA hybridisation techniques